Isingeniso

Kulezi zimiso, abavotayo bafaka ibhola elilodwa kulowo ozothatha esifundeni esisodwa, futhi abathola amavoti amaningi awina indawo. Lendlela eqondile inconywa ngenxa yobulula bayo, ukulula kokuqonda, nokuthambekela kokuveza imibuso ehlukene eqinile. Nokho, imiphumela yokuvota okukhulu idlulela kude kakhulu ekubaleni amabhola. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwesimiso sokhetho nobudlova bezombangazwe kuye kwaba indawo ebucayi yokuhlola ukuvimbela ukulwa nokwembulwa kwentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela yokuveza ithonya elikhulu lokuvota.

Ukuqonda Imisebenzi Yama - mukuru

Izimiso zokuvota ezinkulu zisebenza ngesimiso sokuthi umvoti udinga ubuningi obungaphezulu kuphela kwenani elivamile − ukuwina isihlalo, hhayi isiningi sabo bonke abavoti ababhalisiwe. Emazweni amaningi, lokhu kuguqulela ekubeni inani elilodwa eliyingxenye yendlu yomthetho, ngisho nalapho umklomelo uthola kahle ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-50 evoti ethandwayo yesizwe. I-United Kingdom, Canada, iNdiya, i-United States (ngenxa yokhetho olusemthethweni), iNigeria, neKenya iyizibonelo ezivelele zezizwe ezisebenzisa i-FPT noma izimiso ze-crogenties eziyinhloko ze-votives.

Abasekeli bezimiso eziyinhloko baphikisa ngokuthi bakhuthaza uhulumeni oqinile, onomlando ngokuveza umnqobi ocacile nomphumela ophelele wokhetho. Ukuhlobana phakathi kwezithembiso zomkhankaso womkhankaso nomlando wawo wemithetho kuqondile, okungathuthukisa ukulandisa kwabavoti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-FPTPP ithambekele ekunqandeni amaqembu angenamthetho afuna ukuthatheka noma amaqembu ngokuwenza kube nzima ukuzuza izihlalo ngaphandle kokuba ukusekela kwawo kugxile kakhulu ezweni lonke. Lokhu kungathuthukisa indawo yezombangazwe lapho amaqembu amakhulu encintisana khona nezwe eliphakathi.

Nokho, abagxeki bakhomba ekwakheni izikhawu eziningana. Izimiso zamakhulu zikhomba amaqembu amancane namaqembu amancane, ikakhulukazi lawo asakazekile ezwe. Iqembu elisekela amaphesenti ayishumi evoti kodwa lisakaza ukusekela kwalo ngisho nakuwo wonke amasifunda lingase lingazitholi izihlalo. Lokhu kungazifaka kukhungathekisa futhi kubangele umuzwa wokuzihlukanisa kwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwesizwe, inkolo, noma izifunda ezimbalwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukushiya okunjalo kungabangela izikhalo ezidlulela ebudloveni obuthandwayo. Ukuqonda lezi zicici ezingaphansi kweziciko kubalulekile ekuhloleni imiphumela yesimiso ekuvimbeleni izingxabano.

Ukuhlobana Phakathi Kwezimiso Zobudlova Nobudlova

Izimiso ze-Electoral azinakuthatha hlangothi. Zibumba izisusa zabadlali bezombangazwe, amasu emikhankaso, kanye nemibono yokufaneleka phakathi kwabavoti. Ukucwaninga okungokwesayensi ngobudlova be-vota kuye kwathola izindlela eziningana izimiso eziyinhloko ezinganciphisa noma zikhulise izingozi zobudlova phakathi nokhetho.

Indlela Izimiso Ezikhulu Ezingabunciphisa Ngayo Ubudlova

Enye yezimpikiswano ezinamandla kakhulu ezivuna ubudlova ezimisweni ezinkulu ukuthi ngokuvamile ziveza imiphumela ecacile. Ezimisweni zokukhetha (PR), ezilandelanayo, ukuthatha izimpawu ze-PR, ezingase zibangele ukuphikisana okuhlangene ukuthi amasonto noma izinyanga adlule, ukwenza inkathi yokungaqiniseki engasetshenziswa kabi abaphangi noma esetshenziswa njengezaba zobudlova. EFPTP, iqembu elilodwa ngokuvamile lizuza iningi elicacile, futhi umphumela waziwa ngokushesha. Lokhu kucacile kunganciphisa ukuphikisana kwangemva kwempikiswano nohlobo oluqhubekayo okubangela ukukhuthaza ubudlova. Ngokwesibonelo, eMbusweni naseCanada, ubudlova obukhethweyo buncane, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi ukunqoba ngokuvamile kwamukelwa ngaphandle kwezinselele zenqubo yokuhlelwa kwenqubo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso eziyinhloko zingakudumaza ukwanda kwamaqembu ezombangazwe ahlomile. Ngenxa yokuthi yilowo ophambili kuphela owinayo, abavoti namaqembu aphambili bathambekele ekusebenziseni izigebengu ezimbili noma ezintathu eziyinhloko, ukunciphisa ukuhlukana okungaholela emncintiswaneni wezikhali. Lokhu “kucindezela kwamuva” kungaba amandla aqinisayo emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, uma nje izinhlangano ezinkulu zezombangazwe zizimisele ukudlala ngemithetho yentando yeningi.

Indlela Izimiso Ezikhulu Ezingabundisa Ngayo Ubudlova

Ngokuphambene, izimiso zokhetho zingandisa ubudlova be-elector ngokudala amasu anamandla asebenzayo. Uma ukulawulwa kukahulumeni − kanye nokutholakala kwemithombo kahulumeni, umnyango, nemishini yokulondeka − kugxilwe eqenjini elilodwa, izigxobo zokhetho ngalunye ziba phezulu ngokungavamile. Abakhokhi bavinjelwa ngokuphelele ekutholeni amandla, okungakhomba izinyathelo eziphuthumayo, kuhlanganise nokukhwabanisa, ukwesabisa, nobudlova obuqondile. Lokhu kuyingozi ikakhulukazi emiphakathini enezinhlanga ezijulile, inkolo, noma i-clevages, lapho uphawu lwezombangazwe luhambisana nezimpawu zeqembu le-acriptic.

Ukungahlangabezi kwezimiso ezinkulu kusho futhi ukuthi ngisho nokunqoba okuncane kungafakwa ezihlalweni eziningi kakhulu. Okhethweni lwango-2007 lukaMongameli Mwai Kibiki eKenya, wanqotshwa yingxenye encane yevoti ethandwayo kodwa wathola iningi elinethezekile epalamendeni − okuphumela ekubeni ukuphikisa, okuholwa uRaila Odinga, kuthathwe njengomthetho ongekho emthethweni. Ubudlova bamuva obusezinhlalweni zokhetho bashiya abantu abangaphezu kuka-100 namakhulu ezinkulungwane zabashiyekile. Ngokufanayo, ngokhetho lwango-2011 lwaseNigeria, abawinayo bathathe izikhalo ezinamandla zokuhlasela ngentambo ze-palmente futhi baholele ekuqhumeni okubulalayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasenyakatho lapho abasekeli bezwa behluliwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso ezinkulu zidala izisusa ezinamandla zokunqanda ukubhalisa nokungakhuthazi, ezingasusa ngokulandelana kwemiphakathi emincane. Uma imingcele ihlotshaniswa ukululaza amandla okuvota amanye amaqembu, imingcele yokungalungi ingabangela ukuphikisa okunobudlova. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zekhethelo ngoshintsho lwemingcele, ukungabhalisa okuguquguquki, noma ukuthunga i-collet imiphakathi eqinile yobudlova, futhi kulula ukufinyelela ukulawulwa kwesimiso sokusebenza lapho iqembu elilodwa lilawula imishini yokhetho.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zezimiso Zamajeedator Nobudlova Obunamandla

Ukuze kucaciswe ubuhlobo phakathi kokuvota nengxabano enkulu, kuwusizo ukuhlola izindaba ezithile lapho ubudlova obuye bavela khona.Lezibonelo ziqokomisa izici ezihambisana nomongo ezihlobene nesimiso sokukhetha ukuze kuvezwe imiphumela enobudlova.

Kenya (2007): Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwezizwe Nemiphumela Exakile

EKenya kusetshenziswa isimiso sobubhishobhi bokuqala-kade-kamuva somthetho we-palementi kukhetho lwayo lwephalamende nomongameli. Ukhetho lwango 2007 lonakaliswa yizimo ezingemthetho ezisakazeke kabanzi, kuhlanganise nezinguquko zamuva zokuvota izikhawu ze-Presidentiant Kibuki njengomnqobi. Umbono wokuphikiswa wokuthi ukhetho lwebiwa wakhuliswa ulwazi lokuthi luzovalwa ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwesimiso sobukhoma bamazwe amakhulu. Iqembu lesizwe liyokwengamukela izikhalo zezombangazwe kanye nemisele ye-Kikuyu-Luo zaguqula izikhalo zezombangazwe zaba ubudlova obuvamile. U-2008 umbangosivini lubonisa indlela isimiso sobukhomba izakhiwo eziqinile, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zezinhlanga, zingenza ngayo indawo yokucwasabisa ngenxa yempi enkulu. Ngemva kwesivumelwano sobudlova, izivumelwano sakhamunyulwayo, i-hulumeni sakhankathi ephumelelayo, ukumisa isakhiwo sokulwa kwesimiso sokulwa kweqembu elinqobile.

ENigeria (2011): Ukungaboni ngaso linye Kwesifunda Nobudlova Bangemva Kokukhetha

Isimiso sobubhishobhi esikhulu saseNigeria se-National Assembly kanye nomongameli sekuyisikhathi eside siveza ukuncintisana okukhulu phakathi kwama-FP asenyakatho naseningizimu egcwele ubuKristu. Ukhetho lukamongameli luka-2011 lwabona u-Fallluck Jonathan, umKristu waseningizimu, wanqoba uMuhammadu Buharari, umSulumane wasenyakatho. Imiphumela yalahlwa abantu abaningi basenyakatho, ababenomuzwa wokuthi isimiso se-FPPP sivumele i-ase seningizimu ukuba ilawule naphezu kwenani labantu abaningi kakhulu. Ukuqhuma nobudlova kwaqubuka, kushiya ubudlova bufile, kodwa buye bakhangwa yinhlanganisela yengxabano yenkolo yohlanga, izibona ngokukhohlisa, kanye nohlobo lwe-rotrum lwemiphumela emikhulu. Ngokulandela, ukuvota okuqinile nokuphatha i-ondayo kusiza ukunciphisa izingozi, kodwa kulokhu kuhlala imbubhiso.

ENdiya: Ukubuyela Embusweni Wentando Yeningi Omkhulu Kunawo Wonke Emhlabeni

INdiya isebenzisa isimiso sentando yeningi se-FPP esinesimiso sokukhetha esiye sagcinwa njalo kusukela iLok Sabha (indlu yasezansi yephalamende) futhi iye yaba nobudlova bezikhathi ezithile be-volotor, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni engokwendawo enjengeGujarat ne Uttar Pradesh. Nokho, i-demokrati ye-demokrati yaseNdiya iye yabonakala iqinile ngokuphawulekayo, nokhetho oluba khona njalo naphezu kwamazinga aphakeme ezinhlobonhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo nobumpofu. Izici eziningana ziye zanciphisa amandla anamandla eFTPPPP: iKhomisha eqinile nezimele, i-Evolution Com, isakhiwo sezwe esiphambili esivumela amaqembu esifunda ukuba asebenzise amandla esifundazweni, kanye nemithetho yemithetho yezezindawo zendawo. Izibonelo ezinkulu zaseNdiya zisikisela ukuthi uma kusekelwa izinhlangano ngokuthula, futhi inqubo yezentando yentando yentando yentando yeningi yeningi, ingekhona eminyakeni ezindaweni ezingaphandle, ikakhulukazi, futhi izimpawu zezindawo ezisezindaweni eziswayo.

Izici Ezibangela Ubudlova Ezimisweni Eziyinhloko

Uma kuvezwa ekuhloleni kwecala nasekucwaningeni okuqhathanisayo, kuvela izici eziningana ngokuqhubekayo njengabashayeli bobudlova bokuvota ezicini ezinkulu:

  • Ukukhishwa kweqembu elincane: Lapho izinhlanga, inkolo, noma izifunda ezincane zivinjelwa ngokuhleleka ekuwineni izihlalo ngenxa yokusakazeka kwezwe noma ukuxoshwa, zingaphendukela ezindleleni ezingaphezulu ukuze zicindezele izimfuno zazo.
  • Umncintiswano wezenu-sum: Umnqobi othatha zonke izinhlobo ze-FPP usho ukuthi abahlulwayo abanasigxobo kuhulumeni futhi abanakho ukufinyelela kusekela. Lokhu-fuzo-noma akukho lutho olukhuthaza umkhankaso wenzondo, ukukhuluma ngenzondo, nokuqoqa izigebengu.
  • Ukulawulwa kwezinqubo zokukhetha: Izimiso eziphambili zingavikeleka ekuxhashazweni komngcele, ukucindezelwa, nokufakwa kwevoti, ngoba ukulawula izifunda ezimbalwa eziyinhloko kunganquma umphumela. Ukusebenzisa okunjalo kuqeda ukwethembana futhi kubangele uphambano olunobudlova.
  • [ Izikhalo ezingokwesiko kanye nokungezwani kobuzwe: Emiphakathini enefa lempi yombango noma ubandlululo olusekelwe eqenjini, okhetho luba isigaba sokumisa amanani amadala. Izimiso zobuhandiba ezigxilisa amandla ezandleni zeqembu elilodwa zingavuselela ukulimala futhi zithethelele ubudlova njengendlela yokuvikela.
  • Izivikelo zeze-Weak: lapho izikhungo zokuphatha zevoti zingekho noma zibhekwa njengezinobandlululo, ukuthembeka kwemiphumela yezikhulu kuyahlupheka. Ngaphandle kwezinhlangano ezithembekile zokuphikisana, ubudlova buba yithuluzi lokuveza ukunganeliseki.
  • Ukusekela komphakathi okugcwele ukuphikiswa: EFPP, amaqembu okuphikiswa agxile kakhulu ezifundeni ezimbalwa angawina izihlalo eziningi endaweni kodwa ahlale evalekile ngokwesizwe, abangele ukukhungatheka nomuzwa wokungalawuleki.

Amasu Okuvimbela Ingxabano

Ukuvimbela ubudlova bemishini ezimisweni ezinkulu akudingi ukulahla isimiso sokuvota ngokuphelele. Kunalokho, inhlanganisela yezinguquko ezingokwezinhlangano, imikhuba ehlanganisayo, kanye nokwakha ukuthula okuqhubekayo kunganciphisa izingozi kuyilapho kulondolozwa izinzuzo zemiphumela ecacile nohulumeni olandisayo.

Ukushintsha Kwesimiso Esivamile

Enye indlela iwukuguqula isimiso sezihlalo ngokwesilinganiso ukuze kuhlanganiswe izici zokumelelwa ngokwesilinganiso. Isimiso sokhetho esixubile. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe anjenge-Jalimane, i-New Zealand, neLesotho asebenzisa i-processial exubile (MMP), lapho ingxenye yezihlalo yabelwa ngokwesilinganiso ukuze ikhokhele ukuvota okuhlukile kwe FPTP. Empini exubile, isimiso senhlanganisela singaqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu namaqembu azuza ukumeleka okungalinganiyo, kunciphezele umqondo wengqikithi ye-creverse. Enye inguquko iwukusetshenziswa kwevoti (IV) noma ukuvota okunezelwe ezindaweni ezizimele, okudinga ukuwina iningi lezindawo ezivotayo (ngemva kokukhetha ngempela) kunokuba kunciphe isilinganiso esiphakathi. [[A][0]

Ukubusa Okuphelele Nokusekela Amandla

Ngisho nangaphansi kwesimiso sokulawula, ohulumeni bangathatha izindlela ezihlanganisayo zokulawula ukuncishiswa. Amalungiselelo angokomthetho amandla-odal, anjengezikhundla zokuphatha izikhulu noma aqinisekisiwe ngezindawo zokukhonza zamaqembu amancane, anganikeza abaxhasi isithakazelo esiphezulu okhethweni olunokuthula. Umthetho-sisekelo weKenya ka 2010 wasungula ukukhulula ushintsho kanye nezimiso zobufana ezizi-350 zokwandisa ukumelelwa, futhi ngemva kwenhlekelele ka 2007, amandla-ondayo kahulumeni owe-amandla asungulwayo. Nokho, amandla-amandla kufanele abekwe esikhundleni se-hoc ukuba avinjelwe ukuba abe yithuluzi lokuzingabaza ngokulandisa. Inhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene (UNP) ikhiphe isiqondiso esikhethayo nokuvimbela lokho okuhlanganisa ukuxoxilonga ([FLD] [0]/10]/10]

Ukuqinisa Izikhungo Zomdlalo

Indikimba ye-EMB ezimele, ethembekile, futhi enemithombo engcono yokulawula i-operal (EMB) ibalulekile ekuvimbeleni ubudlova ezimisweni eziyinhloko. I-EMB kufanele ivikelwe ekucindezeleni kwabavoti futhi inikwe amandla okwenza izinqumo ezibophekayo ekubhalisweni, umngcele, nesinqumo. Izikhulu zokukhetha, zisebenzisa imishini yokuvota eveza amavoti, futhi zivumele izingqapheli zasekhaya namazwe ngamazwe ukuba ziqinise ukwethemba umphakathi. Emazweni anjengeGhana neBotswana, amaEMB aye anamandla abe yisihluthulelo sokulondoloza ukuthula eFPTPP. Iziqu zaseAfrika nezifunda zinikeza izimendo zokuhlola ezingavimbela ukukhomba nokukhomba ubuchwepheshe bokuvota, futhi ubudlova uma zilandelwa.

Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nokwakha Ukuthula

Isimiso sokuvimbela isikhashana sidinga ukuthuthukisa impucuko yentando yeningi lapho izakhamuzi zibheka khona ukhetho njengendlela yokukhetha abaholi kunokulwa ngonozungezilanga. Izinhlelo zemfundo ze-COVICO kufanele zifundise abavoti ngamalungelo abo, inqubo yokukhetha, nezindlela zokuthula zokuveza izikhalo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, amaqembu asekelwe kukholo, nabaholi abangokwesiko bangahlanganyela ekuthuleni ngokuthula ngaphambi, phakathi, nangemva kokhetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Paacence and Development Network eKenya eKenya isebenza nemiphakathi yabantu basekhaya ukusungula izimiso zesixwayiso nezindlela zokuxhumana phambi kokhetho ngo 2013, okunengxenye emphumeleni onokuthula. Inhlangano ye-United States Institute of Peacep (USPIP) iye yashicilela ukuhlolwa ngokuthula okuphakathi kokukhetha ([FL:0] //Promplective/Puble/12-ecemb.[12]

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esingokomthetho Yokuxabana

Ukumisa iziteshi ezicacile ezingokomthetho ezifuna imiphumela eyinselele yokukhetha kunciphisa isikhuthazo sokuphendukela ebudloveni. Izicelo zokhetho kufanele zizwakale ngokushesha ngejaji elizimeleyo elinamandla okususa imiphumela nokulawula kabusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amacala akhethiweyo anjengenkulumo enzondo, ulwembu lokuvota, futhi ibhola lokujezisa kufanele kuphathwe futhi kuvinjelwe ngamandla. Izimiso zomthetho, lapho izigxobo ziphakeme khona, kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abazolizayo futhi amaqembu avelele. I-International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) inikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe ezimisweni ezingokomthetho nasempikiswaneni ([FLD: 0] HTTP/wwww.[FFOM]

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokuvota ezinkulu azinabo ubudlwangudlwangu ngokwemvelo noma zinokuthula ngokwemvelo. Ithonya lazo ebudloveni bokuvota nokuvimbela kokhetho lixhomeke ekutholeni izikhundla ezibanzi, umphakathi, kanye nasemongweni ongokomlando ezisebenza kuwo. Imiphumela ecacile yokhetho nokuziphendulela kohulumeni okuqinile kuyizinzuzo zangempela ezinciphisa ukungaqiniseki nokuncintisana okuthatha isikhathi eside okubangela ubudlova. Nokho, abanqobi abaphumelelayo abalwayo be-FPTP, bangandisa ukuhlukana, ukuncintisana, futhi bakha izisusa zokuxhaphaza nokuncintisana ngobudlova lapho izigxobo ziphakeme. Ubufakazi obuvela eKenya, eNigeria, namanye amazwe abonisa ukuthi izimiso ezinkulu ezibangela ubudlova ngezinye izikhathi zibangela ubudlova ikakhulukazi lapho zihlangene nezinhlangano ezibuthakathaka, ukuhlukana kobuhlanga olujulile, nokuswela kwezenzo ezihlanganisa amaqembu amaqembu ahlukene.

Ukuvimbela ukulwa kwemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi akuyona indaba yokushiya isimiso kodwa ukusiqinisa ngezinguquko eziphelelisayo. Ushintsho lwesimiso se-Electoral, ulwenzelo lwamandla oluhlanganisa awekho, amakhomishane azimele okukhetha, imfundo yomphakathi, kanye nezisekelo eziqinile ezingokomthetho konke kudlala indima ebalulekile. Indlela yobukhomanisi esingatha kokubili ukwakheka kohlelo lokhetho kanye nezici ezisemqoka ezisemqoka zezenhlalo zokuhlukanisa nokukhala kungaguqula isimiso sombango esiyinhloko somnyobeko wokuncintisana kube yimoto yokuncintisana okunokuthula kwentando yeningi. Njengoba izwe liqhubeka lizama ukumelana nezinselele zokukhetha oknabile phakathi kwemiphakathi, ukuqonda ubuhlobo obuhleliwe phakathi kwemithetho ekhethiwe nobudlova nobudlova obuhlala buyinto yokuqala kubacwaningi, abenzi besimiso sesimiso sokuthula, izinqubo kanye nabakhiqini.