Ubandlululo lweminyaka emsebenzini lusalokhu luyindaba engapheli, ithinta izisebenzi ukusuka ezikhundleni eziphezulu kuya e-C-suite. Nakuba ukucwasa kwe-Age in Account Act (ADEA) kunikeza isivikelo esiyisisekelo sezisebenzi ezineminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu, isivikelo sangempela sixhomeke kakhulu esizweni lapho usebenza khona. Imithetho yesilinganiso sikahulumeni ingagcwalisa izikhala ezishiyelwe izisebenzi ezisezincane, noma (8) kwezinye izimo (_______) ayinindingakhokhisi muntu owe cishe owengeziwe. Izisebenzi, ochwepheshe bezezimali, nabaholi bezebhizinisi, ukuqonda lo msebenzi wesivikelo esiqinileyo, kudingekile ekukhanseleni, ukuvuma, ukuphatha, nokuphatha kahle.

Lesi sihloko sihlola imingcele yokucwasana ngeminyaka evikelayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, siqokomisa lapho imithetho kahulumeni ikhuphuka khona izindinganiso zikahulumeni futhi ihluleka khona. Sizohlola ukuhlukahluka kwezimiso zikahulumeni, izimiso zokuphoqelela, kanye nezici eziwusizo kokubili izisebenzi nabaqashi. Ekugcineni, uyoba nombono ocacile wendlela isayensi yokuma komhlaba engawaguqula ngayo amalungelo akho nemithwalo yakho ephathelene nobandlululo lobudala.

Isivikelo Sobandlululo Lweminyaka Ephakathi: Isisekelo

Umthetho oyinhloko kahulumeni osingatha ukucwasana ngeminyaka yi- Age Disction in Orough Act (ADEA) ka-1967. ka-1967. I-ADEA ivimbela ukucwaswa kwabantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu ekuqashweni, ekudunyisweni, ekukhushulweni, ekukhokhelweni, ekukhokheleni, ekukhokheleni, ekukhokheleni, ezabelweni, ekuqeqesheni, nakwezinye izimo zemisebenzi. Isebenza kubaqashi abasebenzi abaqeshi abangamashumi amabili nangaphezulu, ohulumeni, izinhlangano zemisebenzi, kanye nezinhlangano zemisebenzi.

Nakuba i - ADEA inikeza isivikelo esibucayi, inezithiyo eziningana eziphawulekayo:

  • Ithuba lokuthola imali: Amabhizinisi anezisebenzi ezingaphansi kwama-20 ayakhululwa, kushiye izigidi zezisebenzi zingenaso isivikelo sikahulumeni.
  • Uhhhawu oluphezulu: Izisebenzi ezingu 40 nangaphezulu kuphela ezivalelwe; izisebenzi ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-40 azikwazi ukuveza ukuma ngaphansi kwe-ADEA ngisho noma zibhekene nobandlululo olusekelwe ebudalani (umz., zikhetha izikhalo ezindala ngaphezu kwabasha).
  • Imiphumela eguquguqukayo ithi: Inkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yanquma Smith v. City of Jackson (2005] ehlukanisa izimpawu ziyaqapheleka ngaphansi kwe-ADEA, kodwa ngesivikelo somqashi esilula kakhulu kunangaphansi kwesihloko VII. Lokhu kuye kwenza ukuba izikhululo ezinjalo ziphumelele.
  • Izivumelwano: Izinxephezelo zokukhokha nokujezisa azikho ngaphansi kwe-ADEA; abakhokhi abadumile bangathola iholo elibuyayo, umholo ongaphambili, nemali encishisiwe (imali ephindeke kabili) kuphela uma kuphulwa ngamabomu.
  • Ukuqaphela ukulinganiselwa: Izibalo ze-ADEA kumelwe zigcinwe nge-Eumedial Opportunity Commission (EOC) phakathi nezinsuku eziyi-180 (izinsuku ezingu300 ezisezifundazweni ezinezinkonzo ezibekelwe indawo yemisebenzi ehlelekile).

Ngenxa yala magebe, amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho yawo siqu yobandlululo lweminyaka. Amanye anikeza isivikelo kuzo zonke izisebenzi kungakhathaliseki ubudala, abaqashi abancane, noma anikeze amakhambi anamandla. Nokho, amanye awanikezi sivikelo esengeziwe, ashiye izakhamuzi zithembele ngokuphelele emthethweni kahulumeni, noma ngisho nakuncane kakhulu uma umthetho kahulumeni ubuthakathaka.

Umsebenzi Wokuvala Imithetho KaHulumeni: Ukubukeza Nokuhlukahluka Kwezici Eziyinhloko

Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe angaphezu kuka-40 anemithetho enqabela ukucwasana ngeminyaka emsebenzini. Nokho, ubukhulu namandla ale mithetho kuyahluka kakhulu. Umehluko ophawulekayo wehlela ngezigaba eziningana:

Amazwe Athuthukisa Isivikelo Sezisebenzi Ezisezincane

Mhlawumbe inguquko enkulu kakhulu iwukuthi umthetho wezwe uvikela izisebenzi ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-40.

Izindawo eziphawulekayo ezivikela zonke izisebenzi, hhayi lezo ezingu - 40+ kuphela, zihlanganisa:

  • ICalifornia – iFair Accoupy and House Act (FEHA) inqabela ukucwaswa kwanoma yimuphi “u-40,” kodwa uma kunjalo umthetho uye wachaza u-FEHA ukuvikela izisebenzi ezisencane ekucacisweni kobudala ngokwezimo ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iCalifornia inemiphakamo ebanzi emelene nokungahlangani konyaka wonke.
  • [ New York – The New York State Human Rights Law (NYSRL) inqabela ukucwaswa kobudala kunoma ubani oneminyaka engu-18 noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kwenza iNew York ibe elinye lamazwe avikela kakhulu izisebenzi ezisezincane.
  • AmaMassachusetts[[FL:1] - iMassachusetts Fair Access Act ivikela ukucwaswa kwabantu abaneminyaka engu-40 ubudala, kodwa ilungiselelo elihlukile (M.G.L. c. 151B, 76 4(1C)) ivimbela ukucwaswa kwanoma isiphi isisebenzi esingaphansi kweminyaka engu-70. Nokho, isivikelo sezisebenzi ezingaphansi kwe-40 silinganiselwe futhi ngokuvamile sidinga ukukhomba ukuthi ubandlululo lwaluyisizathu esingesona esivamile.
  • Illinois – i-Illinois Human Rights Act inqabela ukucwaswa kobudala kubantu abangamashumi amane nangaphezulu, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nesivikelo kulabo abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-40 uma ubandlululo lusekelwe ebudalani ngendlela “engenangqondo”
  • [[UMTL:0] U-Yashington – i-Washington Law Against Discrimination (WLAD) inqabela ukucwaswa kobudala kunoma yimuphi umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ubudala, uma okungenani bena 18.

Kulezi zifundazwe, izisebenzi ezisencane zithola usizo olukhulu kunalezo ezikhuluma ngazo ukuthi zimane nje zifane ne - ADEA.

Amazwe Andisa Incazelo Yobandlululo

Ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kweminyaka, ezinye izizwe zichaza imikhuba yokukhipha ubandlululo ngokwanda ngokwengeziwe. lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwandisa umqondo wesenzo esibi, ukwehlisa izindinganiso zokuhlukumeza, noma ukufihla ngokuqondile ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuziphindiselela, noma ithonya eliphambene.

  • I-California - FEHA isebenzisa “isisusa esiguquguqukayo” indinganiso: uma iminyaka yobudala iyisici esishukumisayo esinqumweni, umqashi unecala. I-ADEA, ngokwehlukile, idinga“ kodwa-"nge”. I-FEHA futhi inqabela ngokuqondile ukuhlukunyezwa okusekelwe ebudalani, kuyilapho isivikelo sokuhlukumeza i-ADEA singelutho.
  • INew York - i-NYSHRL ivumela ukuzisholo okusekelwe “esisusa esifipheleni” futhi ivumela ukuba kuthathwe“ukucwaswa nokukhishwa” yizisebenzi ezisebenza kanye nabaphathi. INew York futhi inikeza umonakalo ongapheli owenanisweyo owehlelayo ocaciweyo, ongabalelwa ezicabeni ze-state.
  • Minnesota – iMithenaso Human Rights Act inqabela ukucwaswa kobudala kunoma ubani oneminyaka engu-18 noma ngaphezulu futhi ichaza “iminyaka” ebanzi. Ivumela ukumangalelwa kwangasese ngaphandle kokuqala ngamakhambi okulawula akhathazayo, ngokungafani nemibuso eminingi.
  • New Jersey - The New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (NJLAD) inqabela ukucwaswa kobudala kunoma ubani oneminyaka engu-18 noma ngaphezulu futhi isebenzisa indinganiso “yokufaka isandla esiphansi kakhulu” engcono ekuchaseni izithobo kunama-ADEA's“ kodwa-a-” uvivinyo.

Lezincazelo ezibanzi zisho ukuthi abaqambimanga kulezizifunda banethuba elinamandla lokubonisa ubandlululo, ngisho nalapho ubufakazi bungenasisekelo noma buhilela izisusa ezihlukene.

Imibandela Elinganiselwe Noma Engenazo Ezinye Isivikelo

Ngakolunye uhlangothi kunamazwi angenakho ukucwasana kwenkathi noma imithetho elandelana eduze ne-ADEA kanye nokwanda okumbalwa. Kulezindawo, izisebenzi ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-40 noma ezisebenzela abaqashi abancane zingase zingabi nalo nhlobo ikhambi elingokomthetho.

Amazwe angenazo izivikelo ezitheni ahlanganisa:

  • --Texas] ayinayo imisebenzi kahulumeni ehlanganisa ukucwasana kobudala. Kunalokho, izisebenzi zase Texas kumelwe zithembele kuphela kuyi-ADEA. Amabhizinisi anezisebenzi ezingaphansi kwezingamashumi amabili, akukho sivikelo sikahulumeni.
  • Florida - i-Folt Covil Rights Act (FCRA) inqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ebudalani kodwa kubantu abangamashumi amane nangaphezulu kuphela. Isebenza kubaqashi abanezisebenzi ezingu-15 noma ngaphezulu, enwebeka kancane umnyango kahulumeni. Nokho, i-FCRA iveza i-ADEA futhi ayinikezi amakhambi engeziwe.
  • Georgia- – i-Georgia’s Fair Accessing Practices Act ihlanganisa ukucwasana kobudala kodwa izisebenzi zikahulumeni kuphela. Izisebenzi ezisesigabeni sesifundazwe eGeorgia azinaso isivikelo somthetho kahulumeni. Kumelwe zithembele kuphela kuyi-ADEA, futhi uma umqashi enezisebenzi ezingaphansi kwama-20, akukho sivikelo.
  • Ohio- – umthetho weOhio wokucwasa (R.C. 4112.02) unqabela ukucwaswa kobudala kubantu abangu-40 noma abadala, abaqashi abasebenza abanezi-4 noma ngaphezulu. Nakuba umnyango wokuhlanganisa uphansi, umthetho ulandela izindinganiso zikahulumeni ngokweziqinisekiso nangamakhambi. iOhio ayidluliseli i-mshuwayelo ezisebenzi ezisezincane.

Ezinye izifunda ezinezikhungo ezilinganiselwe ezingezinye imingcele zihlanganisa i - Alabama (awukho umthetho kahulumeni wokucwasa ngeminyaka ngaphandle kwemibandela ethile), iMississippi (awukho umthetho kahulumeni obanzi), neNingizimu Carolina (elandela i - ADEA eduze). Izisebenzi kulezi zifunda kumelwe ziqaphele ngokukhethekile ukuthi ukukhetha kwazo okungokomthetho kuncane.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Ekuphoqeleleni Nasemakhambini

Amandla okuvikela ukucwasa ngeminyaka awabangelwa nje yilokho umthetho okushoyo ephepheni, kodwa indlela ophoqelelwa ngayo nokuthi yimaphi amakhambi atholakalayo. Nakhu ukuhluka okukhulu okubangelwa uhulumeni.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezisebenzi Nokukhandwa Kwazo

Izifundazwe eziningi zifuna izisebenzi ukuba zifake icala ngenxusa lezemisebenzi esemthethweni kahulumeni (FEPA) ngaphambi kokumangalela enkantolo. Izindawo zezikhathi ziyahlukahluka:

  • A – izinsuku ezingu-180 (izinsuku ezingu300 ezisezindaweni ezine-FEPA).
  • [[I-FALT:0] I-California – iminyaka emithathu ye-FEHA izikhalo (isilinganiso seminyaka elingana ne-1 se-FEHA ukucupha nge-DFEH).
  • New York - Iminyaka emithathu ye-NYSHRL ithi isukela osukwini lobandlululo.
  • [ Florida - izinsuku ezingu-35] zokufaka uhele ne-Commission on Human Relations.
  • [[[FLT]-Ayikho inqubo yokuphatha kwezwe; izisebenzi kumelwe zingene nge-EOC phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-300.

Ukuhluleka ukufinyelela isikhathi esimisiwe kungaba okubulalayo, ngakho izisebenzi kumelwe zihlole kokubili imithetho kahulumeni nekahulumeni.

Imithi Yokuvuselela Impilo: Umonakalo Nezimfashini

Umehluko omkhulu ukutholakala kwesijeziso nesijeziso. I-ADEA ayivumi ukuba lokhu kwenzeke; imithetho kahulumeni iyahlukahluka:

  • ICalifornia - FEHA ivumela umonakalo wokuhlawuliswa (ukudabuka komzwelo, ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka) kanye nesijeziso sokujezisa ukukhwabanisa, unya, noma ukucindezela, ngekepisi kuxhomeke ngokobukhulu bomqashi.
  • [ New York - i-NYSHRL ivumela umonakalo ongenamkhawulo kanye nomonakalo wesijeziso (obekwe ngaphansi kwezikhonkwane kwezinye izinkantolo).
  • [ AmaMassachusetts - Ivumela ukulimala kokuhlawuliswa kanye nokukhokha izikhathi ezintathu ukukhokha ngokuphula ngamabomu.
  • Ohio - Ingozi ye-Compensication ilinganiselwa ku-$500,000 kuya ku-R340 000 kuye ngobukhulu bomqashi (ukufana ne-patrik ye-VII).
  • Florida – Impoqo ye-Compensication nendinganiso ifakwa u-R150 000 kuya ku-R350 000 esekelwe kubukhulu bomqashi, futhi izimali zabameli ziyatholakala.

Ezifundazweni ezinjengeTexas, lapho kungekho mthetho kahulumeni wobudala kubaqashi abazimele, abaqashi bangathola iholo elibuyayo, iholo langaphambili, nemali encishisiwe ngaphansi kwe - ADEA.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Kwabaqashi

Abaqashi abasebenza ezifundazweni eziningi babhekene nenselele yokulalela. Isimiso esingokomthetho kwesinye isifundazwe singabeka umqashi esikwelenye. amaqembu eHR kufanele acabangele okulandelayo:

  • Izincwadi zesifunda-esimo-esonakele:[ Izincwadi zezisebenzi kanye nezimiso ezilwa nokungavumelani kuyavuselelwa ukuze kuboniswe izimfuneko zomthetho wezwe, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokukhokhelwa kwezisebenzi ezisencane nezincazelo zenkathi evikelekile.
  • Ukuqeqesha: qeqesha ukuphatha okuhlanganisa hhayi nje kuphela iminqamulo kahulumeni kodwa futhi neyokucalula kwezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, eNew York, amamenenja kumele aqeqeshwe ezindinganisweni ezibanzi ze-NYSHRL.
  • Imithetho elandelwayo yokuhlanganisa: Ezinye izifundazwe zifuna abaqashi ukuba balandele izinqubo ezithile zokuhlola izikhalazo, kuhlanganise nezinyathelo zokubhala nokunikeza izikhalo ngemiphumela efingqiwe.
  • Ukugcinwa kwe-cordest: Izimfuneko zenkomba zohele bezisebenzi ziyahlukahluka; ezinye izifunda ezigunyaza ukugcina amarekhodi esikhathi somsebenzi kanye nesikhathi esimisiwe ngemva kokunqandwa.
  • Ukuhlolwa kwe- Umthelela:[ phatha ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwezindawo inkampani yakho enezisebenzi nemithetho yenkathi yobudala ehambelanayo. Qinisekisa ukuthi ukuqasha, ukukhushulelwa, nokuqeda izinqumo kuvumelana nendinganiso eqinile esebenzayo.

Abaqashi kufanele futhi baqaphele ukuthi izinhlangano zesifunda ezimelene nobandlululo ngokuvamile zinedumela eliyikho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-New York State Division of Human Rights ne-Civil Rights Department (eyayiyi-DFEH ngaphambili) inobudlongondlobongela ekuhloleni nasekumangaleleni izikhalo, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangaphandle kokukhononda okungokomthetho kwezisebenzi.

Imisebenzi Ewusizo Yabaqashi

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi uye wacwaswa ngeminyaka, icebo lakho elingokomthetho kufanele liqale ngokuqonda imithetho kahulumeni wakho, nazi izinyathelo okufanele uzithathe:

  1. Uxwebhu yonke into: gcina amanothi ophawu olubonisa ubandlululo, izenzo ezingezinhle, nanoma iyiphi imizamo yokubika ukuziphatha. Gcina ama-imeyili, ukubukeza ukusebenza, nezimiso ezibhaliwe.
  2. Qonda ukuhlanganisa kwezwe lakho: Inquma uma isifundazwe sivikela izisebenzi ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-40, simboza abaqashi abancane, noma sinikeza amakhambi engeziwe. Iwebhusayithi ye-EEEOC (eoc.gov/indawo yesifunda) inikeza ulwazi oluqondenezwe.
  3. Ihele elinenhlangano eyiyo: Ezizweni ezine-FEPA, ungadinga ukufaka kuqala i- FEPA. Ukuhamba ne-EEOC ngesikhathi sinye kungalondoloza icebo likahulumeni kuyilapho futhi uqala inqubo kahulumeni.
  4. Ikhonsothi lommeli: imithetho yokucwasa umsebenzi iyinkimbinkimbi futhi igcwele izicupho ze-procedtura. Ummeli ojwayelene nomthetho kahulumeni nokahulumeni angaluleka nge-forum necebo elingcono.
  5. Cwangcisa izinzuzo zesimo esiqondile: Ezifundazweni ezinjenge California noma i-New York, ungaba nomthetho omude wokulinganiselwa nokuthola umonakalo we-complatura, okwenza isimo sakho sibe namandla.

Ngokuphambene, uma uhlala esimweni esinezivikelo ezilinganiselwe (isimo, iTexas, iGeorgia, iFlorida), kufanele uqaphe ngokwengeziwe ukulondoloza izikhathi ezimisiwe ze - EEOC futhi ucabangele ukuthi lokho okushoyo kungalethwa yini ngaphansi kweminye imibono (njengokuphindisela noma ukwephulwa kwesimiso senkampani).

Ikusasa Lomthetho Ohlukanisa Abantu Ngeminyaka

Ukuthambekela okuningana kuthonya ukuziphendukela kwemvelo:

  • Izwe elinwetshwayo: Izifundazwe eziningi zicabangela noma zidlulisa imithetho enciphisa isikhathi sokuhlanganisa noma ukunwetshwa kwamakhambi. iMichigan, iColorado, ne-Oregon isanda kulungisa imithetho yazo.
  • [ Izinguquko ze-Federal: Izisebenzi eziphethe ezikhulile ezilwa nomthetho wobandlululo (POWADA) ziye zahlongozwa eKhondlelweni ukuze kubuyiselwe isilinganiso esikwazi ukuhlukanisa nokucacisa ukuthi “isici esishukumisayo” sanele. Asikadluli, kodwa sisalokhu siyindaba ephilayo.
  • Ubandlululo lwe-Digital ne-Al: Njengoba abaqashi besebenzisa i-Al ngokuqhubekayo ekuqasheni nasekukhushuleni, ubandlululo lweminyaka lungangena kuma-algorith. I-EEOC inikeze isiqondiso sokuhlukanisa i-Al, futhi ezinye izifundazwe (umz., i-Illinois, iNew York City) iye yamisa imithetho ehlose amathuluzi ezisebenzini ezizisebenzelayo.
  • Ukunciphisa ubunzima bomsebenzi: nezisebenzi ezikude kakhulu, umbuzo wokuthi umthetho kahulumeni usebenza kuphi uba lukhuni. Ngokuvamile, umthetho wezwe lapho isisebenzi sisebenza khona ngokuyinhloko ubusa, kodwa lokhu kungaholela ekudidekeni kubaqashi bamaqembu aqhelileyo ezweni lonke.

Ukuhlala kuhambelana nalentuthuko kubaluleke kakhulu kokubili izisebenzi nabaqashi. Imvume yokuhlaziya okungokomthetho kusuka ku-EOC noma umnyango wezisebenzi zikahulumeni ungasiza.

Isiphetho

Imingcele yokuvikelwa kwemingcele yobudala e-United States ihluka kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye. Nakuba i-ADEA inikeza igebe elinzima, izikhala zayo mayelana nezisebenzi ezincane, abaqashi abancane, namakhambi alinganiselwe − okusho ukuthi amalungelo akho angaxhomeke kakhulu ekuphini ohlala khona nomsebenzi. Izwe elinjengeCalifornia, New York, neMassachusetts linikeza isivikelo esiqinile, ukukhokha inkathi ebanzi yeminyaka, kanye namakhambithi. Ezinye, njengoTexas, Georgia, neFlorida, zinikeza izivikele ezincane noma ezinye izinganikezi ezinye izinsiba ngaphezulu kwephansi.

Kubaqashi, lokhu kuhlelwa ngokunakekela, ikakhulukazi emikhankasweni eminingi. Kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokwazi imithetho yendawo nokwenza ngokushesha. Njengoba umsebenzi womthetho uqhubeka kokubili emazingeni ombuso nawombuso, ukuvikela kobudala kuzolokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukuhlala waziswe ngemithombo ethembekile enjenge AAAARP kanye no[FLT] Nolo

Ukuqonda isivikelo esingokomthetho esikhona esisesifundazweni sakho yinyathelo lokuqala lokumelela amalungelo akho noma ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi wakho kuwukulalela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisisebenzi noma umqashi, ulwazi oluqhubekayo lwalemithetho lwakha umsebenzi olinganayo wezisebenzi zabo bonke ubudala.