Ukusebenza Komthetho Wesigebengu: Ukuqonda Ukushushisa Nokuvikela

Umthetho wesigebengu uyisisekelo sezimiso zobulungisa zanamuhla, usebenza njengesithiyo sokuziphatha okungekho emthethweni kanye nendlela yokuziphendulela lapho lokho kuvimbela kuhluleka. Kukho kanye phakathi kwecala ngalinye kunezici ezimbili eziphikisanayo: ukushushisa, ukumelela umbuso, nesivikelo, okumelela ummangalelwa. Umncintiswano wabo womthetho awuyona nje indlela yokuzilolonga kodwa umklamo wamabomu ohloselwe ukuveza iqiniso nokuqinisekisa. Kubafundi bomthetho, abafundisi, nabaphathi bezakhamuzi, ukuqonda okujulile ukuthi lezizindima ezimbili zisebenza kanjani, nemingcele engokokuziphatha ezabacindezelayo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela ubulungisa obuphishekelwa ngayo ngokoqobo.

Isisekelo Somlando Sokuzishushisa Nokuvikela

Isimiso sanamuhla sokuqulwa kwecala silandelela imvelaphi yaso eNgilandi ephakathi, lapho izinkantolo zakuqala zomthetho zithatha khona kancane kancane indawo yempindiselo yangasese ngokunikezwa ubulungisa bezwe. Ekuqaleni, kwakungekho mshushisi womphakathi; izisulu noma imikhaya yabo kwadingeka ukuba bazifakele ngokwabo amacala. Umqondo wokuququlwa kwecala ngokusemthethweni wavela ngokumiswa kwesikhundla se-Attorney General ekhulwini lekhulu le-13 leminyaka, nakuba wathatha amakhulu amaningi enkonzo yokushumayeza enikezelwe ukuzinikela ukuze ikhule. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokuvikela lalingaqashelwa ngokugcwele kwaze kwaba yikhulu le-18* ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kokumiswa kwe-1696 Act eNgilandi naku-691 e-Rendextedment eUnited States. Ukuqonda le nkolelo isiza ukuba kucaciswe ukumangalelwa nokuviswa okunjalo futhi kuthathwe kahle kwenkululeko engokomlando.

Indima Yokumangalela

Ukuqulwa kwecala kungumthetho osemthethweni. Umgomo wawo oyinhloko uwukumelela isithakazelo somphakathi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uye wasokhankasela ubugebengu obucatshangelwayo. Lomthwalo mkhulu ngokungavamile: umshushisi kumelwe amise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [[, indinganiso efuna ubufakazi kunoma isiphi isimiso somthetho. Isinqumo ngasinye senza `kubhala amacala okumelwe anikeze ubufakazi endleleni yokunikeza ngayo indinganiso'inqunyelwa' nesibopho somshushisi sokuthatha isigwebo, hhayi nje ukuzuza izinkolelo.

Ukucwaninga Nokulungisa Izinqumo

Abashushisi baqala ukusebenza isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Babambisana eduze nezinhlangano zokuphoqelela umthetho, bahlola imibiko, ubufakazi obunikeza ubufakazi, izitatimende zobufakazi, nokuhlola. Lolu nyaka wophengululo lunzima ngoba lumisa isisekelo salo lonke icala. Abashushisi kumelwe bahlole ukuthi ubufakazi banele yini ngokomthetho ukusekela ukumangalelwa ngakunye okunokwenzeka. Futhi bacabangela izici ezinjengobukhulu bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu, amandla obufakazi, futhi amathuba okuqiniseka ekuqulweni. Ezindaweni eziningi, abashushicileli banokukhetha okukhulu ukwenqaba izikhalo ngisho noma kungenzeka ukuba zikhona, bavumele ukuba bagxile ezimweni ezisongela ukuphepha okukhulu. Lokhu kuveza icala elikhulu; ukuvikela komthetho kungathatha icala eliyingozi, lapho beboshelwe icala eliyingozi.

Ukulungiselela Icala Nokuqulwa Kwecala

Lapho amacala eseqashelwa, umsebenzi wabashushisi uyadlondlobala. Abashushisi abasekela umsebenzi. − ngokuvamile babizwa ngokuthi amasekela abameli besifunda noma abameli bezwe — amasonto noma izinyanga ezilungiselela ofakazi abalungiselela ubufakazi, ukuhlela imiboniso, ukumisa izinqubo ezingokomthetho, nokulungisa incazelo yabo yecala. Kumelwe babheke phambili izimpikiswano zommangaleli futhi balungise izimpikiswano eziphikisayo. Ekuqulweni, abamangaleli baveza icala labo, babiza ofakazi babo futhi bafaka ubufakazi bokumisa isici ngasinye sobugebengu. Umshushisi uveza inkulumo echaza amaqiniso, afaka upheno bawo, futhi kamuva unikeza impikiswano yokuphetha eveza ubufakazi futhi akhuthaza abahluleli ukuba babophe isigwebo. Phakathi nokuvikela, ukugxazulula umshushisi, ukuvikela, ukuvikela isigwebo, ukuveza ukukhomba ubufakazi noma ukugxazulula ubufakazi babo.

Ukudweba Ibhande Nendima Yalo Efanelekayo

Abamangalelwa abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 ecala lobugebengu e-United States baxazululwa ngokuncenga ngecala elinecala kunokuba baqulwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukunxusa kuhilela omunye wemisebenzi elandelwayo. Abashushisi banganikeza ummangalelwa ithuba lokumangalela ummangalelwa ngecala elincane ukuze athole isigwebo esincishisiwe, noma bangatusa isigwebo esithile sokuphindisela ukunxusa okunecala. Isinqumo sokufaka isicelo esinecala sihilela ukuhlaziya amandla obufakazi, izindleko zecala, izifiso zesisulu, nomlando wobugebengu. Abamangaleli abangalokothi bangasebenzisa usongo lomuntu ongenacala ukuba abophe icala ukuba abophe umuntu ongenacala, kodwa ukucindezela okukhulu kokubhekana nokuqulwa kwecala kwenza kube nzima ukukhokhamba ukukhomba. Lokhu kubonise ukuncintiswa okukhulu, futhi kuveza ukuvuseneliswa kwecala, okusekela ukuvusekuhle ekumangalelwe ekumangalelweni kwesimiso somthetho.

Izibopho Zokushushisa

Ummeli wezwe akameleli ikhasi ngomqondo ongokwesiko; kunalokho, umshushisi umelela isithakazelo somphakathi ebulungisani. Lomehluko uveza imisebenzi eminingana eqondile:

  • Idism eqinile: Kusukela icala leNkantolo ephawuliwe yase-U.S. Brady v. Maryland (1963), abashushisi kumelwe baveze ubufakazi obubongekayo kummangalelwa − isho ukuthi isola ummangalelwa noma ayinikezeli ubufakazi bokumangalelwa. Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekugumbuqeleni nasekutholeni isijeziso sobuchwepheshe.
  • [ Icebo lokulungisa ubufakazi bamanga: Uma umshushisi azi ukuthi ufakazi ufakaze amanga, banesibopho sokulungisa irekhodi, ngisho noma ubufakazi bamanga busiza ecaleni lomshushisi.
  • Ukugwema Ukuqulwa: Abamangaleli abanakuletha amacala noma basongele ummangalelwa ngesijeziso esinzima sokujezisa ummangalelwa ngokusebenzisa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, njengamalungelo enkantolo.
  • Iziphakamiso zesithakazelo: Abashushisi kumelwe bagweme ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu, obungokwezimali, noma obungokombangazwe obungahlehlisa ukwahlulela kwabo okungakhethi.

Lemithetho yokuziphatha ayiyona nje izifiso; ukuphulwa kungaholela ekuxoshweni kwamacala, ukunqanyulwa kwecala, ngisho nokumangalelwa komshushisi ngecala elibi kakhulu.

Indima Yesivikelo

Ummeli ovikelayo umi njengeqhawe eliyingqwele lommangalelwa nesehlo sesimiso sokumelana nokuphambana. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi umphakathi ubheka abameli abavikelayo ngokusola − ikakhulukazi lapho bemelela abathengi abanecala elisobala − indima yabo ibaluleke kakhulu ngokomthetho-sisekelo futhi ibaluleke ngokwezimiso. Indima yokuzivikela ibaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso uhlangabezana nomthwalo wawo wobufakazi futhi amalungelo ommangalelwa ahlonishwa kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kusho ukwakha ukungabaza okunengqondo [[ ngecala lombango, ngisho nalapho ukuvikela kunganikezi ukulandisa okuhlukile. EUnited States, iSiphakamende seSishiya semvume sokulungisa isiqinisekiso sokunikeza iseluleko, futhi uma ummeli engekho umuntu okhokhishweyo, kumelwe anikezwe ngezindleko zomphakathi.

Ukuhlola Iklayenti Nokuphenya

Abameli abaphumelelayo baqala ngokuhlola ngokucophelela. Abameli abavikelayo bahlangana namakhasimende abo ukuze baqonde amaqiniso ngokombono wommangalelwa, baqoqe ofakazi abaqashelwe, baqoqe izincwadi, futhi baphawule ubuthakathaka obungabonakala. Ngokungafani nabashushisi, abameli ababophekile ababopheki ukuba bathulule lokho abakutholile esifundazweni (ngaphandle kwezimo ezilinganiselwe njenge-alibi noma izikhuselo ezihlanekezelwe). Lokhu kulinganisela imithombo yamacala engaphezulu kakhulu nokufinyelela komthetho. Uphengululo lwasekungahlanganisa abahloli bobucala, ochwepheshe bezengqondo. Futhi bangase bathathe amahele ukuze bavimbele ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni noma ukuvuma okungathembekile.

Iqhinga Elingokomthetho Nokumelela Icala

Ukuqamba icebo lokuvikela kungubungcweti nesayensi. Abameli bezesivikelo kumelwe banqume ukuthi bangabuhlasela yini ubufakazi bamangalelwa ngokuqondile, banikeze isiqinisekiso sokuvuma (njengokuzivikela, ukusangana, noma ukuqubuka), noma ukuphikisa ngokuthi umbuso umane uhlulekile ukubhekana nomthwalo wawo. Ekuqulweni, ummeli unikeza amazwi okuvula angase abonise ubuthakathaka obala ecaleni lomshushisi noma anikeze inguquko yezenzakalo zommangalelwa. Phakathi nokuphambana kweze, abameli ngobuciko bamangalela ofakazi ukuba badalule ubandlululo, ukuguquguquka, noma ukuntula ulwazi lwabo siqu. Futhi bangase babize ofakazi babo nochwepheshe ukuba baphikise ukulandisa komshushicileli. Ukuva komvikela kukhumbuza impikiswano yokuququlwa kwecala lokushushisa nokunxela ngaphandle kokuba isikhululo ngasinye ngaphandle kokungabaza esinengqondo.

Ukuthatheka Kwezifo Ezibangelwa I - Device Emessage

Abameli abavikelayo, ukunxusa kuyinkemba evalwe kabili. Ukunxusa okuhle kungavikela ikhasimende engozini yokuthola isigwebo eside ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, kodwa futhi kudinga ummangalelwa ukuba achithe amalungelo abalulekile − kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqungatha, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lokumelana nokuzigodla. Iseluleko sokuzivikela kumelwe sichaze ngokugcwele noma isiphi isikhalazo futhi siqinisekise ukuthi isinqumo sokwamukela noma ukwenqaba siwukuthatha ikhasimende kuphela. Abameli abavikelayo abalokothi bacindezele ikhasimende ukuba bamangalele uma amakhasimende elondoloza ukungabi nacala, kodwa futhi futhi banomthwalo wokunikeza iseluleko esiqotho mayelana namakhono omthetho. Abameli abaningi babheka ukunxusa kwabo njengethuba lokunikeza umshushicileli wabo ithuba lokunikeza abashushisi babo, njengoba bengena nomthwalo wemfanelo womkhaya, noma ubufakazi obusekelayo.

Isibopho Esingokomthetho Sokuzivikela

Abameli bamabutho basebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sabo esihlukile sokuziphatha, esilinganisela ukushisekela ukufaneleka kobuqotho obungochwepheshe:

  • Ukuzithethelela: Ilungelo elingcwele. Abameli bezesivikelo abakwazi ukwembula ukuxhumana kwamakhasimende, ngisho noma bengaveza ingxenye yesithathu noma babonakale benamahloni. Izinhlangothi zincane kakhulu, ngokuvamile zilinganiselwe ekuvimbeleni ukufa okuseduze noma ukulimala okukhulu komzimba.
  • Abameli abashisekayo: babophekile ngokwezimiso ukuba bakhuthazele ngonya amakhasimende abo phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ubufakazi obuyinselele, ukumelana nokuziphatha okungafanele komshushisi, nokuphakamisa zonke izilweli ezisemthethweni ezisebenzayo.
  • [ Akukho bufakazi obungamanga obaziwayo: Ummeli ovikelayo akanakunikeza ubufakazi abaziyo ukuthi bungamanga, futhi ngeke bavumele ikhasimende ukuba lifakaze amanga. Uma ikhasimende liphikelela lizisola ngokwalo, ummeli kungadingeka ukuba aphume noma athathe ezinye izinyathelo zokulungisa.
  • Ukugwema Ukuphikisana Nesithakazelo: abameli bavikeli abameleli abaningi uma lokho kumelelwa kungadala ukwethembeka okungqubuzanayo noma kulinganisela ikhono labo lokumelela ikhasimende ngalinye ngalinye.

Lemithetho iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzivikela kusebenza njengokuphikisana okunengqondo nombuso. Ngaphandle kokubopha, ukuvikela ngamandla, isimiso sokuvikela izikhali siyawa sibe umkhuba nje lapho izinkolelo zithathwa khona kunokuba zitholakale.

Ukungenela Phakathi Kokumangalela Nokuzivikela

Nakuba abamangalelwa nabazivikelayo beyizitha, ubuhlobo babo bulawulwa imithetho nezinqubo ezidala inqubo ehlelekile nelindelekile. Le nqubo yokuzimela ayilona iphutha; injini yokuthola iqiniso. Uhlangothi ngalunye lubekela ubufakazi bolunye, ludalula ubuthakathaka, futhi luphoqelela omunye ukuba athethelele konke okushiwoyo. Isimiso somthetho sincike kulomncintiswano ukuze siveze imiphumela elungile.

Ukuthola Nokuhamba Kwangaphambi Kwesenzakalo

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, zombili izibopho zokuthola isivikelo zilinganiselwe kakhulu, kodwa izifundazwe eziningi zidinga isivikelo ukuze zambule izinhlobo ezithile zobufakazi, njengofakazi noma imibiko engokolwazi. Ezindaweni eziningi, ukushushisa inkantolo kumelwe kuthathe imingcele ehlangene nobufakazi obuphathekayo, kuhlanganise nokukhipha izimpawu ezihlobene. Izivumelwano ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuthatha uhambo lokuvimbela ubufakazi obunganele, ukuthatha imiyalo yokulahla izigwebo ngenxa yokusakaza kwe-cono. Lezi zinyathelo ze-accode ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvivinywa okungokomthetho kuqondiswe ebufakazini obungaqondile, okungaqondile.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala: Ukungcola Nokuxabana

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, ukuxhumana phakathi kweseluleko kukhishwa kakhulu. Abashushisi baveza icala labo kuqala, bese ukuzivikela kunikezwa ithuba lokuveza okwakho. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungamelana nemibuzo engafanele noma ubufakazi, futhi ijaji libeke imithetho ngalokhu kuphikisa. Ukuphenya okuphumelelayo kuyikhono elinzima kumacala omabili . /abashushisi bafuna ukunikeza ubufakazi obuvikelayo, kuyilapho abameli abasebenza ukululaza ukuthembeka kofakazi abachaphazelekayo. Imithwalo yobufakazi [ ayilokothi ishintshele kulokhu kuvikela; ukumangalela kumelwe kubonise ukuthi icala lingaphezu kokungabaza okunengqondo kusukela ekuqaleni ekuqedeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma abalweli bengekho ubufakazi kubo bonke, uma icala lomshushicisho ukwahlulela kumelwe ulahleko lunganele. Ijajijinga, iziqondiso enkantolo enikeza ukulandisa icala, futhi izibalo ezinkantolo zomba icala.

Ukuhamba Nezingcingo Nezingcingo Zangemva Komshado

Isinqumo asisona ngempela isiphetho. Umkhandlu olahlekelwayo ungase ufake izikhalo zangemva kokwahlulela ucele umahluleli ukuba abeke eceleni isinqumo noma akhiphe isigwebo esisha (ngokwesibonelo, uma isinqumo sejaji sasimelene nobunzima bobufakazi noma uma kwenzeka amaphutha angokomthetho. Uma lezo zinqumo zehluleka, ukudluliswa kwenkantolo ephakeme kungenzeka. Izikhalo azikho ukuqulwa okusha; izinkantolo zihlola amaphutha angokomthetho, njengokuvunywa okungafanele kobufakazi, iziyalezo zejaji, noma ukulahlwa kwecala okungalungile. Umshushisi nenkulumo eyimfihlo ye-appeltates futhi edlulisa izimpikiswano. Inkantolo ingasekela ukuqulwa kwecala, ibuye iguqule inqubo entsha. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili kusebenza ezinhlangothini zomthetho futhi ayigunyazizobulungisa.

Isici Somuntu: Izisulu, Abavikeli, Nomphakathi

Ngalé kwendima engokomthetho abantu abangokoqobo. Izisulu nemikhaya yazo ngokuvamile zibheka ekumangalelweni ukuze zilwele futhi ziphelelwe umuzwa wokuvalwa. Okwamanje, ukuzivikela kumi eduze komuntu onenkululeko (nenkululeko) futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuphila kwakhe kusengozini. Abashushisi kumelwe balinganisele izithakazelo zezisulu nesithakazelo esikhulu emphakathini ekuquleni okulungile. Abameli kumelwe basekele ngentshiseko ngisho nakubathengi ongase umphakathi ubadelele. Lokhu kugcizelela komuntu ngokomzwelo kuzo zonke izinqumo, kodwa umthetho wobugebengu ukhona ngokunembile ukuze uvimbele ukuhlanekezelwa kwemizwa yomuntu siqu yeqiniso. Umshushisi oshiciswe kakhulu ngokomzwelo angabushaya indiva ubufakazi obubonisa ukukholisa; ummeli onyanyekayo ongase alahlekelwe yizindima ephumelelayo.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Ama-astarial aphikisana. Izimiso ze-inquisitorial

Izindima zokumangalela nokuzivikela njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla ziyizici zezimiso ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni avamile anjenge-United States, iUnited Kingdom, iCanada, ne-Australia. Ngokungafani, inqubo [izinqubo zomthetho] (amazwe avamile anjengeFrance, iJalimane, neJapane]) abeke indima esebenzayo kuMahluleli ophengululi bezindaba. Ezimisweni zokuqululwa, ukuqulwa nokuzivikela kusekhona, kodwa umahluleli (noma umcubungumentshisi) uqoqa ubufakazi, imibuzo, futhi wenza indima ephansi. Impicandezelo enkulu iyaqhubeka ivikela amalungelo ebekwe imibuso engokomthetho, kodwa isekela ukuncintisana okungaphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwalokhu kuhlola futhi kunikeza ukuphikisana okuwusizo kakhulu. Nakuba kunikeza abafundi abasebenza ngokusemthethweni, isilinganiso esiqinile sesimo esinguwongalayeni esingokomthetho somthetho esiqinile sokuvikela.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwesimiso Sanamuhla

Akukho simiso sokwahlulela somthetho esiphelele, futhi isikhombo somthetho sibhekene nokugxeka okukhulu. Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu yilokho okunikeza ukungalingani phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala nokuzivikela, ikakhulukazi ezibusweni lapho amahhovisi omphakathi evikelwa phansi futhi encishisiwe. Abacuphi ngokuvamile bayakwazi ukufinyelela ukucindezela kobuphekuhlisi obuphansi, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, futhi banikeze imithombo egciniwe engekho. Lokhu kungabangela imiphumela engavamile, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yama-impikiswano efuna abamangalelwayo. Enye inselele i-[FLT:] [FT2] ukucindezela kobuphethi olungenayo phakathi komthetho, [[FVT] kanye nokuvikelwa kwezimiso zomthetho, futhi iyaqhubeka inselele, uma kuchazwa ngaphambili, noma ezinye izimo ezisezingenisweni ezikhona ngokuvinjelwe ngokuvinje.[5]

Izibalo Eziyinhloko Nezibonelo Zamacala

Ukuze uqonde ithonya langempela lokumangalelwa nendima yokuvikela, cabangela lezi zibalo: Ngokwe-Bureau of Justice Statistics, ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, abangaphezu kuka-90% babamangalelwa bamangalelwa icala kunokuba baye emacaleni. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zibonisa amazinga afanayo. Imibiko efanayo e-Innocence Project yokuthi kusukela ngo- 1989, ukukholelwa okungalungile okungaphezu kuka-35 eUnited States kuye kwajikijeka phakathi nokuhlolwa kweDNA, kanye nokuziphatha okubi komshushicishozeli (kuhlanganise u-Brayysty) kuboniswe njengesiciso esinezelele kulezo zimpikiswano. Icala elifana [[FLTLT:] Brady v. [[5]) nezindlela ezivamile) ezisekelwe yizezezeluleko (i-FT.) futhi i-Ftrugne) yokwa-osethizezezezezezezezeze: [irkip] futhi i-Ftrune] (igne).[4] i-oseyawuhlulse.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Kochwepheshe Abanekhono Abangokomthetho

Abafundi bomthetho nabameli abasha abacabangela imisebenzi yomthetho wobugebengu, ukuqonda izinhlangothi zombili ze-adversarial izibalo kubalulekile. Abashushisi kumelwe bafunde ukucabanga njengabameli abavikelayo ukuze balindele izimpikiswano zabo, futhi abameli abavikelayo kumelwe baqonde amasu okuvikela abamangalelwa angokoqobo, ukuhlola izikhulu zempi, ukuhlolwa kwabamangali abashushisi noma abavikeli bomphakathi, nokufunda izifundo ezisekelwe ekuhlolweni kwabo, kunganikeza ukuqonda okusebenzayo. Ukuthuthukisa amakhono aqinile ekuhloleni ubufakazi, ukubhalwa komthetho, ukuqulwa kwemithetho, nokucabanga ngezimiso ezifanele kubalulekile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi olukhethwa umuntu. Labo abathakazelayo emsebenzini bangase bahlole izinyathelo ezihloselwe ukunciphisa izinkolelo ezingalungile, ukuthuthukisa ukusungula izinto, nokukhomba okungalinganiswayo. I-masimu ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, noma ngemfundo, noma ngemfundo, noma ngemfundo, noma ngemfundo.

Isiphetho

Izindima zokumangalela nokuvikela umthetho wobugebengu zingaphezulu kakhulu kweziqu ezisebenzayo. Zimelela izinsika ezimbili okuhlala kuzo ubulungisa: amandla ombuso okugcina abantu benomlando nelungelo lomuntu lokumelana nalolelogunya ekulweni okungakhethi. Abashushisi kumelwe basebenzise igunya labo ngokuzibamba nangokuthembeka, njalo bakhumbule ukuthi umsebenzi wabo usebenza ebulungisani, hhayi ekunqobeni. Abameli kumelwe basekele ngokungesabi abathengi babo, baqinisekise ukuthi amalungu omphakathi asengozini kakhulu awavinjelwe yimishini yezwe. Bonke, amandla abo ahlanganisa isimiso sokuthi, nakuba bengaphelele, uhlala ukhona omunye wemizamo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yesintu yokulinganisela nokukhulula. Kunoma ubani owenziwa umthetho, njengomfundi, noma umniningane ozazi kahle, uyakwazi ukuqaphela inqubo yokuqala yokwahlulela.

Ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola i-American Bar Association’s Isiqephu sobulungisa [[FLT:]], iprojekthi ye-Innocence isekela izinkolelo ezingalungile[, kanye noMnyango wobulungisa we-U.S] isibonisi sokufaka isicelo.