Kufanekiselani Okushiwoyo?

Ukulinganisa kwe-Propotionel (PR) kuwumkhaya wezimiso zokukhetha eziklanyelwe ukuguqula ingxenye ethandwayo yevoti ibe nengxenye ecishe ifane yezihlalo kundlu yomthetho. Ngokungafani nazo zonke izimiso ezithi zithathe izikhawu zokuqala-ngemuva (FPPPP). Lapho umuntu angawina khona ngobukhulu obubodwa − PR uhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umklami wephalamende uveza izintando zezombangazwe zokhetho lokhetho lwe-votimenti. Lesi simiso esiyinhloko sokuzuza i-partem senza i-PR ibe yintando ethandwa kakhulu ekufuneni i-democracy ebusayo, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini nge-iphatho ejulileyo noma ngokwehlukana kwezenhlalo.

Inqubo eyisisekelo icacile: abavoti bafaka izihlalo ezihlukene, abavoti abafuna ukuvota, futhi izihlalo zabelwa amaqembu noma amaqembu ngokulingana namavoti atholwayo. Lokhu kuhluka kakhulu nezimiso eziyinhloko, lapho iqembu eliwina amavoti amaningi lingagcina linesabelo esikhulu kakhulu sezihlalo kunaleyo abangayihlanganyela ngayo. Izimiso ze-PR zamukelwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene emazweni angaphezu kuka-80 emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise neziningi e-Latin America, ne-Oceania. Ukuqonda ukuthi iPR isebenza kanjani, futhi lapho ingagcina khona i-athonsi ebaluleke kakhulu kubafundi besayensi yezombangazwe, imfundo yomphakathi, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo ekuklanyweni kwezinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi.

Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zokumelela Inkulumo

Nakuba isimiso sokuhlela sihlanganisa zonke izimiso ze-PR, imithetho eqondile yokuhumusha amavoti ezihlalweni iyahluka kakhulu. Uhlobo ngalunye luletha ukudayisa kwalo siqu mayelana nokulula, ukuvota, nezinga lokulingana. Izimo ezivame kakhulu uhlu lwePR, ivoti eyodwa edluliswayo (STV), kanye ne-international central (MMP).

Umboniso wohlu

Ngaphansi kohlu lwe-PR, iqembu ngalinye linikeza uhlu lwababezobhapathizwa esifundeni ngasinye esikhethweni (noma esifundeni esisodwa). Abavoter bakhetha idili, futhi izihlalo zabelwa iziqeshana ngokwengxenye yabo yevoti. Khona - ke amaholide agcwalisa lezozihlalo ezihlelweni zabo ezimiselwe kusengaphambili. Izimiso zohlu zingasebenzisa uhlu oluvaliwe (lapho iqembu lilawula khona uhlelo, linikeza ithonya elincane elibolekisa abavoti ngabanye) noma uhlu oluvulekile (lapho abavoti bangaveza khona izintando zabo ezithile, ngaleyondlela zithinta ukuthi abantu ngabanye bakhethwani). Amazwe anjengeSpain, i-Israel, neNetherlands asebenzisa uhlu lwezingcingo ezihambela zesifunda nezinganiso ezihlukahlukene.

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

I-STV iyisimiso esinezigaba eziningi esisetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi. Abavoter bathatha isikhundla ngokulandelana kwentando yeningi (i-apons projects +1, 2, 3, njalonjalo. Ukuze bawine isihlalo, umbhalisa kumelwe afinyelele isilinganiso esiphezulu (umz., i-Drooopquop quotation). Ama Vote adlulela ngalé komsekeli we-odwa owehliswayo olandelayo kuleyobhola, kuyilapho abafuni bebuthakathaka kakhulu besuswa futhi bevota. I-STV ivame ukuveza imiphumela engcono kakhulu kuyilapho abavoti benikeza ukulawulwa okukhulu kwezindawo ezikhethwayo. i-Ireland, i-Melitha, ne-Australia isebenzisa i-STV. Ukuvota kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuhamba kakhulu kunezimiso ezilula.

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

I-MMP ihlanganisa izigodi ezinezingxenye eyodwa (ngokuvamile ezikhethwe yi-FPTP) ne-comparation yesifundazwe noma izinhlu zezihlalo. Abavoter bavota kabili: esinye se-project nesinye sohlu lweqembu. Izihlalo zendawo zinikezwa abanqobi abaphumelelayo esifundeni ngasinye, futhi ngemva kwalokho izihlalo zoluhlu lweqembu zabelwa ukwenza ukuba umdwebi ngamunye abe nesabelo sakhe seqembu. Lesimiso sigcina ukumelelwa kwendawo kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuthi i-mobanculi ehlangeneyo. I-Jalimane, i-New Zealand, iBolivia, ne-Scotland (ngoba ipalamende yayo) zingabantu abavelele abasebenzisa i-MMP. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi uMMP ingaveza amasigaba amabili abameleli beqembu lezindawo kanye nabameleli.)

Izinzuzo Zokumelela

Abasekeli bePR baphikisa ngokuthi lesi simiso siletha izinzuzo eziningi eziqinisa idemokrasi, zandisa izivumelwano zovoti, futhi ziveze imiphumela eyengeziwe yezimiso ezimelelayo. Lezinzuzo ngokuvamile zilinganiswa kulezo zezimiso ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ehlukene noma eqhekekile.

Ukukhuliswa Kwemidwebo Ehlukahlukene Yamazwi

Inzuzo ekhonjiwe kakhulu i-PR ivumela ukuba kube nezigaba eziningi zezombangazwe − kanti futhi amaqembu ezenhlalo amelela − ukuze athole izihlalo ngokulingana nokusekela kwawo. Lokhu akuhlanganisi nje kuphela izigigaba zemibono emincane (umz., iGreens, amaqembu asemade noma aphezulu) kodwa futhi izinhlanga, izilimi, kanye nezinkolo ezimbalwa ezingase zivalelwe emaqenjini anezingxenye ezifunda eyodwa. E-New Zealand, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthathwa kwe-MMP ngo-1996 kwaholela ekukhetheni kwamaqembu eMāori, kanye nokwanda kwabesifazane, manje abaphethe cishe ingxenye yezihlalo ephalamendeni. Ngokufanayo, amazwe anjenge-South Africa nase-Sweden aye abona ukumelelwa kwabesifazane nabesifazane abambalwa ngaphansi kwe-PP.

Ukuqalisa Okukhulu Nokuhlanganyela

Uma abavoti bekholelwa ukuthi ivoti yabo izakulinganisela ekukhetheni ummeleli ohlanganyela imibono yabo [1] kunokuthi “wadukiswa” kumfundi olahlekile [1] kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba aphume. Izifundo ze-Empipirus, njengalezo ze Internationalters EA[, ibonisa njalo ukuthi umvoti ophumayo ezimisweni zePR usemaqondweni aphakeme kakhulu kunasemihlelweni emikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPR ukhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele eziqenjini ezincane, ziphakamise ukuqaphela kwezombangazwe nezakhamuzi. Ngoba cishe yonke imivoti inikela ekwabiweni yokugcina, “ovota abambalwa abaholi-2-abavileyo” abavamile, futhi abathandi kakhulu.

Ukumiswa Kwesimiso Somthetho Obanzi Nokulawulwa Kwemicikilisho

Ngokuphoqelela amaqembu ukuba azwane futhi enze imifelandawonye, i-PR ithambekele ekukhiqizeni ohulumeni abamelela ukuthathana okubanzi kombono womphakathi. Ohulumeni abasebenzela ukuthatha izivumelwano kumelwe bavumelane nemibono eminingi, ngokuvamile okuholela ezimisweni ezilinganiselayo kanye nokuvumelana isikhathi eside. Lokhu kunganciphisa ingozi yokushintshashintsha kwenqubo eqinile kusukela kokhetho oluye kolunye kuya kolulandelayo futhi kukhuthaze ukuphenya nokuhlehla. Nakuba abagxeki bekhomba i-prockbock, izimiso eziningi ze-PR (njengelezo zaseJalimane nase-Netherlands) ziye zazibonakalisa ziqinile kakhulu, ngamakhabethe ahlangene agcina ahlukene.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kokumelela

Akukho simiso sokhetho esiphelele, futhi iPR ibhekene nezingqinamba ezibhalwe kahle. Okungathi sína kakhulu yisimiso seqembu elihlukene, ukungaguquguquki komfelandawonye, ubunkimbinkimbi, kanye nethuba lokuba amaqembu angenamdlandla athole indawo yokulawula. Ukuqonda lezinselele kubalulekile ukuze kuhlolwe ngokulinganisela.

Ukuhlukana Nokungezwani Kukahulumeni

Ngokuhlisa isithiyo samaqembu amancane ukuze awine izihlalo, i-PR ingaholela ezindaweni zezombangazwe eziminyene lapho kungekho mfantu osondelene nomphakathi omkhulu. Ukwenza umfelandawonye kungase kudinge ukuxoxa phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi, ngalinye elinezinhloso zalo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, njenge-Israel, Italy ngaphambi kuka 1993, noma iBelgium phakathi nokwakhiwa okunde kwezikhathi ezihlangeneyo, lokhu kungaholela okhethweni oluvamile nohulumeni abahlala isikhathi esifushane. Inani elisebenzayo lamaqembu amaqembu akhona endlu yomthetho linyuke kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-PR, futhi uma umnyango womnyango owenziwe waphansi kakhulu (umk.g., Israel’s 3.% [[FLT:]]]) [FLT] [0])], inani elincane elithatha ithonya eliyi-PR. Nokho, eziningi zalezi zimiso ze-PR zinyuke kakhulu (eg.) noma isilinganiso sesifunda sezwe saseJalimane.

Ukukholelwa Kwenkolo Engokwenkolo Kwezombangazwe Nokuhlehla

Nakuba imifelandawonye ingaba namandla, ibangela ukungaguquguquki. Ukuvumelana ngesivumelwano kungathatha amasonto noma izinyanga, ukwenza izinqumo ezikhubazayo. Uma sekwakhiwe, umfelandawonye ungawa ekungavumelani kwangaphakathi, uphoqeleleni ukuba kukhethwe kabusha. Ngisho nemifelandawo eqinile ingathambekele ku- “i-blackymamail” ngeqembu elincane elibalulekile, elingase livimbele izinguquko ezidingekile. Amazwe anjenge-Italy abhekana nokungantengantengi okungapheli ngaphansi kwe-PR kuma-1970-19990, nakuba kamuva inguquko iqala izingobo kanye nemibuso emikhulu yokumisa ukuxoxa ngalokhu.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokukhubazeka Kwegesi

Izimiso zePR − ikakhulukazi i-STV ne-MMP − zingadida abavoti abangafundiswanga kahle ngezinhlu zeqembu noma izikhundla zokukhetha. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukuhlanganyela emaqenjini angafundile noma angaphansi kwezombangazwe. Kwezinye izimiso ze-PR, abavoti bangase bangazi ukuthi obani abazobhapathizwa ezinhlwini zeqembu, banciphisa ukulandisa. Ukubala amavoti ngaphansi kwe-STV kuphakamisa futhi kubangele ukulibala. Amanye amazwe akhuluma lokhu ngemikhankaso yezemfundo nezifundo ezimfashini, kodwa umthwalo wokuhlolwa kolwazi ungokoqobo.

Ukuyala Okufanelekile Neqembu

Ngokudidayo, i-PR ingakhuthaza futhi ukuziphatha okuqinile. Ezimisweni ezivaliweyo, abavoti abanakuwajezisa ama-computer, ngakho abasekeli beqembu abakhethiwe abalawulayo futhi bangakhuthaza ukwethembeka ngokukhetha kwendawo. Kuluhlu oluvulekile noma izimiso ze-STV, abavoti bangahlanganyela ekuvoteni” (ukuvotelwa komvoti oyedwa kuphela) ukuze baqaphele amathuba alowo mvoti, ukunciphisa ukulingana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu amancane angakhetha ukugijima kuphela ezifundeni ezithile ukuze agweme ukuhlukanisa ivoti, uhlobo lokubambisana oluphazamisa umphumela wonke.

Ukuhlola Icala: Indlela IPR Esebenza Ngayo Ekwenzeni

Izenzakalo zezwe langempela zePR zinikeza umbono ocacile. Izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa indlela izinhlobonhlobo ezisebenza ngayo emasikweni ahlukahlukene ezombangazwe nasemongweni womthetho - sisekelo.

IJalimane: Ukuqina Nge - MP

I-Bundestag yaseJalimane ikhethwa ngesimiso se-MMP esisebenzisa umnyango owenziwe nge 5% (noma ezintathu iziyalo eziqondile) ukuze kugcinwe izigaba ezincane kakhulu. Lomnyango uye waphumelela ekuvimbeleni ukuhlukana ngenkathi uvumela i-Greens, Die Conente, (kusukela ngo-2017) i-AfD (AfD) yokuwina izihlalo. I-Caltition shopution(mal) phakathi kwe-Democratic Union (noma i-CSU) ne-Social Democratic Party (SDD) ne-Democratic Party (FP) ye-DP) noma i-Greculm engcono kakhulu (indel) ne-Greast) ehoswe izimpikiswano ezinkulu. [Fater][0]

INew Zealand: I - Shift Eyavula Umnyango

Ukushintsha kwe-New Zealand kusuka ku-FPTP kuya ku-MMP ngo-1996", ngemva kwezivumelwano ezimbili ze-athempendims . Ngaphambili, amaqembu amabili abusa; ngemva kwe-MMP, amaqembu amancane njenge-Green Party, New Zealand First, ne-Māori Party yathola indawo yokwamukelwa yiphalamende. Izivumelwano ze-Caltition noma ukuqiniseka kanye nokuqiniseka kwaba yi-asemsperly zaba inqubo esemthethweni, iphoqelela amaqembu amakhulu ukuba axhunyiwe. I-Māori, eyayilinganiselwe, yanyuka ngokuphawulekayo. Isimiso se-Merrute, esasiye savusehla, sathandwa kakhulu, ngokubukezwa ngo-2012 ngokuzibo. Oose-New Zealand ibonisa ukuthi i-PR i-R i-SCri i-tective production, encike ngokunganakiwe.

ESweden: Inzuzo Ephakeme Engenawo UMphetho

ISweden isebenzisa uhlelo olulungisiwe lwe-PR olunohlu lwezwe olungu-4% (noma 12% ku-contitulent). Lomnyango ugcina amaqembu asemaceleni uvumela ukuba phakathi kwe-parti, phakathi kwe-soft, namaqembu amancane njenge-Democrats ne-Cent Party ukuba ihlale ndawonye. Ngokuvamile ohulumeni baseSweden bangamaqoqo ambalwa noma ohulumeni abakanye abasekelwa ngesivumelwano namanye amaqembu, bakhuthaza ukuvumelana. Isimiso siveza isilinganiso esiphakeme (ngaphezu kuka-95% ngokwezifundo eziningi) nokwaneliseka okukhulu komphakathi. ISweden futhi isebenzisa inani elikhulu lezifunda-zifunda ezinhlangothi eziningi, iqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zasemaphandleni nasemadolobheni zimelelwa kahle.

Ukuqhathanisa IPR Nezimiso Ezihlukile

Ukuqonda amandla e-PR nobuthakathaka be-PR kulula uma kuqhathaniswa nezikhombi ezinkulu ezifana ne-FPTP kanye nevoti ehlukile (i-AV/i-panece ezifundeni eyodwa). Abasekeli bezimiso ezinkulu baphikisa ngokuthi baveza imiphumela ecacile, ewujuqu . /ohulumeni abathatha isigaba esisodwa abanemithetho enamandla ."futhi bawenza kube lula ukukhetha okukhethekile. I-FPPPP ithambekele ekudaleni ukuhlangana okuqondile phakathi kommeleli oyedwa nohlobo lwezwe olulodwa. Nokho, ngaphansi kwe-Pretituementsss, iveza imibono emincane futhi ingaveza “ivoti" yabaxhasi besithathu. Ngokungafaniyo, ukukhanyisa kwe-mklomo ye-omfonto. Izimiso ezikhethiwe phakathi kwezimiso eziyisisekelo ziveza ukumelela: ukuvumelana nokulunga kwe-clus, ukulingana nokulunga kwe-lus, ngokuhambisana nokuvumelana.

Ubuhlobo BePR Nemfundo Nemfundo

Uma kucatshangelwa ubunkimbinkimbi bezimiso ze-PR, imfundo eqinile yomphakathi ibalulekile ukuze kutholakale izinzuzo zazo. Izikole namayunivesithi kumelwe zifundise abavoti bezimiso ezihlukahlukene zokhetho, izizathu zokuzithatha, nokuthutha okuhilelekile. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi amavoti azo aguqukela kanjani ezihlalweni, zithambekele kakhulu ekuthembeni isimiso futhi zihlanganyele ngokugcwele. [FL:0] ElCEA [Mhlahlazo] EMhlabeni we-PR, njengaseNew Zealand ne-Jerema, imikhankankaso yezelo yezemfundo nesikole ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa izincazelo zendlela yokuvota. Abefundisi bangasebenzisa ngayo amathuluzi okugcona okunga, ukuhlelwa kwesihlalo, nezifundo zomlando ukuze benze izinto eziphathekayo. [FLD] [FLD]

Izinguquko Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izimiso eziningi ze-PR ezisunguliwe ziyaqhubeka ziguqula. Impikiswano eCanada nase United Kingdom mayelana nokuthatha iPR ithole i-tratransmion, nabashisekeli bebopha izithembiso ezingaphumelelanga (umz., i-UK’AV'Amethodenderum yo 2011) nokukhathazeka okuqhubekayo ngokuhlukaniswa kwe-demokhrasi. Okwamanje, amazwe asebenzisa i-PR aqala kahle imithetho yawo: ukulungisa imikhawulo, ukushintsha ubukhulu besifunda, noma ukuguqula uhlu lwezakhiwo ukuze kwandise ukulingana noma ukuqinisekiswa kwe-operal. I-technology iqhubeka jrome jro / uma ikhetha nokubala i-elective ne-tecrogen sholot kanye ne-mmovessssssssssss ibangela ukuba i-STEDV ne-MMP. Noma iluphi ushintsho lwenguquko lungahlanganiso oluphakathi kobukhulu olungafinyelele kahle.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlaziya Ubufakazi

Ukumelelwa kwe-propotical kunikeza uhlelo olunamandla lokwakha idemokrasi ehlanganisa imibuso ehlukene eveza umbono ogcwele. Izinzuzo zayo − ukumelelwa kwabavoti abambalwa, ukuboshelwa kakhulu, nokuyekelelwa okusekelwe ngokubambisana − kusekelwe ngokulandelana kwezifundo eziningi. Kodwa i-PR futhi inezingozi: ukuhlukanisa, ukuvala i-regrock, nokuyinkimbinkimbi. Ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi lezingozi zingalawulwa ngokuklanywa ngokucophelela, njengokumisa umnyango okhethayo onobubanzi obulinganiselwe, ukugcina izinga elilinganiselwe lesifunda, nokusekela imfundo engcono. Akukho simiso sovoti esinezelele siyikhambiza ekwelapheni lonke, kodwa iPR ibonise ukuhleleka nokuzinza kwayo emazweni ahlukene. Abafundi, abafundisi, abafundisi, nabakhiqinisi, ukuqondwa kwe-PR, ukuqondwa okungcono kakhulu kwezehlulelwe ngenqubo ye-PR kusetshenziswa ngekhulu lamakhulu leminyaka 21 alandelane.