Isingeniso: Ukukhetha Njengesibuko Somphakathi

Isisekelo salo, idemokrasi iyinkolelo yokuthi amandla angokomthetho asuka kubantu. Lesosimiso sisetshenziswa kakhulu ngokhetho, izikhathi ezihlelwe kahle lapho isizwe sinquma ukukhetha isiqondiso saso. Ukukhetha kungaphezu kwetshesi elivamile lokubusa. Ziwukubonakaliswa okuphilayo kokulawula okuza kuqala komphakathi, ukwesaba, amathemba, nezindinganiso. Lapho izakhamuzi ziphonsa amabhola azo, azigcini ngokukhetha abaholi; zimemezela uhlobo lomphakathi ezifuna ukulwa nalo. Umphumela wokhetho ngokuvamile uveza ukushintsha okujulile kombono womphakathi, izinkolelo zomphakathi, izinkambiso zezomnotho. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela yokugawula abantu, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa izindaba zomphakathi, izinselele ezisongela ubuqotho obuhlengiweyo, izinselele ezisongelayo, nezimiso zentando yentando yezizwe.

Idemokrasi ayimi ndawonye; iyazivelela njengoba izakhamuzi zifuna ushintsho nezikhungo zivumelana. Umjikelezo ngamunye wokhetho unikeza umbono walapho umphakathi umi khona(ne futhi ukhomba ukuthi ungaholelaphi. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlanganiswa phakathi kokhetho nezindinganiso kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Imisebenzi Yezitho Zokukhetha Esimisweni Sentando Yeningi

Imisebenzi yokukhetha ifeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi onempilo.

Ukumelela: Ukunikeza Izwi Emibonweni Ehlukahlukene

Mhlawumbe i-memotion iyindima ebaluleke kakhulu yokhetho. Ngokwezimo eziyinhloko. Izakhamuzi zikhetha abafuniwe abahlanganyela ezimisweni zabo ezithandwayo, eziza kuqala emphakathini, nakwemibono ehlukile. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ubonisa ukuhlukahluka kwe-vota. Uma uvoti uphakeme, isishayamthetho esiwumphumela sivame ukumelela inani labantu nemibono yabo. Ngokwe- Ukucwaninga [[FLT]], i-Prew Research Center [, ijika e-U.S. ukhetho lomongameli luye lwashintsha phakathi kwe 50% ne 67% yekhulu elidluleyo, kanye nokuhluka okukhulu kwabantu ngeminyaka yobudala, uhlanga, nemali. Ukuvala lemiba inselele ethinta ngokuqondile indlela isibuko esifana ngayo.

Ukubheka ngokujulile izifekethiso ezimelelwayo, Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legislatures inikeza ukwaziswa okuqhathanisayo ngendlela amazwe ahlukene aklama ngayo izigodi zawo ze-odoli ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi zimelelwe kahle.

Ukulandisa: Bathatha Abaholi Ngokuvuna

Izikhulu eziqashelwe zidala umjikelezo wokulandisa. Ziyazi ukuthi ziyobhekana nabavoti okhethweni olulandelayo, olubenza bathathe isinyathelo esizuzisa umphakathi kunokuba benze ngokwabo. Uma abavoti benomuzwa wokuthi ummeleli uphule izithembiso noma ufeze izithakazelo ezikhethekile, bangavota. Lendlela ayipheleli kahle, futhi imali kwezombangazwe inganciphisa ukulandisa komphakathi, kodwa ihlala iyinye yamathuluzi ezakhamuzi ezinamandla kakhulu okumelwe zibuse inzuzo.

Ukuhlanganyela: Ukwakha Imisipha

Intando yeningi iyachuma lapho abantu beboshelwe. Ukukhetha akukona nje ukuthatha ibhola; kubangela ukuhileleka okukhulu kwezombangazwe. Imikhankaso, amahholo edolobha, izimpikiswano, nokukhipha izimpikiswano zezentando yeningi konke kuzungeza imijikelezo yokhetho. Ukuhlanganyela kuqinisa ukubambisana kwezenhlalo futhi kukhumbuza abantu ngabanye ukuthi bahlanganyela ekuqondiseni izwe labo. Ukuhlola okuvela ku- i-American Political Science Review[[[] kusikisela ukuthi imiphakathi enabavoti abakhulu abavoti abaphendukela kakhulu izinhlangano zomphakathi futhi ithambekele ekubeni nesandla esiqinile sezenhlalo nesomphakathi.

Ukuba Isekela Lomthetho: Isisekelo Sokwethenjwa Komphakathi

Uhulumeni okhethwe ngokhetho olukhululekile, olunobulungisa, nolusobala uthola igunya lokuziphatha lokubusa. Ngisho nalabo abavotela lowo olahlekelwayo bathambekele kakhulu ukwamukela umphumela uma bekholelwa ukuthi lenqubo yayifanele. Nokho, ukushaya emthethweni lapho okhethweni bebhekwa njengababoshiwe, abacindezelwayo, noma ababonakalisiwe. Ukugcina ukwethemba kudinga ukuqondisa kokhetho okuzimele, ukubala okusobala, kanye nezindlela eziqinile zokuxazulula impikiswano. Brennan Center for Justial[ i-'endssssssssss jocteds voracted, orders shorty orreat shorty orrection, orrections procials arreagement, orvices of providentificiations.

Indlela Izindinganiso Zomphakathi Ezembulwa Ngayo

Izindaba ezibusa inkathi yokukhetha ngokuvamile ziwuphawu oluqondile lwalokho abavoti abakhathalela kakhulu ngalesosikhathi. Izindinganiso azimi ndawonye; zisabela ezimpikiswaneni, ezinyakazayo, nasoguqukweni lwezizukulwane. Ngezansi kuyizici eziyinhloko ezithonya indlela izindinganiso ezibonakala ngayo emiphumeleni yokhetho.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi izinhlangano zotshani zingazihlela kabusha ngokuyisisekelo izimo eziwukhetho. Umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi wango-1960 wabangela ukudlula koMthetho Welungelo Lomphakathi ne-Civil Rights Act, okwashintsha ukuhleleka kwezombangazwe kuzo zonke izindawo. Muva nje, izinhlangano ezinjenge Black Lives Matter, iSchemes’s March, kanye nesmoticism ziye zashukumisela abamele ukuthatha izikhundla zobulungisa bobuhlanga, ukulingana kwabobulili, nenkambi yemvelo. Lapho uvota bebona izicelo zenhlangano ziphindaphindeke emikhankambisweni, cishe zibonise ukuthi zikhona kulokhu kuhlola.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukhetho lwama-2020 lukamongameli wase-U.S. lwaqopha umlando phakathi kwabavoti abasebasha, ababeshukunyiswa kakhulu yizinkathazo ngobulungisa bezenhlalo nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokwe- CORCLE[ eTufts University, umvoti wentsha wakhushulelwa ngamaqophelo angu-11 asukela ku-2016, uphawu olucacile lokuthi izindinganiso zalesi sizukulwane zazivezwa ngebhokisi lebhola.

Izimo Zezomnotho Nezinkathazo Zomuntu Siqu

Izinkinga zezinto ezibonakalayo − ukunyuka kwamandla emali, intela, izindleko zezempilo . "ziyizingcingo" ezinamandla abashayeli bezovota. Uma umnotho uqinile, abavoti bathambekele ekuvuzeni ababo ababodwa; uma bebuthakathaka, bafuna ushintsho. Kodwa izindinganiso zezomnotho zidlula izibalo ezilula zezincwadi. Izimiso eziningi ezihlelayo ezikhuthaza ukulunga, njengokukhokha intela eqhubekayo noma amanetha okuphepha okungokwenhlalo, ngisho noma lezozimiso zingabazuzisi bona ngokwabo. Umbano phakathi komuntu ngamunye ozikhathalelayo nenhlala kahle luyisihloko esiphindaphindwayo kumavoti emhlabeni wonke.

Ukushintsha Kwempucuko Nokushintsha Kwe - Demographic

Ama-mintwe yamazwe ahluka kakhulu cishe kuzo zonke izigaba: ubuhlanga, ubuzwe, inkolo, kanye nezizukulwane. Izinqumo zibonisa lezinguquko njengoba lezinguquko ezintsha zikhanya ngokuhlanganyelwa kwezindawo ezizimele kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho. Ngokwesibonelo, ithonya elandayo labavoti be-Latino ne-Asian American eUnited States liye lenza izinguquko nokuthola ulimi lwezinguquko eziyinhloko ezizweni eziningi. Ngokufanayo, ukuvunyelwa okukhulayo kwe-LGBTQ + amalungelo kuye kwashukumisela ukulingana kwezehlakalo zomshado nobandlululo ezihlokweni ezingenamingceleni ezindaweni ezibanzi zezindaba ze-operacricio.

Izimiso Zemithombo Yezindaba Nezolwazi

Indlela abavoti abafunda ngayo ngemigomo nezindaba banethonya elikhulu ezindinganisweni ezivezwa ebhokisini lokuvota. Imithombo yezindaba yendabuko, iziteshi zezokuxhumana, nezikhangiso zezezombangazwe zonke ezithonya umphakathi. Ukuhlukana kwemithombo yezindaba . Kudingeka abantu bakhethe imithombo yokwaziswa eqinisekisa ukucwasana kwabo. Imithombo yezindaba esendaweni ehlukahlukene ingathuthukisa izindinganiso ezihlukene ngisho nalapho behlanganyela izici ezifanayo zomphakathi. Imizamo yokuthuthukisa ikhono lokufunda nokubhala nokunciphisa ukuqamba amanga ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imiphumela yokhetho iveza inzuzo yomphakathi ngempela.

Indima Ebucayi Yokuhlanganyela Kwesigqinsi

Ukuvota kungcono uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlanganyela ekuhlanganyeleni kwe-Covic kuhlanganisa okungaphezulu kakhulu kokuvota. Kuhlanganisa ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, ukuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukuthintana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokukhuthaza izimpikiswano. Izinga eliphakeme lesivumelwano liqinisa idemokrasi ngazo zonke izinga.

Ukusakaza: Isisekelo

Ukuvota kuyisinyathelo esisodwa esinamandla kakhulu isakhamuzi esingathatha kuso idemokrasi. Ivoti ngayinye iyisici esiqondile sezindinganiso. Nokho abavoti abaningi abafanelekayo abavoti ayivoti. Imesithi zihlanganisa imithetho evimbelayo yokuzihlukanisa, amahora okuhlola alinganiselwe, ukuntuleka kokuhamba, futhi nje nomuzwa wokuthi ukuvota komuntu akunandaba. Ukususa lemingcele ngokufaka iposi ebhandeni, ukubhalisa okukodwa, nokuvota kwasekuqaleni kuboniswe njengokweqile. Izwe eliye lamukela izinguquko ezinjalo, njenge-Coloradow ne-Oregon, lilokhu libona amazinga aphakeme okuthatha igalelo.

Ukuzitika Nokuthatha Isinyathelo

Ngaphandle kokuvota, ukujezisa kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifake imvume yokuguqula amalungelo okuvota. Izinhlangano zezemali, inguquko yezezimali, nokulungisa ukubonakala komphakathi zithembele kubashisekeli abahlela, abangenisi, futhi bafundise umphakathi. Ukugunyaza kuqinisa amazwi emiphakathi eqeshiwe futhi zingasusa ifasitela le-Overton. Uchungechunge lwemibono ebhekwa njengeyamukelekayo enkulumweni yomphakathi. Izembutho zezembubhiso zezeli lezelele kakhulu, kodwa futhi ikwenze kwaba lula kakhulu ukuba ukungezwani ngephutha. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-advocacy kudinga amaqiniso, ukwakhiwa kwe-scring, nokuphikelela.

Ukuhlelwa Komphakathi

Ukuhlelwa komphakathi kugxile ekuqoqeni abantu ngokwezinga lendawo. Amaqembu omakhelwane, amasonto, izinyunyana, nezinzuzo ezingakhi konke kunendima ekungeniseni abantu ekuhloleni. Ukuhlela ukwakha ukuthembana futhi kuguqulela izindaba ezingaqondakali ekubeni izinkathazo zomuntu siqu. Kuphumelela kakhulu emiphakathini ebhekene nemizamo emidala ephansi, njengezindawo ezingenisa imali ephansi nemiphakathi yemibala. Izinhlangano ezinjenge [[FLT][FLT] [[FLT]] zinomlando omude wokubhalisa nokuthola i-votar-omper imoto nokuthola i-otamfonso.

Imfundo Yesibalo

Abavoti abanolwazi benza izinqumo ezingcono. Ukufundisa indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo, indlela yokuhlola imithombo, nendlela yokuhlanganyela ngayo. Ngeshwa, izimiso eziningi zesikole ziye zanciphisa imfundo yomphakathi. Ukuvuselelwa kwemfundo yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo ezilingisa ukhetho, ukukhuthaza impikiswano, nokufunda okukhuthaza ukufundwa kwezindaba, kunganika isizukulwane esilandelayo amandla okuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo. I-Center yezemfundo ye-CBIC inikeza abafundisi nemithombo yomphakathi.

Izithiyo Eziphazamisa Ukukhetha Kwentando Yeningi

Imibuso yomhlaba wonke ilwa nemikhuba ephazamisa ukubonakaliswa kwentando ethandwayo. Ukuqaphela lezi zinselele kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuzilungisa.

Ukucindezelwa Kwegesi

Ukucindezelwa kweVoter kubhekisela kunoma yimuphi umkhuba owenza kube nzima kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ukuba zivote. Lokhu kungahlanganisa imithetho ye-ID eqinile, ukukhipha amavota amabhuloho, ukunciphisa amafasitela okuvota angaphambili, ukuvala izindawo zokuhlola ezindaweni ezimbalwa, nokufuna ubufakazi obubhaliwe belungelo lobuzwe. Izinyathelo ezinjalo ngokungenakuqhathaniswa zithinta imizamo yokungahlangani kwezesayensi, kuhlanganise nabantu abanombala, asebekhulile, nabafundi. ACLU][FLT] nezinye izinhlangano zibekela inselele imizamo yokuvimbela inkantolo.

Gerrymandering

I-Gerrymander iwukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda esikhethayo ukuze kuthandwe isigaba esithile noma iqembu. Lapho izifunda zidonselwa ukupakisha noma ukuvota icrack, isishayamthetho esiwumphumela asiyibonisi ngokunembile ingxenye yevoti iyonke. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izizwe, iqembu eliwina amaphesenti angu-45 kuphela evoti kazwelonke lingavikela izihlalo eziningi zemithetho. Izinhlangano zokulungisa izinqumo ezizimele zokuzifunela izimemezelo zokuvota kanye nezindlela zokulawula ezimisa i-algoricism ezimisa ukuhlanganiswa nomphakathi.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo kungaphazamisa ukuqonda kwabavoti abafuna ukuvota kanye nezindaba. Ukuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe, izigebengu zezokuxhumana, kanye nenkulumo - ze ewumphakathi konke kunengxenye kulenkinga. I-Misformation inganciphisa ukuthembela enqubweni yamavoti ngokwayo (ngokomzekelo, ukusho okungamanga ngokukhomba okusakazekile kungaholela abantu ekungabazeni imiphumela esemthethweni. Ukulwa nokungaqondisisa kudinga inhlanganisela yemithetho yesiteji, ukufunda nokubhala phansi, kanye nokulawula iqiniso ngezinhlangano ezizimele njenge FactCCDEc. org]

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kwamaqembu namaqembu emibono kwenza kube nzima futhi kungaholela ekuyekethiseni. Ukuhlaziywa futhi kuthinta nokhetho ngokukhuthaza umkhankaso ophambene nangokunciphisa ukuzimisela kwabavoti ukubheka abavoti abavela kwenye indawo. Endaweni ehlukene kakhulu, abafuna ukuzuza inzuzo, futhi abavoti abakhethayo bahlukahlukane kakhulu. Ukuncishiswa kwezindawo ezingalinganiyo kungadinga izinguquko ezithiwayo njengokuvota okulinganiselwe, okuthi kubangele ukuba abazothatha i-athonsi badlulise.

Imali Kwezombangazwe

Imali echithwayo iye yanyuka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwezinqumo ezifana ne- FEC evumela ukusetshenziswa kwenkampani nokuzimela. Abaphakamisa imali eningi bavame ukuba nenzuzo enkulu ekuqapheleni nakukhangisa, okungaqeda amazwi abantu abacebile nabasekeli babo. Izentengiselwano zezezimali zivumela inzuzo yomphakathi yokukhetha, imingcele yomnikelo, kanye nezimfuneko zokubona ngokukhululekile ukuze kuncishiswe ithonya lemali futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izakhamuzi zibonakalisa izindinganiso zezindawo eziyigugu kunezithakazelo ezicebile.

Ukushintsha Ikusasa Lokukhetha Kwentando Yeningi

Ukusungulwa kwezinguquko eziningana nezinguquko kuthembisa ukwenza ukhetho olubonisa izindinganiso zezakhamuzi.

Ubuchwepheshe Bokwenza Imishini Isebenze

Ubuchwepheshe bokuvota obulondekile, obungenekayo, nobungasetshenziswa nobomngane bungandisa ukuhlanganyela nokuthembana. Amapeper bolotte anezinhloli zokubona abhekwa kakhulu njengelondekile kunezimiso zomshini. I-Online, ukubhalisa ngeposi, futhi izikhungo zokuvota zakuqala zenza kube lula kubantu abanezimiso ezimatasa noma ukukhubazeka ukuze balahle ama-ocester. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bumelwe busetshenziswe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe izingozi ze-inthaneti.

Izinguquko Zesimiso Esiqinile

Ukuvota okunezikhungo ezihlukene (RCV), ukumelela okulinganayo, nokuveza izigebengu ezivulekile kuthola inzuzo njengezindlela zokunciphisa ukuhlaliswa kwezwe futhi kunikeze abavoti izinqumo ezinengqondo kakhulu. I-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake izigaba ngokulandelana. Uma kungekho mvoti othola iningi, othatha umtapo ophansi kakhulu uqediwe, futhi amavoti akhishwe kuze kube yilapho oyedwa efinyelela amaphesenti angu-50. Lokhu kunciphisa "isiphetho" futhi kukhuthaza ababhexwe ukuba bafake esixukwini esibanzi. I-Maine ne-Alaska baye bamukela i-RCV ye-ova yokhetho olusemthethweni, futhi izigaba eziningi zicabangela izinguquko ezifanayo.

Izinyathelo Zokuqalisa Imfundo Nezinqubo Zokuhlanganyela

Izikole, izinhlangano ezingazuzisi, nezinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba zingabambisana ukuze zakhe isiko lokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Izinhlelo ezinjenge- ROck i Vote [ igxile ekubhaliseni abavoti abasebasha, kuyilapho abanye benikeza amasha okusebenzela ukuthi bangasithola kanjani isikhundla noma bahileleke ekuthatheni izikhundla zomphakathi. Ukwanda kolwazi oluqondile lwezikhungo zokuzinyusela phambili nezokukhokha izakhamuzi ezikhokhileyo.

Ukuqinisa Ukuqondisa Nokuthemba Ukukhetha

I-Ependent, amakhomishane okuvota angenayo isigaba esinemithetho ecacile nemali eyanele ibalulekile. Ukubala nokuhlola amavoti, kanye nezinqubo ezicacile zokulandisa nezimpikiswano, kwakha ithemba emphakathini. Umbiko womphakathi njalo ngomvoti ophendulile, izinombolo zokubhalisa, nezinyathelo zokhetho kungasiza futhi ekususeni inqubo. Izingqapheli zomhlaba wonke, njengalezo ezisuka eNhlanganweni Yezokhuseleko nokusebenzelana eYurophu, zinganikeza ukuqinisekiswa kwangaphandle kokukhetha ngesihle nangobulungisa.

Isiphetho

Izindawo zokukhetha zingaphezu kakhulu kwezenzakalo zokuphatha; ziwuphawu lwentando yeningi. Zembula lokho esikukhathalelayo, esikwethembayo, nohlobo lwekusasa esililindele kithi ngokwethu nabantwana bethu. Uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela − ngokuvota, ngokusekela, ngokusekela, nangokufundisa, ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka ubonakalisa izindinganiso zabantu. Nokho idemokrasi ayiqinile. Ukucindezelelwa, ukuhlaziywa, ukuhlaliswa kwezwe, nemali kwezombangazwe kungawuphazamisa lowo mbono. Ukuqaphela lezinsongo nokusebenza ukuze zihlolwe yisibopho sazo zonke izakhamuzi.

Ikusasa lentando yeningi lixhomeke ekubophekeni ekukhetheni ngokungakhethi, ngokukhetha okuvulekile, okungenamdlandla. Ngokumukela izinguquko njengokuvota okulinganiselwe, ubuchwepheshe bokuvota, nokufaka imali emfundweni yomphakathi, izinhlangano zingakha izimiso ezimelela ngokunembe ngokwengeziwe intando yabakhethi. Ekugcineni, impilo yentando yeningi ayilinganiswa ngobukhulu bezakhiwo zayo, kodwa ngokuthembeka kokhetho lwayo nokujula kwesivumelwano sezakhamuzi zayo.