Izimiso zakha isisekelo sobubusi bentando yeningi, zinikeza izakhamuzi inqubo ehlelwe kahle yokuveza izinqumo zazo zezombangazwe futhi zigcine abaholi bazo benecala. Ubuqotho balenqubo buxhomeke ngokuphelele ohlelweni oluqinile olungokomthetho oluchaza imithetho ecacile. Ngaphandle kwemithetho ecacile, egunyaziwe, efakwayo, izingozi zokuzifaka engozini yokukhubazeka, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukuxhaphaza, ukususa ukuqiniseka komphakathi kuyo yonke inqubo yezombangazwe. Isimiso somthetho esisemthethweni simisa imingcele yokuncintisana ngokulunga, sivikela amalungelo okhetho nababekiwe, futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi umphumela wokugcina uveza ngempela intando yabantu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezibonisa ukuhleleka kahle nokubonakala, ukuhlola inqubo yaso, izinhlelo eziyisisekelo, izinselele eziyisisekelo, izinselele ezihambisana nezinselele zezombangazwe zezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Sokukhetha

Uhlelo olungokomthetho olulawula ukhetho luyisimiso esibekwe ngobubanzi sezimiso, imithetho, nemithetho yokuphatha. Akuyona iqoqo elilodwa kodwa kunalokho uhlelo oluhlangene lwezimiso oluvela emithonjeni ehlukene yomthetho. Nakuba isakhiwo esikhethekile sihluka ngokwezwe, idemokrasi eningi yakha uhlelo lwazo olungokomthetho olusemthethweni ezinsikeni ezintathu eziyinhloko: amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho, imithetho yemithetho elawulayo, neziqondiso zokuqondisa ezikhishwa yizindikimba ezizimele zokhetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzakalo zokwahlulela nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ngokuvamile zihlela ukuchazwa nokusetshenziswa kwalemithetho.

Ezingeni eliyisisekelo kakhulu, amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo afaka izimiso eziyisisekelo zenqubo yokuvota. Lezi ziqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvota (i-affaise), ukuchaza izimfuneko zezakhamuzi, ukubeka iziqondiso ezifanele, ukubeka isilinganiso sokhetho, futhi abeke amandla ezinhlangano zokhetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States unikeza igunya lokunquma "isikhathi, izindawo, nendlela" yokhetho uma kugcinwa ukuqondisa kombuso kwezinhlanga ezithile. Ngokufanayo, uMthetho-Constitution we-Indiya umisa iKhomishale ye-Ecostation of India njengegunya elizimele lokuphatha uhulumeni nokhetho.

Imithetho elawula imithetho, emiswa yizishaya-mthetho, inikeza imithetho ebanzi ebusa isigaba ngasinye sokhetho. Lemithetho ihlanganisa izinqubo zokuvota, ukuziphatha kwamaqembu ezombangazwe nabavoti, imithetho yezezimali, izindlela zokuvota, indlela yokuhlela, imikhankaso yokuvota, imigaqo yokuvota, nesinqumo sokuxabana. Emazweni amaningi, lemithetho ihlanganiswa ibe "imithetho e-okhential ment" eyodwa noma "isenzo sokwahlulela"." Ngokwesibonelo, ukumelelwa kwe-UK's umfuziselo ka-Foct ne-Estations Act ye- Canada's Act ne-Ecouragens Canada's Act kuyizibonelo eziyinhloko.

Iziqondiso zeziqondiso nemithetho yokuqondisa igcwalisa izikhala ezishiywe yizimiso ezibanzi. Izinhlangano ze-Federal Evotion Commission (FEC) e-United States noma i-Electoral Commission eUnited Kingdom, zikhipha iziyalezo eziningi ngayo yonke into kusukela ehlelweni lwamaphepha angenamthetho kuya ekuhlolweni kwemishini yokuvota. Lemithetho kumelwe ihlale ivumelana ngokwaneleyo ukuze ivumelane noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe nezimo zezenhlalo kuyilapho ihlala ivumelana nemithetho engaphansi.

Okokugcina, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kunendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni nasekumiseni uhlelo olungokomthetho. Izinkantolo zivame ukunquma ngomthetho-mthetho wezicelo zokhetho, ngokufushanisa izivumelwano zezicelo zokhetho, futhi zimise izandulela ngokuphathelene namalungelo ovoti, ukuvota, nokusekela izimali zomkhankaso. Imithetho yeLandmark, njenge-U.S. iMithetho Ephakeme ku-[FLD] bush v. Gore [2] [2] mayelana namalungelo ovoti, ne-SCritive. Harder [[FLT]]] [2017]] [20]], iye yaqokomisa imiciso ebumbelo nemisebenzi yokuvota.

Imithombo Yomthetho Ophakeme

Imithombo yomthetho wokhetho ihlukene, futhi ukuhlanganisa kwayo kunquma ukusebenza kwale nqubo. Emagunyeni amaningi omthetho we-volution, isimiso somthetho sokhetho esibanzi sibusa zonke izici, kuyilapho amazwe avamile athembele kakhulu ekwahluleleni komthetho nasemithethweni yokuphatha. Imishini yezizwe ngezizwe, njenge International Paravention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) kanye neSivumelo Sezigqizo somhlaba Zonke samagunya azimele sokhetho lwentando yentando yeningi. Izinhlangano zezifunda ezifana neNhlangano Yezokuphepha nezokubambisana eYurophu (OSCE) zinikeza iziphakamiso zokuhlola ngokhetho ezisebenza njengezimende zokugunyaza ezingokomthetho.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo

Ukuhlola amazwe ahlukene kwembula kokubili ukufana nokunye okungalinganiyo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Australia iphoqelela ukuvota, kusekelwe yizijeziso ezingokomthetho zokungahlangani, kanti i-United States incike ekuthatheni isigaba ngokuzithandela. Isimiso sokhetho lwaseJalimane sihlanganisa i-alder exubile, kanti i-United Kingdom isebenzisa kuqala i-pastlement. Lokhu ukungafani kusekelwe emasikweni angokomthetho, amasiko ezombangazwe, kanye nomlando. Ukuqonda lokhu kushintsha kudingekile ekuklameni izinguquko ezihambelanayo.

Ukubonisa Ubuqotho Ezinkonzweni

Ukulunga kokhetho akuyona nje imfuneko engokomthetho; kuyimfuneko engokomthetho okumelwe isetshenziswe ngezinhlangano ezithile nezinqubo. Ukhetho olulungile lunikeza bonke abathatha ingxenye indawo yokudlala, luvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, futhi luqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umvoti ofanelekayo unethuba elifanayo lokufaka ibhodi ngaphandle kokwesaba noma ukuphoqelelwa. Uhlelo olungokomthetho lufinyelela lokhu ngesiqondiso esizimele, ukuhlola okusobala, kanye namakhambi asemthethweni afinyelelekayo.

Izimemezelo Zokuzimela

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokukhetha okulungile i-EMB iqummian (EMB) ezimele elawulayo engasebenzi ekungeneleni kwezombangazwe. Isakhiwo namandla e-EMB kuyahluka kakhulu, kodwa imikhuba emihle igcizelela ukungakhethi, umsebenzi, kanye nokuzimela okungokomsebenzi, nokulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ecomment Commission yaseNdiya ijabulela ukuzimela komthetho-mthethweni kanye negunya lokuyala izikhulu eziphambukayo, kuyilapho i-U.S. idonsa esibonelweni esihloniphekile lapho ohulumeni bephatha khona ukuqondisa kokhetho okuningi. Ekuvezeni kwe-democraticism, njengalezo ze-Afrika ne-Latin America, i-EMBs ibilokhu igcizelela ukusiza kosizo lwezizwe zonke nemizamo yoshintsho.

Imithwalo yemfanelo ye-EMB ezimele ihlanganisa ukuqondisa ukuvota, ukuqinisekisa abavoti, ukuqeqesha izisebenzi zokuvota, ukuvota nokugcina imishini yokuvota, ukwengamela ukuqhubekela phambili nokuphuma, ukubala amavoti, nokumemezela imiphumela. Ukuze kugcinwe ukwethembana, ama-EMB kumelwe abe sobala ekwenzeni kwabo izinqumo futhi aqondiswe umphakathi. Ama-EMB amaningi anyathelisa izincwadi zemisebenzi, izinqumo ezicubu zezezikhalo, futhi aba nemihlangano evulekileyo lapho ababambi bemithi bengaphakamisa khona izikhalo.

Ukuhlolwa Nokuqondiswa

Ukuhlola okungokobudala kokubili izinhlangano zasekhaya nezezizwe ngezizwe kuyi-ihlololo enzima ebuqothweni bokhetho. Imisebenzi yokuhlola yomhlaba wonke, njengaleyo eqhutshwa yi-OSCE’s Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) noma i-European Union, inikeza izinqumo ezingakhethi zesimiso somthetho kanye nokusetshenziswa kwaso. Abaqapheli bahlola ukuthi ukukhetha kuhlangabezana yini nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zenkululeko, ukungalinganisi, nokubonakala, futhi imibiko yabo ivame ukuphatha iziphakamiso zenguquko.

Ukuhlola kwasekhaya, okwenziwa amaqembu omphakathi, izinhlangano zezezindaba, namanxusa ezombangazwe, kufeza indima ephelelisayo. Emazweni amaningi, imithetho egunyaziwe iqinisekisa ukutholakala kweziteshi zokuhlola, izikhungo zokubala, nemininingwane yokukhetha. Ukuba khona kwezibukeli kungavimbela ukukhwabanisa futhi kuqinisekise umphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi weGhana Coalition of Primate Evolution Observers (Mphetho) uye wanezela okhethweni abanokuthula nabathembekile kulelozwe.

Ukuphendula Ngokusemthethweni Nokuxabana

Akukho nqubo yezemvume egonyelwe izingxabano. Umthetho olungile unikeza inqubo efinyelelekayo nefike ngesikhathi yemiphumela yokukhetha ebekela inselele, ukusingatha izikhalo ngomvoti ohluliwe, nokuxazulula izikhalo zokungalungi. Imibuso eminingi ivumela abazocela, amaqembu ezombangazwe, nabavoti ukuba bafake izizicelo zezicelo ngezinkantolo ezigunyazayo, iziqu zobuphathi, noma izinkantolo. Kwamanye amazwe, izinkantolo ezikhethekile zisingatha izindaba zokhetho ngokushesha ukugwema ukungaqiniseki okuqhubekayo. Ikhono lokudlulisa icala ezinkantolo eziphakeme liqinisekisa inqubo efanele.

Izibonelo zesinqumo sempikiswano ephumelelayo zihlanganisa isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme yaseKenya 2017 esisusa ukhetho lukamongameli ngenxa yezimo ezingekho ngokomthetho, oluholela ekungeneni. Nakuba impikiswano, isinqumo sabonisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho singabangela ukuba iziphathimandla ezikhethayo ziphendule. Ngokuphambene, inqubo yokuphikisana ebuthakathaka noma eqinile inciphisa ukuqiniseka futhi ingabangela izinxushunxushu.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubonisana Ngokukhetha

Ukubona ngale kuyinsika eyiwele yokulunga. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zikwazi ukubona nokuqonda ukuthi kungenziwa kanjani ukuba nokhetho ukuze lube nokholo emphumeleni. Inqubo yokukhetha esobala ihilela ukutholakala kokwaziswa, ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekwenzeni izinqumo, nokuxhumana okucacile kwemithetho nemiphumela. Izisekelo ezingokomthetho zithuthukisa ukucaca ngemithetho yokukhulula ulwazi, ngemihlangano, nangokusakaza izimfuneko zezindikimba ezikhethiwe.

Ukwazi Ukuthola Imininingwane Esebenza Ngomphakathi

Umqondisi wokhetho wanamuhla ukhipha inqwaba yokwaziswa, kusukela ekubhaliseni kwevoti kuya kwimiphumela yokuvota yangempela. Imithetho edinga ukunyatheliswa kwale mininingwane kumafomethi afinyelelekayo yenza ukuba i-computer eqinisekile futhi ikwazi ukuhlaziya. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Voiting System Guidelines nezindinganiso ezifanayo kwamanye amazwe ilwela ukuhlolwa kwezimiso zokuvota. Izindawo eziningi manje zisakaza imiphumela engaphandle, ivumela izintatheli namaqembu aqaphile ukuba asebenzise ama-state amanani ezibalo.

Izinhlu zokubhalisa zevoter, uma zenziwa zitholakale ngaphansi kovikelo lwezokwaziswa, zivumela abaphethe kanye nezingqapheli ukuba bahlole amaphutha noma imizamo yokuvota kabili. Ukuvunywa kwezezimali ze-Campaignoing, uma kuningiliziwe futhi kufike ngesikhathi, kwenza umphakathi ubone ukuthi ubani oxhasa imikhankaso yezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iUnited Kingdom’s Electoral Commission, igcina i-messarchy yeminikelo ephenywayo emaqenjini ezombangazwe.

Imihlangano Yasobala Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Izindikimba ze-Electoral kufanele ziqhube ibhizinisi lazo ngaphandle kwesizathu. Imithetho edinga ukuqashelwa komphakathi ngemihlangano, ukukhishwa kwezincwadi, nokunikezwa kokwaziswa komphakathi kuqinisa ukulandisa. Emazweni amaningi aseScandinavia, imihlangano yokhetho igcwele kuyi-inthanel, futhi izakhamuzi zinganikeza imibuzo noma izinkathazo. Ukuzwa komphakathi ngezinguquko ezihlelwa ngokhetho kuqinisekisa futhi ukuthi izinguquko azenzeki ngemva kweminyango evalekile.

Imfundo nokuthola imvume kubaluleke ngokufanayo ukuze kube lula. Imithetho engokomthetho yemikhankaso yemfundo isiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi zingavota kanjani, ukuthi ziyini amalungelo azo nokuthi isimiso sisebenza kanjani. EAustralia, i-Electoral Commission iqhuba izinhlelo zezikole namaqembu omphakathi, exhaswe umthetho.

Umthonga Nobuchwepheshe Ekuboniseni Ukubona Okweqile

Izezindaba zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhanyiseleni ukukhanya ngezinqubo zokukhetha. Imithetho evikela inkululeko yokucindezela, iqinisekisa ukutholakala kweziteshi ezihlolayo, futhi inqabela imingcele engadingekile ekubikeni ibalulekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuchwepheshe buye basungula amathuluzi amasha okuveza ukukhanya, njengezimiso zokuqinisekisa ezisekelwe kumabhuloho noma amabhodi asemahhala e-inthanethi aveza ukuvota ngesikhathi sangempela. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe buletha izingozi, kuhlanganise nokugunda nokukhipha i-algorictic transformation. Ngakho, amapulani angokomthetho kumelwe alinganisele ukukhomba okuphepha nokhuseleko.

Izinselele Emsebenzini Ongokomthetho

Naphezu kwemizamo engcono kakhulu yokwakha izakhiwo eziqinile ezingokomthetho, okhetho babhekene nezinsongo eziphikelelayo nezisheshayo. Ukucindezelwa kwamavoter, ukuxhaswa kwezimali, ukuxhaswa kwezimali okungekho emthethweni, nemikhankaso yokukhipha ukwaziswa kuphakathi kwezinselele ezingathi sína kakhulu.

Amaqhinga Okucindezela Asolwandle

Ukucindezelwa kwevoter kuhlala kuyinkinga yembulunga yonke, ngokuvamile kuhlasela izisulu ezimbalwa, imiphakathi ethola imali ephansi, kanye nabaphikisi bezombangazwe. Amasu avamile ahlanganisa imithetho eqinile yokuvota ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela ezifinyelelekayo, ukukhishwa kwemicu esekelwe ekwazisweni enephutha, ukunciphisa inani lezindawo zokuvota, ukubeka imithetho emifushane yokubhalisa, nokusakaza ukwaziswa okungamanga ngezimfuneko zokuvota. Ngokwesibonelo, eUnited States, izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ama-ID esithombe, lawo athinta kakhulu abantu abambalwa nasebekhulile abavotayo. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziye zayishaya lemithetho njengemithetho engagunyazi lutho noma ephula imithetho e-Vogastigation Act.

Izisekelo zomthetho zingalwisana nokucindezelwa ngokufuna ezinye izindlela zokuzichaza, ukubhalisa ngosuku olufanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukungenela kovota kwasekuqaleni, nokwesabisa. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseNdiya, iye yanquma ukuthi abavoti abanakuhoxiswa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-ID uma sebekhona kakade. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaningi avimbela noma yiziphi izindlela zokuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe nabavoti phakathi kwebanga elithile lezindawo zokuhlola.

Gerrymandering

I-Gerrymandering — ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda esikhethayo ukuze kuzuze iqembu elithile noma iqembu elithile — kusonta ukumelelwa futhi kungenza kube namandla ezombangazwe ahlukahlukene. Nakuba izinga elithile lokudwetshwa kwemephu lidingekile, ukukhishwa kwebalazwe okudlulele kwesimiso sokhetho olulungile. Amahlelo angokomthetho angakhuluma ngalokhu ngokuzibopha okuzibopha okushayelela, iziqondiso ezicacile zokudwetshwa komngcele (ngokufana nokuhlanganiswa, inhlonipho ngemingcele engokwemvelo, kanye nokuphindaphindeka kwenani labantu), futhi abukeze izibalo zokwahlulela. Izizwe ezinjengeCanada neUnited Kingdom zisebenzisa imiyalo ezimele yemingcele, kuyilapho izimemezelo eziningi ze-U.S.

Umkhankaso Ongekho Mthethweni Uphoqelela Ukonakala

Imali kwezombangazwe iwusongo olukhulu ekukhetheni ngokulunga. Imithetho elinganisela iminikelo, idinga ukudalulwa kwabanikeli, futhi iphoqelela ukusetshenziswa kwamakepisi iklanyelwe ukuvimbela izithakazelo ezicebile ekusebenziseni ithonya elingalinganiyo. Nokho, izikhalazo, imali emnyama (evalelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe), futhi ukufumbathisa okungekho emthethweni kungalulaza lemithetho. I-Erdective iyinselele enkulu. INkantolo ePhakathi ye-U. i-U.S. i-U. i-Profetton's iklans United[FFFLT:1] ivule isinqumo esingenakulinganiswa nalutho sokusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe, kuholela ekubhujikeni okungenayo embusweni kwemali emnyama. Ngokuphikisanayo, amazwe anamandla, njengaseJalimane nakuphakeme, njengokwenyuswa kwe-Sweden, isiqinisekiso esihambisana nokuncindiswa kwemibhikisholo.

Ukungaqondi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwasungula ububanzi obusha bokusetshenziswa kwezenhlala-khaya. Abadlali abakhohlakele bangasakaza ukwaziswa okungamanga ngezinqubo zokuvota, abavoti, noma imiphumela yokukhetha, ifinyelele izigidi ngokuphazima kweso. Ukusabela okungokomthetho kusalokhu kuthatha izikhawu. Amanye amazwe asedlulise imithetho efuna amapulatifomu aphawule izikhangiso zezombangazwe, asuse okuqukethwe yikhokha, noma anikeze ukuveza okusobala ngokukhushunyiswa okukhokhelwe. Abanye baye bahlukanisa izinqubo ezithile zokuvota ngokuhlukanisa. Nokho, bashaya isilinganiso sokulunga phakathi kokulwa kwe-discrective nokuvikela inkulumo ekhululekile. Iziqondiso zezizwe zonke, njengalezo ze-Codefacratic of Distion on Diffintion, zinikeza izigqingle zemithetho engokomthetho.

Ukuqinisa Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Sesikhathi Esizayo

Imithetho yokukhetha kumelwe ivumelane nezimo ezishintshayo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, kanjalo namathuba okuvota ngemishini, ukuthatha isinyathelo esikude, nokuthatha i-data. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuvela izingozi ezintsha, kuhlanganise nokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi ezisekelwe kukhetho, i-algamentic, kanye nama-ayini ajulileyo. Amahlelo angokomthetho kufanele abukezwe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ahlanganise imikhuba engcono kakhulu nekheli lekheli. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke, njengange- Inhlangano yeze-index yeze-Drusalism ne-Elctoral Implation [FLT:] kanye ne-ELT] [FLT:] ACEAC]

Ukwethemba umphakathi kuyisilinganiso esiyinhloko sempumelelo engokomthetho. Ngisho nemithetho eningiliziwe ayinakuqinisekisa ubuqotho uma umphakathi ububheka njengobukhohlakele noma obungagunyaziwe kahle. Ngakho, ukwakha ithemba akudingi ukunemba okungokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi kudinga ukufinyelela, ukuxilonga okunganqamukiyo, nokusebenza okunganqamukiyo. Izinja ezizimele, umphakathi, kanye nemithombo yezindaba ekhululekile konke kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Ekugcineni, uhlelo olungokomthetho lunamandla njengesibopho sezakhamuzi nabaholi bokukusekela.

Ngokuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi bomthetho wokhetho , izisekelo, izivikelo zawo, kanye nobuthakathaka bawo, kungangcono ukufuna nokuvikela nokulunga nokubona okudingwa yidemokrati. Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ezimisweni zokhetho ezilinganayo nasezindleleni zokuguqula inguquko, hlola imithombo ye- Brennan Center for Justice, Ihhovisi leDemocratic Institutions ne-Hulumendments , kanye ne[FLT] Stromes Foundation for Elctoral System /FLT:5].