Isingeniso: Isisekelo Somthetho Nobubusi

Igatsha lemithetho livame ukuchazwa njengegatsha lokuqala likahulumeni, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Yindikimba ephathiswe amandla okudala, ukubuyisela, nokuguqula imithetho ehlela umphakathi wethu. Kusukela elinganisweni yejubane endleleni yendawo ukuya emalini yesizwe lapho izikole zomphakathi nezokuvikela, amandla omthetho athinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla. Ukuqonda indlela lemibuso esebenza ngayo − imisuka yayo, imikhawulo, kanye namakhekhenikha zenzakalis-mende () kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekuthatheni idemokhrasi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza imvume enegunya, ekuhloleni izimali zemibuso yomthetho, izinqubo eziyiqhubayo, kanye nethonya layo elikhulu ezakhamuzini.

Ayini Amandla Okushaya Indiva?

Ekujuleni kwayo, amandla okushaya umthetho yigunya lokwenza, ukuguqula, nokulahla imithetho. Lombuso unikezwa i-codec faced drug yabaphathi abakhethiwe, njengephalamende, ingqungquthela, noma isishaya-mthetho. Lomqondo usekelwe esimisweni sobukhosi obuthandwayo.

Amandla omthetho awaphelele. Ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, zicindezelwa umthetho-sisekelo, ongase ubale amagunya athile, uchaze izinga legunya lomthetho, futhi umise amapheshana emagatsheni aphetheyo nahlulele. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States unikeza i-Congress amandla ahlelwe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, Isigaba 8, kuyilapho ugcinela amanye amagunya ngaphansi kweSigqi seSigqi se-Eshumi. Ngokufanayo, iPhalamende lase-UK, nakuba linombuso omkhulu, manje lisebenza phakathi kwemingcele ebekwe yi-devolution, umthetho wenkululeko yamalungelo abantu, nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke.

Ukuqonda lezincazelo eziyisisekelo kubucayi ngoba isimo esiqondile samandla emithetho siyahluka phakathi kwezimiso zezombangazwe. Izimiso ze-Federal zithambekele ekuhlukaniseni igunya phakathi kwezishaya-mthetho zesizwe nezezizwe, kuyilapho izimiso zobumba zigxilisa amandla ephalamende eliphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isakhiwo, injongo eyinhloko isekhona: ukuhumushela umphakathi emithethweni ebophayo elawula ukuziphatha nokunika imithombo yengcebo.

Imisebenzi Yezindikimba Zomthetho

Nakuba ukwenza umthetho kuwumsebenzi obonakala kakhulu, izishaya-mthetho zenza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Lemisebenzi idlulela ngalé kokudlulisa izikweletu; ihlanganisa ukumelelwa, ukwengamela, ukuhlela, nokucabanga. Umsebenzi ngamunye uqinisa eminye, udala isimiso sokulandisa nokusabela.

Ukwenza imithetho

Umsebenzi oyinhloko nojwayelekile ukusungulwa kwemithetho. Imithetho iqala njengentela − izikweleti ezingase zivele kubamisimthetho ngabanye, amakomiti, igatsha eliphethe, noma ngisho izakhamuzi ezithathe inyathelo lokuqala kwezinye izifunda. Uhambo lwemali nge-pactiom luklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-ocess. Iziteshi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Isiqalo kanye nokufunda kokuqala: Umthetho unikezwa ngokusemthethweni egumbini, umemezela isihloko sayo nenjongo. Akukho mpikiswano eyenzekayo kulesigaba.
  • Committee Review: Imali yabelwe ikomiti ekhethekile (umzk., iJadiary, Imali, impilo) ukuze ihlolwe ngokuningiliziwe. AmaKomiti anezimemezelo, aqoqa ubufakazi obuqaphile, futhi angaqeda umbiko ngokuphawulekayo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi "ihhashi lezisebenzi" lesishaya-mthetho.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukufunda okuhlanganisiwe nempikiswano: Impikiswano egcwele egumbini yokushayana izimiso zomthetho futhi ingase ihlongoze ezinye izinguquko. Lesisigaba sivumela ukucubungula obala.
  • Ukufunda nokuququda kokugcina:[ Ngemva kwempikiswano, amalungu avota enguqulweni yokugcina. Uma idlula, umlomo uhamba uye kwenye indawo (kwizimiso ze-bimadral) ukuze wenze okufanayo.
  • Ikomiti yeConference (uma kudingeka): Uma amagumbi amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti yengqungquthela ihlanganisa ukungezwani.
  • Imvume esebenzayo: Isivumelwano sokugcina sithunyelwa kumongameli, kumbusi, noma kumbusi ukuze sisayinwe. Isikhulu singasayina emthethweni noma kuwe, siyibuyisele kumphathi wesishaya-mthetho ukuze kuvele kuqedwe.

Le nqubo yamabomu − ngokuvamile ithatha kancane futhi iphazamisa . Iklanyelwe ukuvimbela umthetho ocatshangelwe ngokuphamazela, ocatshangelwa kabi nokwakha ukuvumelana. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, izinqubo zingashesha, kodwa izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlala zikhona ukuze zivikele ekuthatheni isinyathelo ngokuphamazela.

Umemo

Abameli basebenza njengesibopho esiqondile phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni. Bakhethwa ukuba bamelele izithakazelo, izidingo, nemibono yabantu abamelelwayo − ukuthi yileyo ichazwa nge-jomentio, i-partine, noma iqembu labantu. Ukumelelwa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuxhumana njalo nomphakathi, amacala ukuze kusizwe abantu ukuba balawule i-plotution, futhi bathathe izigijimi eziphikisanayo zemithetho. Lo mmeleli uyikhohlo we-democracy; uma ukumelela kwehluleka, ukwethemba umphakathi kuyancipha.

Ukuqondisa Kwesikhulu

Indima ebucayi kodwa evame ukungasetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqondisa imithetho. Imithetho iqondisa igatsha eliphethe ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokwethembeka futhi isetshenziswa njengenjongo yezimali zomphakathi. Amathuluzi okuqondisa ahlanganisa:

  • Ukuqulwa kwecala nokuphenywa kweKomiti
  • Ukuqinisekiswa kokuhlelwa kwabaqondisi bebanga eliphakeme (ezimisweni eziningi)
  • Hlola imithetho nezenzo zezinhlangano
  • I - National APPlinistic Office (GAO) e - U.S. noma iHhovisi leSizwe le-UK
  • Ukulwela noma ukususa amandla okuziphatha okubi

Iqinisekisa ukuthi isishaya - mthetho sisegatsheni elilinganayo, hhayi isitembu senjoloba.

Amandla Okusebenzisa Imali

Lawula isikhwama semali somphakathi ngenye yemithetho eyisisekelo kakhulu. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi ifuna ukuba zonke izindleko zikahulumeni zigunyazwe yisishaya-mthetho ngenqubo yokunikeza iziphakamiso. "Lendlela" imvume yokumisa izishayamthetho yokusebenzisa imali eziza kuqala, ukuvumela intela, nezimiso zethonya. Izimpikiswano ezimayelana nokuhlelwa kwemali ngokuvamile ziwumbango owengeziwe nowumphumela wonyaka womthetho, ukunquma ukuxhasa ukuvikela, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, izakhiwo, nezinhlelo zomphakathi.

Izinhlobo Zamandla Angokomthetho: Agunyaziwe, Asetshenziswayo, Ayahlangane, Futhi Agciniwe

Igunya lomthetho alivamile ukufana. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, imibuso ihlukaniswa phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nobesizwe. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kucacisa imingcele yokuthatha imithetho kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni.

  • Amandla alinganisiwe (noma abonakaliswe): Lamagunya ahlelwe ngokucacile kumthetho-mthetho wesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uKhongolo-mthetho luye lwahlukanisa amandla ukuze lukhokhwe imali, lumeme impi, lulawule ezentengiselwano zamazwe, futhi lwakha amahhovisi eposi.
  • Amandla asetshenziswayo: Ithathwe ku-"ase-region" (noma amalungiselelo afanayo), lamandla awahlelwanga ngokucacile kodwa adingekile ngokunengqondo ukuze afeze amagunya. Ukwakhiwa kwebhange lesizwe e-U.S. kuyisibonelo esivelele, kodwa athathwa njengokudingeka ukuphatha imali kazwelonke kanye nemithetho yemali.
  • Amandla akhona: Amandla ohulumeni bezwe (noma besifundazwe) abangawasebenzisa kanyekanye. Izibonelo zihlanganisa amandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukumisa izinkantolo, nokuphoqelela imithetho. Ngokuvamile, umthetho wesizwe ulawula umthetho wezwe ezindaweni zempi ngenxa yokuphakama kwesigaba (ku-U.S.) noma izimfundiso ezifanayo.
  • Imithetho egciniwe: Amandla angaphathiswa uhulumeni wezwe noma enqatshelwe ezindaweni agcinelwe izifundazwe noma abantu. E-U.S., iSichibiyelo seshumi sihlanganisa lesi simiso. Amagunya agciniwe ahlanganisa izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kuhlanganise ne-politist, imfundo, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, nohulumeni wendawo.

Ezimisweni zephalamende njenge-UK, umqondo wobukhosi bephalamende ufiphaza lokhu kuhlukanisa, njengoba iPhalamende kucatshangwa ukuthi lingamisa noma iyiphi indaba. Nokho, ukususwa kwenguquko kuye kwadala ukwahlukana okufanayo: iPhalamende laseScotland, iWales Sened, neNyakatho Ireland inamandla ancishisiwe eWestminster, kuyilapho iPhalamende lase-UK lilawula izindaba ezigciniwe ezinjengokuzivikela, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokufuduka.

Inqubo Yomthetho Yokujula: Ukusuka Engqondweni Kuya EMthethweni

Ukuyiqonda kahle indlela izindleko eziba umthetho ngayo kwembula amandla esimiso kanye nokwehluleka. Inqubo iyahluka ngokwezwe ngisho nangendawo ebanzi, kodwa uhlelo oluhlelwe kahle lubonisa uhambo.

Ukungena Kwebhuloho Nokuphoqelelwa

U-Bills ungasuka emithonjeni eminingi. Ezimisweni zomongameli njenge-United States, amalungu oMkhandlu kuphela angangenisa izikweletu ngokomthetho, nakuba umphathi ngokuvamile ehlobanisa umthetho wokuhlela ngamanxusa. Ezimisweni zephalamende njenge-UK, izikweleti zivame ukusungulwa yizikhonzi zikahulumeni (izikweleti zomphakathi) kodwa futhi zingangeniswa nge-deckbench MPs (izikweleti zamalungu azimele). Eminye imikhandlu ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume umthetho ngenyathelo lokuqala noma ngezindlela zokukhomba, zidlulise ngokuphelele izintambo zendlu yomthetho.

Isenzo Sekomiti: I - injini Yomsebenzi Wemithetho

Ngemva kwesethulo, izivumelwano zibhekiswe ekomitini emile efanele. AmaKomiti ahlolwa ngesihloko esiyinhloko (umzk., ezolimo, isayensi, imfundo) futhi alapho umsebenzi omningi ongaphansi kwe-ovalelwe wenzeka khona. Banezindlebe zokuqoqa ukwaziswa kochwepheshe, abagcini-mathikithi, nomphakathi. "Iziqeshane zekomiti" zivumela amalungu ekomiti ukuba alungise umugqa wezezimali ngokulandelana. Ikomiti ivota ukuthi ingabika yini isikhwama somthetho ngokufanele endlini yonke. Izindleko eziningi zifa ekomitini (inqubo yokuhluza ngamabomu ekhulula iphansi ezihlongozo ezingathi sína noma ezingacatshani ezingafanelekile.

Amakomiti engqungquthela afeza indima ekhethekile ezimisweni ze-badamaral. Lapho iNdlu neSigele zidlulisa izinqubo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu asemagumbini womabili ihlangana ukuze izwane. Umbiko wengqungquthela olandelayo kumelwe uvunyelwe yiwo womabili amakamu, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokulungisa okuqhubekayo.

Isinyathelo Esilula Nempikiswano

Uma isikweleti sesifikile phansi, impikiswano egcwele ehambisana nokubaluleka kwaso. Imithetho yempikiswano iyahluka: Indlu yase-U.S. isebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele eqinile yesikhathi nemithetho, kuyilapho iSigele sivumela ukuba kuqhutshekiswe impikiswano (kuhlanganise ne-Renboster, engabambezela noma ivimbe isikweleti esingangeni kumavoti angu-60 okucela ukuvuselelwa). Ezimisweni zephalamende, impikiswano ihlelwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sikahulumeni, kanye namaqembu aphikisayo anikezwa isikhathi esinikelwe ukugxeka nokusikisela ezinye izindlela.

Iziphendu zinganikezwa phansi, kungenziwa inzuzo ephawulekayo. Lesi sigameko silapho isenzakalo sezombangazwe siqala khona: ukuhlangana, ukuyekethisa, futhi ukucindezela komphakathi kuzwakala. Ivoti yokugcina (ibhalwe kaningi, ngendlela yezobuchwepheshe noma yezwi), iveza ukuthi imali iphelela ekamelweni elilandelayo noma kumphathi.

Isigqebhezana esiphethe isigniphi nesi - Veto

Ngemva kokudlula zombili izikhwama, izimali zinikezwa inhloko kahulumeni. Izinketho zomphathi ziyahluka ngokwesimiso. E-United States, umongameli angasayina isikweleti somthetho, iveto (ukusibuyisela eSishayamthetho ngokuphikisa), noma angathathi nyathelo (ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi, uma uMkhandlu ukhona, uba umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina; uma i-Congress Congress Commourns, ithumbanant, i-veto ingenwa yi-voti yama-trics emagumbini womabili. Ezimisweni ze-palamenti, inkosi noma umongameli unikeza umthetho njengemvume engokomthetho njengenkampanezelo, nakuba ezinye izimiso zivumela ukuba kubambeke noma kubukelwe noma kulinganiselwe ukuvinywe kwemithetho.

Ukusebenzisa Nokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Lapho imisiwe, imithetho isetshenziswa yigatsha eliphethe ngezinhlangano nangezimiso. Izinkantolo zingawuchaza umthetho kamuva noma ziwushaye phansi uma wephula izimiso zomthetho. Ukuhlola kokwahlulela kuyi-arhente enamandla ngamandla amandla omthetho-mthetho, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni ezinemithetho-mthetho ebhalweyo nemithetho eqinile (umz., i-United States, iJalimane, iNdiya). Usongo lokungagunyazwa kokungagunyazwa komthetho-mthetho lukhuthaza izishaya umthetho ukuba zithathe imvume ngokucophelela nangaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukuvikela Ekuxhashazweni

Abaphathi bomthetho baye bakha izivikelo eziningi ukuze bavimbele ukuphamba nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ibonisa isithakazelo somphakathi, hhayi izinhloso zeningi lesikhashana.

  • Itshekisi elisebenzayo: Iveto i-exini lokuqondisa okuqondile kakhulu emandleni omthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphathi angamisa umthetho, ahlele uhlelo, futhi, ezimisweni eziningi, abize izikhawu ezikhethekile. Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi (umphathi we-prime kanye ne-kapute) ukhishwe kusishaya-mthetho futhi angabiza isishaya-mthetho futhi abize amakhetho amasha, enze i-spectal.
  • I-Jodicial Anchers: Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho engavumelani nomthetho ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. Lombuso ucacile emazweni amaningi futhi usebenza njengebhuleki lezenzo zomthetho eziphazamisa amalungelo ayisisekelo noma ezidlula igunya lomthetho-sisekelo. Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme e [FLT:] [FLT] Marbury v. Madison [18]] [18]) wamisa lesi simiso, futhi samukelwa yi-democraferation emhlabeni wonke.
  • `Bicameralis: Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zinamakamelo amabili (umzk., Indlu yabameleli neSigele e-U.S.; Indlu yamaCommons nendlu yamaWords e-UK). Bobabili kumelwe bavumelane ngemibhalo efanayo ukuze umthetho ube umthetho. Lokhu kwenezela ungwengwengwezi olungaphezulu lwengxoxo futhi ngokuvamile kugunyaza ukuhlehlela phakathi kwemizimba ehlelwe ngokwehlukile.
  • I-Accounting: Isehlo sokugcina yibhokisi lebhola. Abaqondisi babhekene nokhetho oluvamile, ngokuvamile njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kweyisithupha. Abaqondisi bangathatha indawo yabameleli abadlulisa imithetho engathandwayo noma elimazayo, benikeza isikhuthazo esinamandla sokusabela.
  • Public and Media Scrutiny: I-mahhala yokunyathelisa, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nomphakathi okhuthele kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ngokwethukela. Ukubonana kwemithetho ngokwezinqumo zezehlo-jwayezi/ngokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, ngokuvota okuqoshiwe, nokungena ngokuvulekile kwezakhamuzi emabhukwini ``imvume'''''' ukuze zifake abameleli bazo icala.

Ithonya Elinamandla Emithetho

Izinqumo zomthetho zihlanganisa cishe zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi. Ithonya alikho elicatshangelwayo noma elikude; lizwakala ezikoleni, ezibhedlela, emsebenzini, nasemakhaya. Ngokuqonda lemiphumela, izakhamuzi zingaqonda kangcono ukuthi kungani izindaba zokubeka umthetho ziyimfihlo.

Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Namalungelo Omphakathi

Imithetho iye yaba inkundla yezinguquko zezenhlalo ezishintshe kakhulu emlandweni. Imithetho yokushaya umthetho wamalungelo abantu (njenge-Londmark Rights Act ka-1964, i-Voing Rights Act ka-1965, kanye noMthetho wamagunya wokwandisela amalungelo omshado) nemithetho yamuva kakhulu yokulingana kwemithetho yemithetho. Lemithetho yandisa isivikelo ekulweni nobandlululo. Imithetho yandisa amalungelo okuvota, futhi yasekela isithunzi somuntu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izishayamthetho zemithetho zomthetho ziye zamisa imithetho ecindezelayo, kusukela kwimithetho elawula ukuhlukana kwemithetho yenkululeko kaJim Crow kuya kwimithetho esemthethweni yenkululeko. Amandla okumisa izimiso zomphakathi athwala umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu.

Umthetho Wezomnotho Nokuchuma

Izishaya-mthetho zamisa amanani entela, zigunyaza ukukhokhwa kukahulumeni, ziqondise izimboni, futhi zinqume indlela yokuhwebelana. Lezi zinqumo zithonya ukukhula kwezomnotho, umsebenzi, nokusakaza iholo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSishaya-mthetho sase-U.S. sadlulisa uMthetho weDodd-Frank ngemva kwenkinga yezimali ka-2008 yokuguqula umthetho weWall Street, kuyilapho imijikelezo yezimali yePhalamende le-UK yamisa uhlelo lwezinkonzo zomphakathi nenhlala - nhlalakahle. Imithetho ivumela futhi izakhiwo zezemisebenzi yezesisekelo sezezimali (izindawo ezisezitaladi, amabhulomu, amabhuloho, amabhuloho, izakhiwo, izakhiwo zezemisebenzi yezezomnotho).

Impilo Yomphakathi Nokulondeka

Imithetho ilawula ukuphepha kokudla, ukuvunyelwa kwezidakamizwa, izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, nezimiso zokunakekela impilo. I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) e-United States yandisa umshuwalense wempilo ezigidini. IPhalamende e-UK ligunyazile ekuvimbeleni ukubhema, izimfuneko zokuhlala, kanye namandla okusabela okuthatheka okubhadazayo. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, izishaya-mthetho emhlabeni wonke zalwanisa ukulinganisela kwezinyathelo zempilo zomphakathi ezimelene nenkululeko-inkululeko nesibonelo esicacile semibuso yemithetho elawulayo ebucayi.

Ukuvikelwa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nesenzo Sesimo Sezulu

Imithetho imisa imithetho yokuvikela izinga lomoya namanzi, ukulondoloza indawo yokuhlala, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. I-Cease Air Act yase-U.S. (ipheleliswe kaningi) imithetho yesimo sezulu saseYurophu, ne-UK's Climate Change Act ka-2008 ehlela izisulu ezibophayo zokuncitshiswa kwegesi. Isenzo somthetho sibalulekile ekusebenziseni izivumelwano zezizwe zonke njenge-Paris Climate Act kanye nezokubangela ukuba abangcolisi babulawe.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Ezakheni Angokomthetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo okuyisisekelo, amandla okushaya imithetho abhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ekhulwini lama - 21.

  • Impumelelo ebanzi: Emazweni amaningi, izikhulu ziye zandisa amandla azo ngokulahlekelwa yizishaya-mthetho, ngokuvamile ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, izinqumo eziphuthumayo, noma ukulawula izinqumo zemithetho. Lokhu kusongela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nokulandisa ngentando yeningi.
  • [ Izakhono ezikhethekile:[ Amaqembu enzalo agcwele inzuzo angafaka ithonya elingalinganiyo ekwayalelweni kwemithetho, aphakamise ukukhathazeka ngenkohlakalo nokuhlanekezelwa kwenkambiso yomphakathi. Inguquko yezezimali kanye nezindlela zokubonana ziyizindawo zempi eziqhubekayo.
  • Gridlock kanye nokwehla kwemisebe: Ukuhlukana okujulile kungakhubaza izishaya-mthetho, kubavimbele ekusingatheni izindaba ezicindezelayo ezinjengokwehluleka kwemali, ukuguqukela kokufuduka, noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Amasu angokomthetho (ama-flibuster, abamba, izithiyo) angaphazamisa inqubo yemithetho ukuze inqanyulwe.
  • I-technological Change: intuthuko esheshayo e-Al, imfihlo yemininingwane, kanye nokungalingani kwe-inthanethi kudlula amandla omthetho womthetho. Imithetho ilwela imithetho yokuhlela ephumelela futhi evumelanayo ngokwaneleyo ukuhambisana nokusungula.
  • Ukudideka okungalawuleki nokungathembi: Umvoti ophansi, ukuncipha kokuthembana ezinhlanganweni, nemikhankaso yokudukiswa kwemikhankaso yentengiselwano ilulaza ukuhlobana phakathi kwezakhamuzi nabameleli bazo. Ukubopha umphakathi isithembiso sokuvuselelwa kubucayi empilweni yezindikimba zomthetho.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Amandla Okushaya Icala Akuthinte

Amandla okulawula angekho emthethweni ofana nomthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ayinjini yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Wonke umthetho ovikela ukuphepha kwesisebenzi, izimali zemfundo yengane, noma oqinisekisa amanzi ahlanzekile awumkhiqizo wohlelo lwemithetho. Ngokuqonda imithombo, izinqubo, nemigoqo yemithetho, izakhamuzi ziba ezihlonyiswe kangcono ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo, ngokuvota, ukuxhumana nabameleli bazo, ngokukhonza emabhodini aphezulu, noma ngokuzisebenzela ngokwazo. Impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke ekuhlolweni kwesimiso somthetho wentando yeningi yesizwe esisekelwe ekuqondiseni izindinganiso zezakhamuzi futhi sihileleke nemithetho yayo emisha esheshayo. Ezweni lokushintsha nokuyinkimbinkimbi okukhulayo, umkhuba wasendulo wokwenza imithetho ngengxoxo nangokumelela uyaqhubeka uyindlela ethembekile kakhulu yokulungisa impucuko nomphakathi ochumayo.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezinqubo zomthetho nezinguquko, hlola imithombo engokomthetho enjenge- Conrer.gov (umthetho kahulumeni wezwe), UK Palamente [, kanye nemithombo ye-National Conference of State Legist yokuqonda okungokombuso. Lamapulatifomu anikeza ukufinyelela okuqondile emishinini nasemikhubeni eyenza amandla omthetho aphathekayo nangokomthetho.