Umlando: U - Eugenics, Ukuvinjelwa Komshado, Nokulwa Ne - autoyon

Impi yokulwela amalungelo omshado kubantu abakhubazekile isekelwe kakhulu emlandweni wokucwasana okungokomthetho. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwele-20, izinhlangano ze-eugenics zathola ukuncishiswa kwemishado eUnited States, iYurophu, nezinye izindawo. Lezinhlangano zathuthukisa umqondo wokuthi umphakathi ungathuthukiswa ngokuvimbela abantu ababhekwa "ukungakhuliswa" ekuzaleni. Abantu abanomzimba, ingqondo, nokukhubazeka kwengqondo kwakuyizisulu eziyinhloko. Imithetho yabekwa ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile ngokucacile ekushadeni, ngokuvamile bathethelelwa yisayensi yesayensi ekhomba ukuthi bangayidlula "endimeni" izici. Kuleli zwe, ukukhubazeka okungenamthetho kwakuhambisana nokubulala ngokuphoqelelisa ukubulalana, ukuhlinzwa okubangelwa ukukhubazeka kwemizwa kwemizwa kwemishadolo yomshado, ukuvikelwa yiNkalela kweNkademumu ezindaweni ezidukileyo [FFodwond] [ell:[FFFFog], lapho imfulve imvume yezingane zezingane zesizwe, imvume yezingane zezingane zezingane zezingane ezingaphansi kwe

Intuthuko Engokomthetho: Kusukela Ekusungulweni Kwenhlangano Kuya E - ADA Nangemva Kwayo

Phakathi nekhulu lama-20 kwaba nokuwohloka okuthatha kancane kwemithetho eqondile yobandlululo. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu wabekwa isisekelo, kodwa kwaze kwaba ngawo-1970 nangawo-1980 lapho izinselele zomthetho ezikhubazekayo zathola amandla. Isithiyo sezwe samaMelika [anama-American] anokuphazamiseka okungalawuleki (ADA) ngo-1990] [unyaka owesikhathi esithenjiwe. Isiqu II se-ADA sivimbela ukucwaswa yizinhlangano zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezikhundla zomthetho ezikhubazekayo. Isithiyo II idinga indawo yomphakathi (ezingamele izindawo zomshado, amahotela, nezindawo zokudlela zokudlela zokudlela, (ukuhlala) ezingcono. Nakuba i-ADA ayizange iwugumbule ngokuqondile ukuvimbelela inqubo yomthetho womthetho womthetho. Izibalo ze-LF.[3] ngokunye isekela ngokunye izinhlelo eziqinile kubantu abambalwa, isilinganiso esiqinile.[19]

Nokho, intuthuko engokomthetho ayikalingani. Ezimweni eziningi kunemithetho ezincwadini noma enkantolo evumela abagcini ukuba banciphise ilungelo lomuntu lokushada uma ijaji elibabheka njengabangakwazi ukuqonda imishado. Lezi sinqumo "kakhulu" ngokuvamile zixhomeke ezinqunyweni zokwelapha eziphelelwe isikhathi noma ezimisweni ezivamile. Ezimweni ezithile, abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni baye baphoqeleka ukuba bafune ukuvunyelwa okungakhulelwa, ngokuphumelela ukuba babe nelungelo lokushada nelungelo lomunye umzanyana ongaphansi kokuqonda omunye umkhakhakha. [[FLT: 0] [Baby Veronica mayelana necala elivamile elidala [[FLT:] [203]])) iqokomise esinye isici esiqinile: ubaba esingokwemvelo esikhubazekile (ukukhubazeka ingqondo) esinezinkinga ezimweni zomzali ngemva kokuba umama ebeke ilungelo lokutholwa. Inkantolo egunyazamukela abazali enkantolo yokwamukele ngokuphakanyiswa yinkinga.

Icala Eliyinhloko Elingokomthetho Nomthetho

  • Olmstead v. L.C. (1999): yaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqashwa okungadingekile kuphazamisa i-ADA, kuqinisa ukuhlangana komphakathi nelungelo lokwakha ubuhlobo ngaphandle kwezinhlangano.
  • ADA (1990): yanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokubekela izinkonzo zomshado ezingefinyeleleki kanye nokungagunyazi.
  • Winssor v. Arkansas (2014: Icala likahulumeni lapho indoda ekhubazekile engqondo yamangalelwa khona ngemva kokunqatshelwa imvume yomshado; umahluleli wabusa ethakazelelwa, kodwa icala ladalula indlela ukuhlolwa kwamandla okungasetshenziswa ngayo ngokuthanda.
  • Medicaid "Imiyalo" Imithetho: Abantu abaningi abakhubazekile bathembele kuMedicaid yekhaya nemisebenzi yomphakathi. Umshado udala "ukungakhathaleli" izingozi lapho iholo lomngane womshado lingabalwa khona, okungamenza angakwazi ukukhubazeki ezinkonzweni ezidingekayo", a de comoo somsciption.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Nokuzitika Ngezenzo: Izinhlangano Ezikhubazekile Zokulingana Komshado

Ukungalingani kwamalungelo kuye kwayinselele kulokhu kuvinjelwa. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Council on Disativity (NCD), Ukuzifunela ngokwakho i-Advocation Network (ASAN)[FL:3], kanye nokuncintisana kwezindinganiso zemfundo neNguquko yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano [FLT] ] kuye kwakhulula inqubo yokuzinza nokuqhuba imikhankambiso yezelo yezelule umshado njengendlela eyisisekelo, hhayi imfanelo ekhona ekwazini. [FLT] Imizamo engcono yokulwa amalungelo abantu ngokukhubazeka nokukhubazeka kwemishalo emisha emishaneni. [igciswe kakhulu] Imizamo yokulwa kwemibazwe ngokumelene nokulwa kwemishadizo emishana, "eduka] kubantu abakhulile" abavukele" abavunyiweyo ukuthi abantu abavukelelwe yimizamo emishane

Izitembu Eziyinselele

Omunye wemigoqo ekhohlisa kakhulu umbono wokuthi abantu abakhubazekile (ikakhulukazi abakhubazekile noma abanengqondo) abanakuvuma ngokunenjongo emshadweni noma izibopho zawo. Abasebenzi baphikisa ngokuthi ikhono kufanele lihlolwe ngokomuntu ngamunye, ngokusebenzisa indlela esebenzayo, hhayi ilebula elingenaphutha. Abantu abaningi abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo, ngokwesibonelo, bangaveza okuthandwa ngokucacile yilabo abafisa ukushada ngokusekela okufanelekile. Izinhlangano zezemfundo ziveza imithombo efana "yokwenza izinqumo ezisekelayo" izivumelwano ezivumela umuntu ukuba alondoloze amalungelo angokomthetho kuyilapho ethola usizo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokukhetha okuqonda.

2. Ukulwa Nesigwebo Somshado Ezinzuzoni Zomphakathi

Kubantu abaningi abakhubazekile, umshado ubangela ukulahlekelwa ngezinzuzo ezinjengo-Someral Security Infit (SSI), i-Medicaid, noma i-8 Ingxenye yezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yemali yomngane womshado ibaliwe. Lokhu kudala ukukhetha okubuhlungu: ukushada nomuntu omthandayo noma ukugcina izinkonzo ezibalulekile ozidingayo ukuze uphile ngokuzimele. Amaqembu amalungelo ahlukene aye asekela izinguquko ezinjengemikhawulo eyandayo ewusizo, avumela ukuba izibalo ezizuzisayo zemibhangqwana eshadile, futhi ahlukanise umshado njengesenzakalo esingalingenelisiyo. Amanye amazwe aye amukela izinhlelo "Medicaid thenga-in" ezidingayo ukuze abantu basebenze futhi bagcine izinzuzo ngesikhathi beshadile, kodwa nezimiso zikahulumeni zisalokhu zikhona.

3. Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abazali Nawomkhaya

Ngisho noma umuntu okhubazekile eshada, angase akhethe ukucwaswa uma ekhetha ukuba nabantwana. Izindaba zezinhlangano zezenhlala - kahle zabantwana ezicabangela umzali okhubazekile azifaneleki ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwazo kuphela zivamile. i-National Council on Disability's 2020] umbiko "Umzali okhubazekile" [ wathola ukuthi abazali abakhubazekile basengozini kakhulu yokuba abantwana babo basuswe yizisekelo zeNkonzo Zokuvikela zezingane futhi cishe bangathola inkxaso engcono ekusizeni umzali ngokuphumelelayo. Amaqembu ozakwethulwayo asebenza ekuphinde athole ukukhubazeka njengamandla okuthuthukisa amakhono okusungula athuthukisa kanye nokuzinza [FL:] futhi afaka umthetho owenziwe njengomthetho [Mthelela [Foctive Act:] [FF]

Ukungezwani: Ukungavumelani, Uhlanga, Uhlanga Nokuhlanganyela Ubulili

Abantu abakhubazekile abahlala kwamanye amaqembu angaphansi kwemingcele babhekana nokucwaswa nakakhulu.

  • LBTQ+ abantu abakhubazekile: Balwa bobabili ukulwela umshado olinganayo (owawuvunyelwe ngokomthetho wesizwe kuphela e-US ngo- 2015) kanye nemingcele ehlobene nokukhubazeka. Abaningi babhekana nobandlululo olumbaxambili, futhi abanye abaxhasi benqaba ukukhonza imibhangqwana lapho abashadile noma bobabili bekhubazekile ne LGBTQ+.
  • Abesifazane abakhubazekile: ngokomlando, abesifazane abakhubazekile bahlaliswa ngokungenakulinganiswa ngaphandle kwemvume. Namuhla, bangacindezelwa ukuba bangashadi noma babe nabantwana, ngokuvamile batshelwa ukuthi ukukhulelwa kuzoba "harm" isimo sabo. Isifo se-Maynard (owesifazane onomdlavuza wobuchopho ongenakufa othutheleka e-Oregon ukuze asize ukuzibulala) kwaphakamisa ukuqaphela ukuthi u-IMPUBMFORC wadlula kanjani emzimbeni womuntu.] Isifo se-Britany [[FLT] esibangelwa yisifo sobulimi obusaphila [[FLT]]] [irty] [irflth] [ill:3]
  • Abantu abanemibala ekhubazekile: Umzabalazo we-eugenic wahlasela ngokuqondiie imiphakathi yaseAfrika ne-Melika Yomdabu, okunokuvala inzalo okuphoqelelweyo okuqhubekela phambili kuma 1970. Lemiphakathi ngokuvamile ayinathemba elijulile lezimiso zezokwelapha nezomthetho ezihlukanisa ukukhubazeka, okwenza amalungelo omshado ahlanganiswe nobulungisa bobuhlanga.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke: Imithetho Yomshado Nokuwohloka Kwembulunga Yonke

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila e - United States, ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omshado nokukhubazeka kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke.

  • uChina [[FLT]] owenqabela ukushada kwabantu abanezifo ezithile zengqondo kwaze kwaba ngo-2021, uma umthetho omusha womphakathi ususa unqabela ukuvala ingubo yomphetho, nakuba ukusetshenziswa komsebenzi kungaguquguquki.
  • [ yeyaseJapan ivumela izinkantolo zomkhaya ukuba zinqabe ukushada nomuntu okhubazekile uma kunezici ezivikelayo, zikhomba ukukhathazeka ngamakhono.
  • Amazwe amaningi e-Afrika nase-Middle East asenemithetho ethonya abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni evimbela ukushada ngaphandle kwemvume yebhodi yezokwelapha.

Amalungiselelo amalungelo okhubazeko lwezizwe zonke, njenge- United Nations Convention on the Rights of Personal Frigit (CRPD), liqaphela ngokucacile ilungelo lokushada futhi lithole umkhaya (i-Article 23). Nokho, ukuphoqelela abuthakathaka, futhi amazwe amaningi awayishintshi imithetho yawo yasekhaya ukuze avumelane nayo. Abasebenzi emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa i-CRPD njengethuluzi lokuyaluza, kodwa intuthuko iyacotha.

Impikiswano Yamanje Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka empicabadala, abantu abakhubazekile bayaqhubeka bebhekana nezithiyo eziyingqayizivele emshadweni. Izimpikiswano eziyinhloko ezisalokhu zisezinhlosweni zokuzimela:

Ukufinyelela kosizo lwesayensi yokuveza kabusha (ART)

Abantu abaningi abakhubazekile badinga i-RT − njenge-IVF, ukuzalana, noma isidoda/i-egg banikele ngabantwana abazalwayo. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi imithola-mpilo yenza abantu abakhubazekile ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngekhono labo lokuba umzali. Ezinye izinqumo zomshuwalense azikuhlanganisi ukukhokhwa kwemibhangqwana lapho ikhubazekile, ikwenza kube "ukukhipha"." i-Activiffis icela izikhuselo zokungadiscreation ekunakekeleni ukunakekelwa kwempilo.

Ilayisense Yomshado Etholakalayo

Nakuba ukutholakala kwezindawo zomthetho sekungcono, ezinye izithiyo zisekhona. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abayizithulu bangadinga abatoliki bolimi lwezandla emcimbini womshado((/*) futhi abanye omabhalane bayenqaba ukunikeza zona, bathi akudingekile. Abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni bangadinga izincazelo ezicacile zezibopho zomshado; abameleli bafune amaphepha aklanywe emhlabeni wonke.

Ubulungisa Obuzalayo

Ukugumbuqelwa kwamuva Roe v. [202]) kuye kwathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abantu ngokukhubazeka, kakade abangase babe mpofu, bathembele ezinzuzoni zomphakathi, futhi babhekene nezithiyo ukuze bathole ukukhishwa kwezisu. Abanye, ukungakwazi ukukhipha isisu uma ukukhulelwa kubangela ukukhubazeka ukuba benze izinqumo eziphathelene nomshado zibe nzima. Ukulahla ubulungisa kusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwesisu kuyingxenye yokulwa ukukhishwa kwesisu, okuhambisana nokuhlangana nokushada ngemibandela yomuntu siqu.

Ukulondeka Kwezomnotho Ngemva Komshado

Ngisho noma abantu abakhubazekile beshada ngokuphumelelayo, ngokuvamile babhekene nesijeziso semali. Umshado "ongakhokhelwa" ku-SSI nase-Medicaid ungashiya umbhangqwana ohola imali encane futhi onezinkonzo ezimbalwa kunabantu ababili abangashadile. Eminye imibhangqwana ikhetha ukungashadi ngokomthetho ukuze ilondoloze izinzuzo [1] ukukhetha okungalindelekile ukuba imibhangqwana eqondile, engakhubazekile ibhekane nakho. Abaphathi bemithetho bacabangela ngokuqhubekayo iziphakamiso zokususa izinzuzo ezisemshadweni, uvumele abantu abakhubazekile ukuba bashade ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa ukusekelwa kokuphila.

Isiphetho: Ukulwela Ukulingana Ngokugcwele

Umshado awuyona nje imfanelo engokomthetho; uyindlela eyisisekelo yokubonisa uthando, isibopho, nenkululeko. Umzabalazo wamalungelo okhubazekile uye walwa ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile abakhishwe kulenhlangano ngenxa yobandlululo, imithetho ephelelwe isikhathi, noma inzuzo yokuhlukanisa. Nakuba umthetho ophawulayo njengo-ADA nezimiso zomhlaba zonke ezifana ne-CRPD unikeza amathuluzi abalulekile, iqiniso ukuthi imingcele eminingi ikhona. Ukuthatha imingcele ngokukhubazeka kwabantu abakhubazekile ngokwabo akudingenwa ukubekela inselele izinkolelo ezingokomthetho, ukuphehla isijeziso somzali, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ikhono, bangakhetha ngokukhululekile ukushada, ukwakha izakhiwo, futhi bakhe ukuphila kwabo siqu. Ukuhlangana kwelungelo lomshado nenkululeko yokukhubazeka kusikhumbuza ukuthi ukulingana kwabantu ngokwabo ngokwabo, kodwa akudingi ukuguqula nje ukufaneleka kwezimiso ezingokomthetho, ukuvumelana kothando, nokubambisana komkhaya, nokubambisana kothando, nokubambisana komkhaya.

[[Umthetho:0] Imithombo:[[[Umthetho:1]