Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili siyisisekelo senqubo yobugebengu, sivikela abantu ebuhlungwini bokumangalelwa kaningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Njengendlela yokuvikela, singanikeza ibhande eliphelele lokuquluza icala, liqede icala ngemva kokulahlwa. Ukuqonda ukuchaza, ukulinganiselwa, nezicelo ezisemthethweni kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezezomthetho nabafundi ngokufanayo. Lokhu kuhlola okukhudlwana kuhlola ingozi ephindwe kabili ekujuleni, kusukela ezimpandeni zalo ezingokomlando kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwalo kwenkantolo yanamuhla, futhi kuhlola indlela abameli abakwazi ngayo ukulivikela abathengisi babo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yengozi Embaxa - mbili

Umqondo wengozi ephindwe kabili uvela endulo, ovela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngalé kwamasiko angokomthetho. Umthetho wamaRoma waqaphela isimiso se amabis ku-iEM [1]" kungabi kabili kwinto efanayo""" owavimbela ukuqulwa kwecala okuphindaphindiwe kokuziphatha okufanayo. Umthetho wesiNgisi ngokufanayo wamukela izikhalo [[FLT:] u-auretfoisvolution[[ [ikhululwe] [icala] futhi iziboshwa eziningi zecala [[FLT] [[FLT] [oct:5] [odo] [odo])] ngokuphindwe kabili ukugwetshwa komthetho) ukuze uvinjelwe futhi uvikelwe futhi uvikelwe ngokuphindiwe izikhathi eziningi. Lemiyalo ngokomthetho wasetshenziswa futhi isigwebo esiwusetshenziswa kakhulu.

Injongo engokomlando kwakuwukuvimbela ukuphamba kukahulumeni. Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esinjalo, umbuso wawungaqhubeka ujezisa isakhamuzi kuze kube yilapho kutholakala isiqinisekiso, ujezise umuntu ngisho noma emsulwa. AbaseFramers babebheka lokhu njengokuhlola okuyisisekelo emandleni kahulumeni, kanye nezinye izivikelo zemiqondo njengelungelo lokululeka nokuvikela ekuzichaseni.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Zokuphazanyiswa Okukabili

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Nokungavumelani

Ingozi ephindwe kabili yilungelo lomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu, isebenza ngokuqondile kuhulumeni ophethe izigebengu. Ngaleyondlela, i-Account Procession of the 14neth Refection, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yafaka lesisivikelo ezindaweni iBenton v. Maryland [1969] [1999], 395 U.S. 784] Ngakho, wonke umbuso kumelwe uhlale ngokungeniswa nomthetho oyingozi. Nokho, isilinganiso esiqondile singahluka kancane ngokusekelwe emithethweni yemithetho yesizwe nezimiso, ngezinye izikhathi sinikeze isivikelo esikhulu kunesitejikelezo zikahulumeni.

Lapho Ingozi Igcotshwa

Umbuzo obucayi owandulelayo uwukuthi uma izingozi zikhona ngempela "zibophela" ekuqhubekeni. Ecaleni lejaji, izingozi zikhona lapho ijaji lifungela. Ecaleni lebhentshi, linamathela lapho ufakazi wokuqala efukwa. Ukuqulwa kobuhlongandlebe kwabantwana, kunamathela lapho kunikezwa ubufakazi bokuqala. Ngaphambi kokuba izingozi zifakwe, uhulumeni ungalahla izikhalo ngaphandle kwemiphumela eyingozi. Nokho, ngemva kokunamathela, ilungelo lommangalelwa kuze kube sekugcineni, futhi noma ikuphi ukuqedwa kwecala kungavimbela ukuqulwa kuye ngezimo.

Iziphambeko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

Izinkantolo eziningi eziphawula izingozi zibumba imfundiso ephindwe kabili. United States v. Ball (1996], 163 U.S. 662, iNkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi ummangalelwa okhululwe inkantolo akanakuphinde abekwe indiva, ngisho noma ukulahlwa kusekelwe ekunqumeni umthetho okuyiphutha. Ashe v. [FLT] [FLT][FLT] [1970], 397 U.S. 436, iNkantolo isebenzisa imfundiso ye-Constantaricle (istleester) (imposis) ukuze iphinde ibekwe esimweni esingafanele. [impethwayo] Lezomthetho zibekwe ngokuphamba.[FT] [FLT] [4] [4] [4]

Ukusebenzisa Ugibe Olukabili Njengecebo Lokuzivikela

Abameli bamabutho bangaba nezingozi ezimbili ezimweni eziningana eziyinhloko, ngokuvamile njengesenzo sokuzishaya indiva ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala noma phakathi nenqubo yangemva kokulahlwa.

Ukunqanda Ukwahlulela Ngemva Kokulahlwa

Ukusebenza okuqondile kuvela lapho ummangalelwa ekhululiwe, kungaba ngesinqumo somahluleli "esingenacala" noma ngesinqumo esiqondiswe umahluleli sokuvala icala. Izwe alinakudlulisa ukunxeba, futhi noma imuphi umzamo wokuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukudlulisa ummangalelwa icala elifanayo uvalelwe ngengozi ephindwe kabili. Lokhu kusebenza ngisho noma ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kubangelwa amaphutha asobala, ukuchithwa kwejaji, noma umbono oyiphutha ngomthetho ngomahluleli. Isibonelo, [[FFLT:0] Foong v. United States [1962], U.S.1, iNkanto ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi phakathi kwecala eliqondiswe icala ngemva kwecala likahulumeni, nakuba icala libekwe futhi liyi-" i-" i-Fonglectedededededed kumele i-projectededededededed, noma i-hest, noma i-Devidentier, ewumele i-ephathiswe kunoma ewuphini yecala elingu.

Ukuvimbela Ukumangalelwa Okuningi Endizeni Efanayo

Umonakalo ophindwe kabili uvimbela uhulumeni ekuhlukaniseni ukuthengiselana ubugebengu obubodwa kube amacala amaningi futhi amangalele ummangalelwa emacaleni ahlukene. Uma ummangalelwa ezama ukuqulwa icala futhi walahlwa icala elincane elihlanganisa icala, ngokwesibonelo, ukubulala kweyesibili ((degree) umbuso ngeke kamuva ubekelwe icala lokubulala kokuqala okuvela ekubulaleni okufanayo. , uma lokhu kuvikelwa kuvela "izakhi ezicini ezicaciwe" [FLT: 0]] i-havier v. [[FFLT:1]] iUnited [1932] [12] [iiiicala], uma kucatshangelwa elinye icala, lihlanganiswa nenye igesahlulelo, elikancane, elihambisana nokunye okukahle kwezelelwe ngenye isigwebo. [[FFF]

Ukuvikelwa Esijezisweni Esikabili

Ngisho noma kubekwa amacala amaningi enkantolo eyodwa, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zilinganisela isijeziso esingabekwa. Ummangalelwa akanakuthola isijeziso esiphindaphindiwe ngecala elifanayo ngaphandle kokuba isigebengu sihlose ukujeziswa kabanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, isenzo esisodwa sokuphanga esiphula umthetho wecala elivamile nomthetho othile wokuphanga singasekela ukuqiniseka uma izakhi zifana. Lokhu kuhlola "ukuziphatha" kuyiqiniso futhi ngokuvamile kudinga ukubukezwa ngokuningi ngokuningi kwenhloso yomthetho. Abameli kufanele badonse isijeziso ngokuthatha isigwebo ngezindlela ezithile ukuze bafake isigwebo esiqinile noma besahlulele isigwebo.

Colteral Estopel Ngaphambi Kokulahlwa Kwamacala

Ukwakhiwa ku-Ashe v. SUNTson, imfundiso yokubhalisa i-estopel ivimbela uhulumeni ekuxazululeni izindaba zeqiniso lezo ezanqunywa ngempela emseni wommangalelwa ngokumjejezisa ngaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa ekhululiwe ekhululwa ngokuphanga emhlabathini ukuthi akakho esigcawini, umbuso awunakuzimangalela kamuva ngenxa yokuvela kwesenzakalo esifanayo, ngoba sekunqunyiwe kakade. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwengozi okukabili kunganikeza isigwebo ngisho noma izici ezingokomthetho zihlukene. Abameli kufanele baqaphele izimpikiswano ezinganembile ngesinqumo sangaphambi kwesinqumo nehele ukuze bakhiphe ukuphakama.

Ukusetshenziswa Okufanele Ngemva Kwezinkantolo

Uma icala liphela emaphutheni angalungile, izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngokuvamile azinakuqulwa uma inkantolo inqunywe ngokufanelekile (umz., ijaji elilengisiwe) noma uma ummangalelwa evuma. Nokho, uma ukuqulwa kwecala kuvela ekuziphatheni komshushisi okuhloselwe ukuphoqa ummangalelwa ukuba afune ukwahlulela okungalungile, ukuqulwa kabusha kuvinjelwe ngaphansi [[FLT: 0]] i-Oregon v. Kennedy[[. Iseluleko sezempicabadala singaphikisa ngokuthi ukumangalela kwabangela ngamabomu ukucwa ngenhloso (ngokuthisa ngenkamisa ubufakazi obungaqondakaliyo noma ukwenza izinkulumo ezingafanele) ukuba iphoqeke ngephutha ngenxa yokuthi icala lalihamba kabi. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi lenjongo yokumangalelwa, kumelwe i-palcene ixoxhene ixo.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinto Ezihlukile Ukuze Ube Nengozi Kabili

Ukulinganiselwa okuningana kwenza ukuba umbuso uvumele ummangalelwa ukuba aphinde ashushiswe noma uqhubeke ngokushushisa okuhlukene.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa

Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokubusa ehlukene, izikhundla ezihlukene − njengohulumeni ophethe kanye nezwe, noma amazwe amabili ahlukene, angamangalela ummangalelwa ngesenzo esifanayo uma lokho kuthatha isinyathelo semithetho yenkosi ngayinye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu olahliwe ekubulaweni enkantolo yombuso angabe esazanywa enkantolo kahulumeni ngenxa yokwephula imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ehlukanisa amalungelo abantu. INkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa ukuthi lesi simiso sikhona umphatho v. United States (2010]), i-10), isekela umthetho owenziwe isikhathi eside. Abameli, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuvikela akuvikeli akuvikeli uhulumeni olandelayo, futhi uhulumeni.

Izindawo Eziphinde Zatholakala Ngemva Kokuvuma

Uma ummangalelwa enxusa isiqinisekiso ngempumelelo, ingozi ephindwe kabili ngokuvamile ayikuvimbeli ukuqulwa kwecala, ngoba ummangalelwa uye wathola "umvuzo" ilungelo lokugcina ngokufuna ukubukezwa. Nokho, ukuqulwa kwecala akunakumchaya ummangalelwa esijezisweni esikhulu kunakuqala, ngaphandle kokuba ubufakazi obusha noma amaphutha abangela ukuqubuka kuvele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukuqiniseka kuguquliwe ngenxa yokuthi ubufakazi abuzange bavunyelwe ngokomthetho, ukuqulwa kabusha kuvinjelwe. Lomehluko obalulekile (ukungagculiselwa kobufakazi) kanye namaphutha (okuvumela ukuqulwa kabusha) nokuqulwa kwecala. [FLT:] Burks v. United States, 437], U.S.

Ukuphinde Ucashe Ngemva Kwe - Hung Jury

Uma ijaji lingenakukwazi ukufinyelela isahlulelo (ijaji elilengiswe enkantolo), inkantolo imemezela icala elingalungile ngenxa "yokungadingekile," futhi umbuso ungamphikisa ummangalelwa. Lokhu kuyisikhalazo esimiswe kahle; imvume yommangalelwa ayidingeki. Nokho, uma umshushisi ehluleka ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthola isiqinisekiso ngemva kokuqulwa kwamajaji amaningi, ummeli angase aphikise ngokuthi ukuqulwa kabusha kwecala kubangela ukuhlukunyezwa futhi kufanele kuvinjelwe. Nakuba izimpikiswano ezinjalo zingavamile ukuphumelela, ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinqumele inani lokuqulwa kabusha ezinkantolo ezinkulu.

Ukuhlukanisa Nesenzo Esifanayo

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ayikuvimbeli ukuqulwa kwecala okuhlukahlukene okubangelwa isenzo esisodwa, ngisho noma kusekelwe ekuthengiseni okufanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umshayeli odakiwe obangela ingozi angaqulwa ngenxa yakho kokubili ukubulalana kwemizimba, ngoba icala ngalinye liqukethe isici esinye esingalinganiyo. Ngokufanayo, ummangalelwa angazanywa ngokuhlukile ngenxa yozungu kanye necala elingaphansi. shitburger ukuhlolwa lokhu kuhlola, futhi iseluleko sokuvikela kumelwe sihlukanise amaphutha angenzakaliyo nalawo ahlukene ngempela.

Ukucatshangelwa Okungokoqobo Kwezinhlayiya Zokuzivikela

Ukuzibeka Phakabili Engcupheni

Ingozi ephindwe kabili yilungelo okumelwe ligonywe ngesikhathi esifanele. Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuliphakamisa ngaphambi kokuba icala lesibili liqale, ukumangalela kungalahlwa. Abameli bezempi kufanele bathathe isinyathelo esisekelwe engozini ephindwe kabili, esekelwe ebufakazini bokuqhubeka kwangaphambi. Inkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala kumelwe ibeke ukuzwa obala uma izindaba eziyiqiniso zikhona. Uma ukuhamba kunganqatshwa, kungatholakala ngokushesha ngaphansi kwemfundiso yokulandelana kwemithetho, ngoba ilungelo okungazanywanga lilahlekile ngokuphumelelayo uma icala liqhubeka.

Ukunquma Ukuthi Ukweqa Okufanayo Kusendabeni

Ingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokuhlola okuphindwe kabili izimpawu "icala elifanayo". Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izivivinyo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuhlolwa okufanayo komfantu i-stimburger nokuhlolwa okufanayo kwendlela yokusebenza okusetshenziswa kwezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Kumthetho kahulumeni, uma imithetho emibili idinga ubufakazi bento eyodwa enye engakho, iwumacala ahlukene, ngisho noma ukuziphatha okungakho kufanayo. Nokho, eminye imithetho yemithetho yesizwe inikeza isivikelo esikhulu, ivala futhi noma isiphi isiphi isigwebo esivela kwezinye izigebetho zobugebengu. Iseluleko sikahulumeni kumelwe sicwaninge umthetho osebenzayo futhi siphikisa isivikelo esikhulu uma sikhona.

Ukusingatha Izintela Eziningi Ezikhiqizwa Ezikhathini Ezihlukahlukene

Ngezinye izikhathi abamangaleli bamangalela ngokuhlukana ngezizathu zobuqili noma ngenxa yokuthi ubufakazi buvela kamuva. Abameli bamabutho kufanele baqaphele ukubekela inselele ukuqulwa kwecala okulandelanayo ngaphansi kwengozi ephindwe kabili. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ummangalelwa emangalelwa emangalelwa ngokuhlaselwa ngemva kokukhululwa ekubulaleni ukudubula okufanayo, ukuxoshwa kufanele kubekwe phansi, ukuphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlasela kungenamcimbi owengeziwe ohlanganisa icala kanye nokubekwa izikhala zokuzikhulula. Ngisho noma izikhalo zibonakala zihlukene, ukuvinjelwa kokubulala kungavimbela amaqiniso athile ekuphindeni kubekwe phansi.

Ukubaluleka Komlando Wokuqulwa Kwamacala

A strong double jeopardy claim often depends on what the trial record shows about the facts determined in the prior proceeding. In a jury trial, the verdict alone may not reveal which facts the jury resolved; but where the jury necessarily rejected a key element (e.g., intent), that issue cannot be retried. For a bench trial, the judge's findings of fact provide clear evidence. Defense attorneys should request special verdicts or interrogatories when feasible to lock in factual determinations that may support later double jeopardy claims.

Izimo Ezihlukile

Ummangaleli Odukisa Ukuziphatha Okukhohlisayo

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, uma umshushisi esola ngamabomu inkantolo engalungile, ukuqulwa kwecala kuvaliwe. Lokhu kumane kunciphe; isivikelo kumelwe sibonise ukuthi umshushisi uhlose ukubangela isigwebo esingafanele, hhayi nje ukuthi wayenze into embi. Orogon v. Kennedy, iNkantolo ePhakeme inqume ukuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi umshushisi uzimisele ukushushisa ummangalelwa ukuba anyakaze inkundla eyiphutha. Lokhu kuwumthwalo ophezulu kodwa kungahlangatshezwana uma izenzo zomshushishisi zingafaneleki futhi ziqondiswe kahle enkantolo.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Ngemva Kokuqiniseka Ngokuthi Kuyobe Kungasekho Ukukhwabanisa

Uma ummangalelwa ethola isiqinisekiso ngokukhwabanisa, ukukhohlisa, noma ukonakala, umbuso ungalahla lokho kuqiniseka futhi uphikise ummangalelwa ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Isizathu siwukuthi ukunqoba okungcolile kommangalelwa kwakungesona isikhala esingokomthetho noma isiqinisekiso, ngakho ibhande akufanele lisebenze. Ngokufanayo, uma inkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala ingenagunya, ukuqulwa kwecala kuvumelekile. Icebo lezentengiselwano kufanele liqaphele ukuthi ukunyakaza okuphumelelayo kokulahla okusekelwe osizoni olungaphumeleli noma ukungafaneleki komshushisi lingasavumela ukuqulwa ngaphandle kokuba ubufakazi bunganele.

Ukuqhubeka Kwemivubukulo Nokubulala Okukabili

Ingozi ephindwe kabili iyasebenza emahlombe ezingane ezingemthetho, kodwa iphuzu lokunamathela lilapho ufakazi wokuqala ephikwa khona lapho kuqulwa icala. Uma ingane ifunwe ingenamthetho futhi kamuva ibhekene namacala obugebengu abantu abadala ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zingavimbela ukuqulwa kwecala kwasebekhulile uma inkantolo yentsha inegunya futhi ikhipha isahlulelo sokugcina. Nokho, ukudlulisa imithetho ngokuvamile kuvumela ukuba ingane iqulwe njengendoda endala kusukela ekuqaleni, igweme izimpikiswano eziphindwe kabili. Ukudlala phakathi kwezinkantolo zentsha nezokulwa kwabantu abadala kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyahlukahluka ngokwezwe.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kokwenza Ingozi Kabili Namanye Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okusheshayo Nokucasuka Kabili

Nakuba iSichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, ukuxoshwa kokuphulwa kwalelolungelo akuyi ndawo yokuqulwa. Nokho, uma ukuxoshwa kungokobandlululo (okuvamile ekunqanyulweni kwecala okusheshayo), izingozi eziphindwe kabili azisebenzi ngoba ummangalelwa akaphinde abekwe. Uma ukuxoshwa kungenalubandlululo, umbuso ungaphinde uthathe indiva, futhi izingozi eziphindwe kabili azinacala. Abameli bangasebenzisa ingozi ephindwe kabili ngemva kokunqandwa ngokushesha kwecala ukuze baphikise ukuthi ukulindwa okungalindelekile kuhambisana nokuhlukunyezwa, kodwa lena impikiswano engavamile.

I - Habeas Corpus Ne - Jephardy Embaxa - mbili

Ngemva kwemvume kahulumeni, ummangalelwa angase afune ukukhululeka kwe-habeas corpus kahulumeni okusekelwe ekuphulweni ngezingozi ezimbili. Nokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zithatha izinqumo zenkantolo zezingozi eziphindwe kabili ngaphandle kokuba isinqumo senkantolo kahulumeni sasiphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni ocacile. Uma inkantolo kazwelonke ivumela ukuqulwa kwesibili, ummangalelwa angaphakamisa lokho kuthethwa kwezemthetho kahulumeni, kodwa izindinganiso ziqinile. Iseluleko sezempi kufanele sikhiphe ikhambiso lokuqala.

Isiphetho

Izingozi ezimbili zihlala ziyisihlangu esibalulekile kubamangalelwa abamangalelwa, zivimbela ukuqulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe nokuqinisekiswa kokugcinwa kwenqubo engokomthetho. Abameli, ukuqonda ukuthi bangasivikela nini futhi kanjani kungaba umehluko phakathi kwekhasimende elibhekene nokuqulwa kwecala kwesibili nokuphela okuhlala njalo. Ukubeka ibhakede ngemva kokuvinjelwa okungaqiniseki ukubhekana nesijeziso esiphindaphindiwe ngaphansi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi sikhona lapho kugcinwa khona umthetho. [FLT:] , imfundiso inikeza amathuba amaningi osizo. Nokho, imingcele yayo iqhawe yimfundiso ehlukene yecala kanye negunya kanye nekhono likahulumeni lokuhlola ngemva kokulungisa ukuqulwa kwecala. Ngokucubungula ngokucophelela. Ngokulawula izijekelele, kuhlanganise nemithetho engokomlando, imithetho ehlangene, imithetho engokomthetho, futhi engekho emthethweni, ingasebenzisa leli qhinga elinamandla lokuvikela lomthetho womthetho.

[[FLT:] Ukufunda okwengeziwe, hlola [[FLT: 0] i-Leagn Information's ukungena kwe-, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT]]] benton v. Mary [[FLT]] [[FLT]], nokuhlaziywa kwendlela efanayo yovivinyo [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[12]] i-'umthetho ongeziwe.[FFFLT] [ev:] [FLT] [eyense] [eyense] [engeziwe].[12] [inani] [indlela engaphezulu]