Isiqalo se-United States Constitution singenye yezinkulumo ezibonakala kakhulu nezinamandla zenjongo yesizwe emlandweni. Isiqalo sayo sophawu, " Thina bantu", sichaza umthombo wamandla ezombangazwe, siwubeka ezandleni zezakhamuzi kunokuba sibe yinkosi noma umbuso. Nakuba sibekwe ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka, inhloso yesithupha ephelele, ukusungula i-Tran, ukuqinisekisa uBume obuphelele, ukunikeza isivikelo esivamile, ukukhuthaza i-Glovelth, nokuvikela iMithelela iMibuso yeNkululeko, futhi iqaphele impumelelo yeNkululeko noma intuthuko. Intuthuko yale ngokomthetho engokwendlela engokwendlela yokuphila eqinile. Impumelelo ye-Preglay'ehle iveza intuthuko engcono kakhulu. Ngokusho kukahulumeni ukuba amanani aqinile, i-Hundstion avumela inguquko ehlukene engoko engokobusweni engokobuningi kakhulu njengalensimini.

Ukuqeda Ukusungulwa Kwesigqwithela

Ukufinyeza kwesihloko sendaba kuphikisana negunya laso elijulile. Asikho nelilodwa umthetho, kodwa sicacisa yona kanye injongo yomthetho. Ukuhlolisisa iziphetho eziyisithupha zikahulumeni kwembula indlela ngayinye eye yasetshenziswa ngayo ekulweleni amalungelo omphakathi.

  • I-Fm a quality: Lenkulumo isikisela iRepublic iwumsebenzi ongakapheli, ihlale ikwazi ukuthuthukisa. Iye yasetshenziselwa ukuphikisa ubunye obukhulu bobuzwe nokuchitheka kwemithetho ehlukanisayo, yokuhlukanisa okulula.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubulungisa obungaqondakali: Mhlawumbe umgomo osetshenziswa kakhulu, awusho nje isimiso senkantolo, kodwa umphakathi ongenalo ubandlululo nokucindezela. Lesimiso sasiyinjini yokuziphatha ebangela ukulwa nokukhetha nokucindezela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imfihlo yasekhaya: Nakuba isetshenziswa njalo iziphathimandla ukucindezela ukungavumelani, abashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi baye bawuchaza kabusha lomqondo. Impikiswano iwukuthi ukuthula kweqiniso kungaba khona emphakathini onobulungisa kuphela, kunikeze isisindo sokuziphatha nomthetho-sisekelo ekuphikiseni okungenabudlova.
  • Iprojekthi yesivikelo esivamile: Lokhu kuhlanganisa umqondo wokuthi zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki isizinda, zinomsebenzi nelungelo lokuvikela izwe lazo. Lomuzwa osekelwe ekususeni amabutho ahlomile futhi uhloniphe inkonzo yomuntu ongomakad ’ ebona.
  • Phendula iNhlalo-ntle: Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sezimiso zomphakathi zanamuhla zokuphepha kwezenhlalo nezokulwa nobumpofu. Kuhlanganisa umsebenzi oqondile kahulumeni wokunakekela inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zakhe, kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekutholeni ithuba elingokwezomnotho.
  • Zigcinele iZibusiso zeNkululeko: Lenkululeko njengefa lobuzibulo, isithembiso ezizukulwaneni ezizayo okumelwe zivikelwe futhi zandiswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Iye yasetshenziselwa ukuphikisana nganoma yini kusukela kumalungelo okuvota kuya ekuzilawuleni komuntu siqu.

Lolulimi olufinyelelwe lwaluyikho kokubili amandla nomthombo wengxabano esheshayo. Amadoda agunyaza uMthetho-sisekelo awazange aqonde ngokugcwele lemiqondo, amaningi ngokulinganayo ngokusungulwa kwesimiso sobugqila nokungagunyazwa kwabesifazane. Nokho, ngokufaka lemigomo ephakeme ebhalweni yesisekelo, adala ithuluzi elinamandla lalabo ababezobekela inselele amaphutha abo inselele. I-Preaget yaba yi-productive, futhi izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ziye zaqhubekela phambili ngokuyikhokhela. National Archives iphawula ukuthi ulimi olugcweleyo lwaluhloselwe ukucwenga, isici esiye savunyelwa ukuba luhlale njalo, isici esikhona esivumela ukuba sisebenze emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

IMpi Yenkolo Yenkululeko Yokungabuswa: Ukuvivinya Isivumelwano

Isono Sokuqala Nesithembiso Sobulungisa

Uvivinyo lokuqala olukhulu lwezithembiso ze-Predgery lwavela kumzabalazo wokuqeda. Ukuyekethisa kwango-1787 kwafakwa ebugqilini eMbusweni, kuphikisa ngokuqondile isicelo se-"Justice" ne"Liberty". Abaxhasi bemibono babamba lobu buzenzisi. Abaholi abanjengoFrederick Douglas benza ukukhetha okungokomthetho nokulungile ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo nge-lens yeSingeniso sawo, bephikisa ngokuthi incwadi enikezelwe ekukhululekeni kwayo yayingenakubukhokhisa phakade ubugqila.

Umbono kaDouglas womthetho-mthetho

Enkulumweni yakhe ephawulekayo, "Yiyiphi inceku engowesine kaJuly?" (1852), uDouglas wakwazi kahle ukulawula lokhu kucindezeleka. Nakuba axhumanisa isizwe ngenxa yobuzenzisi baso, akawushiyanga uMthetho-sisekelo. Kunalokho, wathi iyincwadi emelene nenkululeko nobulungisa. Waphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezinkulu zenkululeko nobulungisa eSikhungweni kwakuwumoya weqiniso womthetho, futhi ukuthi ubugqila babuwukuhlukana. Lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo: kwakubalulekile ekulweni kwe-Restand arn ayikona ukuphulwa kwesiko laseMelika, kodwa njengokugcwaliseka kwesithembiso sokuqala sesizwe. [FLD:] [FLD] uDolassston uhlala eyincumfonto eyingcweti yesizwe. [FLD [FF:1] ekusebenziseni icebo lokusungula i-crith. i-crithththth, i-13, i-Groindesting, ngemva kobust, i-Eright, i-Estrigrorist, i-Est, i-Est, i-Errist, i-

Izinqumo Zokwakha: Inkululeko Enciphisayo Nobulungisa

Inkathi yangemva kweMpi Yombango yayiyisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo weSingeniso. ISichibiyelo sekhulu le-13 saqeda ubugqila, iSichibiyelo se 14 samisa ubuzibulo futhi saqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu senqabela ukucwasana kohlanga ekuvoteni. Lezi zinguquko zaba umzamo oqondile wokubhala kabusha uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze uvumelane nezithembiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo, ikakhulukazi, ngomyalo waso onamandla wokuthi akukho mbuso "enqaba kunoma yimuphi umuntu ongase abeke isivikelo esifanayo semithetho," waba yimoto engokomthetho ecishe i-galelo-galelo elilandelayo. Safaka izicelo ze-"Umthetho wokuphothula embhalweni eqenjini we-mthetho, ukunikeza i-galelo elingokomthetho lokusetshenziswa kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Ishibhi labesifazane: Ukubiza futhi "Thina bantu"

Isimemezelo Sezimemezelo Nezici Eziyisisekelo

Inhlangano yabesifazane yokuzimela yangekhulu le-19 nelama-20 inikeza esinye isibonelo esinamandla sokuqala ukusebenza. Inhlangano yaqala ngokusemthethweni eSeneca Falls Convention ngo-1848, lapho abashisekeli bakhipha khona iSimemezelo Sesimemezelo Sesigendu. Lencwadi yafanekiswa ngokuqondile eSivumelwaneni senkululeko futhi yananela ulimi lwesiqalo sobulungisa nenkululeko. Yaqala ngokuthi, "Sikholelwa ukuthi lamaqiniso abonakala: ukuthi wonke amadoda nabesifazane badalwe ngokulingana," ibekela inselele ngokuqondile ukukhishwa kwabesifazane ku "Thi thina Bantu"""

Emashumini eminyaka, izimvume zaphikisa ngokuthi ukunqabela abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota kwaphula umsebenzi kahulumeni woku "Qumrhunda Ubulungisa" no"umphathi weNhlalo-ntle." Baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni okhokhela abesifazane ngaphandle kwemvume wayehluleka ukuvikela "ISivumelwano seNkululeko" ngokwengxenye yabantu. UMtapo Wezincwadi Wenhlangano uphethe uMthetho wokuqala weSimemezelo [[, incwajana emelele njengesivumelwano sezimiso zokuvuselela izimiso zesisekelo ukufuna ukudluliselwa. Ukumiswa kwe-Gawula le-19th Amendmentsment ngo-1920 kwakuyimpendulo eqondile kulo nyaka ka-criquective, ukuqashelwa kokuthiwa kwe-"Fopletions" kuhlanganisa nabesifazane abaqalayo.

Isandulela Sezinkantolo: Ukukhanya Okunamandla

Nakuba isiqalo singanikezi mibuso eqondile, siye sasebenza njengesikhanyiso esiqondisayo ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme zamalungelo omphakathi. Ezicabeni ezihilela ububanzi bamalungelo kahulumeni, iNkantolo ngokuvamile iye yabheka engcacisweni ukuze iqonde izinjongo ezivamile zoMthetho-sisekelo. Ecaleni elivelele Brown v. I-FOLD [ [1954] [i-], eyathi isigaba sohlanga seziko ezikoleni ezingahlangani ezingahlangani, iNkakhululeke kakhulu ekulimaleni okubangelwa ukulimala kwezenhlalo nokusebenza kwengqondo okubangelwa ukuvuleka. Ngokungajwayelekile, ukubusa kwabekwa kwesinqumo kusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwecala elingokomthetho eliwuyi-Pregquastries" nokuthuthukisa "uvelvelvelselselvelvel] iNkadentium eqone isithembiso esibanzi. Inkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi isithembiso esilinganayo asivamile isithembiso esiwuyilo.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Yekhulu Lama - 20: Ukufeza Incwajana Yokwaziswa

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 imelela ukunxusa okunamandla nokusekelwe kakhulu kwemibono yendatshana emlandweni waseMelika. UDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. nabaholi benhlangano baveza ngokucacile ukulwa kwabo njengesidingo sikahulumeni kahulumeni ukuba ahloniphe izibopho zakhe zokusungula. Inhlangano eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-"Justice" ne"Liberty" ethembiswe ekuhlolweni kwesiqalo ukuba isetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke.

Iphupho Nomthetho - sisekelo

UDkt. King’s "Nginephupho" inkulumo, eyanikezwa eSikhumbuzweni saseLincoln ngo 1963, iyisigaba esiphambili sokukhuluma ngomthetho-sisekelo. Wakhuluma ngodumo ngeSimemezelo Sokuzibusa noMthetho-sisekelo ngokuthi "imvume yokuzimela" lapho wonke umuntu waseMelika ayeyindlalifa. Wathi, "Esikhundleni sokuhlonipha lesibopho esingcwele, iMelika inike abantu isheke elibi, ishekethe lemali ephawulwe ukuthi ayifanele." Lokhu kwakungekona ukulahlwa kwenkolelo yeSivumo sokholo saseMelika; kwakuyisidingo sokuba isizwe siphilele esivulweni sokholo esabekwa ngaphandle kwembulwano. [[FLT:]] [FLD] [FLD] umklomoweli kaNobel [FLD] [FLD] ichaza ngokwengeziwe i-mklopoto yesihloko salome.

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1946, eyavala ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe, kanye noMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965, owawunqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvoteni, kwakuyizilinganiso eziqondile zemithetho yecala le-Pregday. Izinqolobane zeZibonelo Zesizwe zichaza ukuthi umthetho weSigebengu [[FLT:] awukona nje umthetho womthetho obalulekile kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, umthetho owagcina uqala ukuhlanganisa iqiniso elingokomthetho lesizwe ngezithembiso zalo. Umbutho waveza ngempumelelo ukuthi ukuhlukanisa nokususa izivumelwano zezenzwe wawungakona nje okubi kokuziphatha, kodwa ukwaphulwa kwenjongo eyinhloko yomthetho kahulumeni.

Ukwahlulela Kwezomnotho: INhlangano Evamile Yezenhlalakahle Ekwenza

Ukulwela ubulungisa bezomnotho kuhlangene kakhulu nesiqondiso se-Pregary’s to "inhlangano yeNtlalo-ntle" Umzabalazo wezisebenzi wasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 owalwela ilungelo lokuhlangana, umsebenzi wamahora ayisishiyagalombili, nokuphela kwemisebenzi yezingane. Laba bashisekeli banxusa uPreference ukuba baphikise ukuthi uhulumeni unomsebenzi owengeziwe wokuvikela izisebenzi ekuxhashazweni. Umthetho we-New Deautect wonyaka ka-1930, kuhlanganise noMthetho we-Social Security ne-Fair Labor Act, wabekwa ngokuqondile nguMongameli Franklin D. Rooselt njengokwanetlet wokufeza "uGeneral Wevelvel". Kamuva, uhulumeni ngamunye uyaqhubeka, uhulumeni owezenteko lwesizwe uyaqhubeka uthembisa isithembiso sawo wonke.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Anamuhla: Ifa Eliqhubekayo

Isimiso sokuchaza esasungulwa yiziphenduku, ama-suffrairs, ne-Civil Rights Movement siyaqhubeka silwa ngokulwela ukulingana namuhla. Isethulo sinikeza amagama avamile amaqembu angaphansi ukuze alungise izicelo zawo zokuhlanganiswa nobulungisa. Umsebenzi wokwakha i-"Boontalion ephelele" udluliselwe esizukulwaneni ngasinye esisha.

I - LGBTQ+ Inhlangano Yamalungelo Nokulingana Komshado

Ukulwela ukulingana komshado ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 kwancika kakhulu ezimisweni zendatshana. Abameli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphika imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obufanayo ilungelo lokushada kwaphula izithembiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo ka "Justice" no"Leberty". Endabeni ephawulekayo bergefell v. Hodges[ [2015], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela isinqumo se-"libery" ehlanganiswe ngokuqondile nombono wabasunguli. Isinqumo asizange sibheke umshado njengesivumelwano esingokomthetho, kodwa njengelungelo elibalulekile ekugcineni "IziNkululeki ze-Libertion" kubantu bonke.

Ukuwohloka Kwamalungelo Nabantu BaseMelika Abathatha Isinyathelo Sokukhubazeka

Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu abakhubazekile, eyathola ukuncishiswa okukhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, isebenzisa nolimi lwe-Pregnat. AmaMelika anobukhubazeko (ADA) ngo-1990 ayewumthetho ophawula ingqopha - mlando wamalungelo omphakathi oklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile banamalungelo afanayo namathuba afanayo njengawo wonke umuntu. Lo mthetho uwukunwetshwa okuqondile komsebenzi kahulumeni "ukuhlanganisa i-Welfare" ne"Ubulungisa obuyisisekelo," ukususa imingcele engokomzimba nezenhlalo evimbela ukungenela okuphelele emphakathini.

Amalungelo Abafuduki Nephupho

Izinhlangano zanamuhla ezikhuthaza amalungelo abafuduki, njengenhlangano ye-DREAM Act, zicela "Ubulungisa" ne-"general Welfare". Ziphikisa ngokuthi ukumisa indlela yokuba yizakhamuzi ezingashiwo ukuthi zifike ezweni zilethwe njengezingane kuyindaba yokulunga okuyisisekelo futhi kuneqhaza ekubangeleni u-"general Welfare" wesizwe. Le mpikiswano eqhubekayo ibonisa ukuthi i-Pregailset ihlala iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokudayisa izindaba zezombangazwe nezezenhlalo, iqhubeke yandisa isiyingiza "Thithu Abantu""

Umsebenzi Ongaphendulwanga othi “Thina Singabantu"

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States singaphezu kakhulu kokuba i-octal. Siyindinganiso ephilayo, ikhampasi yokuziphatha ekhomba e-Union ephelele kakhulu. Ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-Pregegear nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi akuzenzakaleli; kusengozi; kusesakhiweni. Abasunguli, kuwo wonke amaphutha abo, bakha indlela yokuthuthukela esisekelweni sombuso. Ngokubeka imigomo ebanzi, ehloniphekile, banikeza izizukulwane ezizayo i-dislerry nethuluzi elingokomthetho elidinga ukufuna ushintsho.

Yonke inhlangano yamalungelo abantu emlandweni waseMelika, ngokwenyani, iye yabuza umbuzo ofanayo: Ingabe lomthetho, inkambiso, noma isiko lisisondeza eduze "kubulungisa," "ku-Liberty" na"General Welfare" athenjiswe ekwisiqalo? Umsebenzi wokuphendula lowombuzo uyaqhubeka. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha ziphakama nencazelo ethi "Thina bantu" siyaguquka, impela impela i-Pregatori ihlala ingumbhalo oyinhloko endabeni eqhubekayo yaseMelika yokulwela isizwe esiphila ngokuvumelana nezinhloso zaso eziphezulu. Ihlala iyisikhumbuzo esingapheli sokuthi ukuhlola kwaseMelika akuqediwe, kodwa inseleleko engapheli yokwakha umphakathi lapho inkululeko nobulungisa kuhlala khona ngempela.