Ukuhlasela Okungasho lutho Ngenkululeko Yokwahlulela: Indlela Imibono Yokucindezela Ehlanekezela Ngayo Inqubo Yokuqinisekisa

Kunezinyathelo eziphakeme zezicelo zokwahlulela, lapho ukumiswa kokuphila konke kuguqula khona indawo engokomthetho yezizukulwane, impi yombono womphakathi iye yakhula kakhulu, futhi iyakhohlisa. Phakathi kwamasu akhohlisayo manje kusetshenziswa ukuvoca, icebo lenkohliso eliklanyelwe ukulinganisa imizwelo kodwa ukuyenza. Lezi zinhlayiya zamanga zimelela ukwehla okukhathazayo ekucwaningeni okungokomthetho, ukuhlobisa ngeqoqo lemininingwane ukuze kusakaze izindaba ezilimazayo ezimayelana nomthetho.

Ukuqonda omakhenikha, izisusa, nemiphumela yokuphoqelela ekuhloleni ekwahluleleni kubalulekile kubavoti, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nanoma ubani okhathalela ukulondoloza ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi ezingokolwazi. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela lemikhankaso esebenza ngayo, ukuthi kungani ukuqinisekiswa kokwahlulela kungavikeleka kakhulu, nokuthi yini engenziwa ukuze kuvikelwe ubuqotho benqubo.

Ziyini Izinhlansi Zokuphoqelela?

Inhlolo - vo ephoqelelwe yisu lezombangazwe elizishaya utalagu olusemthethweni lokuhlola komphakathi. Ngokungafani nokuhlola kwangempela, okusebenzisa ulimi olungathathi-hlangothi kanye nezibalo ezisebenzayo ukuze kuhlolwe lokho abantu abakucabangayo, kusungulwa ukuphenya ukuze kushintshe lokho abantu abakucabangayo. Kuvame ukuhilela ucingo olukhulu noma ukufinyelelwa kwemishini, ngokuvamile kufinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane zabavoti, abanikezwa ngokuzenzakalela ucingo.

Isici esichazayo sokuhlola okuphoqelelwe yinhloso yakho. Abashayeli ababhali ukusabela njengemininingwane enengqondo. Kunalokho, bafunda izinkulumo nemibuzo eklanyelwe ukutshala abangane abangafanele, ukusakaza izinkulumo ezingaqinisekile, noma ukuqinisa ukuthatheka okungaqondakali kusengaphambili ngombhalisayo noma ngomnumzane. Imibuzo iholela, ukwaziswa ngokuvamile kuyadukisa noma kungamanga ngokuphelele, futhi konke ukusebenza kuklanywe ukuze kushiye owamukelayo ngombono osontekile.

Izinhlangano zokuhlola zezazi zesayensi, kuhlanganise ne - American Association for Public Opinion Research, zigxeka ngokucacile ukuphoqelela ukuhlolwa kwezindinganiso zokucwaninga ngezimiso zokuziphatha.

Umshini Wokungcolisa

Ukuphumelela kokuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuxhomeke ezimisweni eziningana ezingokwengqondo nezokusebenzisa izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ezisebenzisa kabi indlela abantu abasebenzisa ngayo ukwaziswa.

Ukubona Ngokungaqondi

Ngokuhlela ukuxhumana njengenhlolo - vo, umhloli uboleka ukufaneleka kokucwaninga okuqotho. Umamukeli ozwayo "Siqhuba ukuhlola mayelana nomajaji" akunakwenzeka ukuba asole kakhulu kunalapho ethola isikhangiso esiqondile. Ifomethi yokuhlola inciphisa isivikelo, okwenza lowo ozosithola athathelwe ukwamukela kahle okuqukethwe.

Imibuzo Eholayo Nolimi Olunzima

Imibuzo ngokwayo ihlolwa ngokucophelela ukuze isho umuzwa wecala, ukugxambukela, noma ukungakufanelekeli. Ukuhlola okungathathi hlangothi kungabuza, "Ujwayelene kangakanani nemithetho yomahluleli uSmith yezimiso zendawo ezungezile?" Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kungabuza, "Uma wazi ukuthi uMahluleli Smith wabhala umbono ovumela inhlangano ukuba ingcolise amanzi okuphuza omphakathi, lokho kungakwenza ube mancane kakhulu ukusekela ukuqinisekiswa kwayo?"

Ukuphindaphinda Nomphumela Weqiniso Elingenangqondo

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kuvame ukuphinda ukusho okuphambene phakathi kocingo olufanayo. Lokhu kuphindaphinda kusebenzisa ithonya leqiniso eliyinkohliso, ubandlululo olubhalwe kahle lapho abantu bengase bakholelwe khona inkulumo ngoba nje beke bayizwa. Ngisho noma lowo oyamukelayo engabazanga lokho akushoyo ekuqaleni, ukukuzwa kaningana ekhalela ngezwi elilodwa kungandisa ukusebenza kwayo.

Ukuphoqelela Ukubumba Okuphambene

Izindlela eziningi zokuhlola eziphoqelelayo zisebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "icebo lokuzikhethela" ukuphonsa i-athom, lapho umthathi-mzabalazo ecelwa khona ukuba akhethe phakathi kwezinketho ezimbili ezingezinhle. Ngokwesibonelo: "Ucabanga ukuthi uMahluleli Jones ulula kakhulu ebugebengwini, noma akaqondi ukuthi izinqumo zakhe zithinta kanjani izisulu?" Akukho kuhle okukhethayo, futhi noma ikuphi okhethwe yilowo ozomthunyelelwa, i - mfine iyonakali engqondweni yabo.

Ukuphoqelela Izimpova Ezimpini Ezigunyazwa Ukwahlulela

Izivumelwano zokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi zezinkantolo eziPhakeme nezinkantolo ze-operate kahulumeni, ziye zaba izinkundla lapho ukuphoqelela ukuvocavoca kubekwa khona ngokuphindwe kaningi. Ngokungafani nemikhakha yemithetho lapho kuncintisana khona izimpikiswano eziningi, ukuqinisekiswa kokwahlulela ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ezingeni elilinganiselwe lezimfanelo ezicatshangelwayo, ukuthambekela kwemibono, noma imithetho yakudala. Lokhu kwenza lenqubo ibe yizisulu ezikhetheke kakhulu zokukhohliswa.

Izibonelo Nezibonelo Ezingokomlando

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokuhlola ezimweni zokwahlulela akukusha, kodwa kuye kwanda ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi nezimpi zokuqinisekisa eziphikisanayo zangasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 nasekuqaleni kwelama-21, amaqembu anesithakazelo nhlangothi zombili zemibono eyazanywa ngalamacebo. Ama-mine aye aphawulwa njengezeqisayo, ashisekela, abuka izithakazelo ezikhethekile, noma anganaki izakhamuzi ezivamile − ngokuvamile ngokusekelwe ezincazelweni ezihlelwe ngokungakhethi noma ezisontekile zamarekhodi awo.

Enye indlela ephindaphindwayo iwukusetshenziswa kokuhlola okuphoqelelwe ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukuzwana okuphambene. Ngokutshala ukungabaza ezingqondweni zabavoti bakuqala, imikhankaso ingalolonga ukulandisa kwezindaba futhi ibeke ummemezeli ekuvikeleni kusukela ngesikhathi emenyezelwa ngaso. Lelicebo liphoqelela abakhomba ukusebenzisa iziphakamiso eziyigugu zezezombangazwe eziphikisayo zokuthi akumelwe neze ziqanjwe ekuqaleni.

Izindlela Zokuthonya Emikhankasweni Yokwahlulela

  • I-Capefivate menoting Attacks: I-pasethi edonsa imisho yemibono emide yokwahlulela ngaphandle komongo ukusikisela isikhundla esiphezulu. Umusho owodwa osuka ekungavumelani namakhasi angu-50 ungasetshenziswa ukuveza ubandlululo.
  • Association Falacies: Ihlobanisa i-minee nezibalo ezingathandwayo noma izinhlangano ngokuxhumana okungathandeki. Ngokwesibonelo, iqokomisa ukuthi umminee wake waya emhlanganweni nesikhulumi esiphikisayo, isho ukusekela isibonisi somhlaba wonke salesosikhulumi.
  • Icala elichaza ukudluliswa kwecala: ichaza umphumela ngolimi olunemizwelo kodwa ikhiphe ukucaciswa okungokomthetho. Isinqumo esisekelwe ezisekelweni ze-procedrodual singachazwa ngokuthi "ukuvumela isigebengu esiyingozi ukuba sikhululwe"
  • I-Hypothetic Slopes: ibuza imibuzo ephoqa umphikisi ukuba acabange izimo ezimbi kakhulu: "Ungasekela umnyunyana ongase agumbuqele avikele amalungelo akho amisiwe?" Umbuzo ngokwawo usikisela ukuthi umfiniteyi usongela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhona ngempela umlando.
  • Impatho yokubulala ngokwencazelo: Isebenzisa amagama angacacisi afana "nokukhathazeka kweze-ethics" noma "ukuxhumana okungokwesivumelwano" ngaphandle kokunikeza izikhombo eziqondile, ishiye owamukelayo ukuba agcwalise izikhala ngezilinganiso zakhe ezimbi.

Izibalo ze-Federal Judication Contexts

Ukucosha akwenziwanga kuphela ekuhlolweni kwe-computer kahulumeni. Ezizweni lapho abahluleli bekhethwa noma bagcinwa khona ngamavoti omphakathi, kuye kwasetshenziswa ukuvota okuphoqelela ukuthonya okhethweni lokwahlulela. Lemikhankaso ingalimaza ngisho nangokwengeziwe ngoba ihlasela abahluleli abangenakho ukubonakala kwesizwe nezimiso zokusekela ezikhona eMbusweni ePhakathi. Ijaji lendawo elibekwe emkhankasweni wokuhlola okuphoqelelwe lingase lingabi nandawo yokusabela ngokuphumelelayo.

Okwenza Ukuqinisekiswa Kokwahlulela Kube Okuyingqayizivele

Izici eziningana zenza izinqubo zokugunyazwa kokwahlulela zithambekele ngokukhethekile ekuphendukezelweni kwemiphumela yokuhlola okuphoqelelwayo.

Ulwazi Lomphakathi Olulinganiselwe Lwemibhalo Yokwahlulela

Abavoti abaningi abalandeli izibalo zokwahlulela ngokuseduze. Umuntu ovamile unokuqonda okulinganiselwe ngendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, indlela abahluleli abachaza ngayo umthetho, noma ukuthi yini ehlukanisa umuntu komunye. Leligebe lolwazi lidala indawo evundile yokuphoqelela ukuphenya, okungagcwalisa i-aquox ngezindaba ezingekho emthethweni. Ngaphandle kolwazi oluqinile, abavoti abanakuzivikela kakhulu ekutheni kukhulunywe ngalokhu okushiwo.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwefilosofi Yokwahlulela

Ifilosofi yokwahlulela − ifilosofi yokuqala, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, ukusebenza komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, ukuvinjelwa kokwahlulela, kanye nezinye izimo ngokwemvelo − iyinselele ukuxhumana ngokushaya ucingo noma ngokuhlola okufushane. Ukuphoqa kusebenzisa lendlela eyinkimbinkimbi ngokunciphisa ukuma okucacile ukuze kubonakale. Ukunamathela komminee ekulandeleni isibonelo kuba "ukuyeka ukuqamba ngezikhathi"; ukuzimisela ukuchaza umbhalo kuba "ukufihla izinto ezingokolwazi ukuze ugweme ubulungisa""

Ulwazi Oluyi - Asymmetrium

Amaqembu anezithakazelo aqhubekisela phambili ukuvubukula amafayela okucwaninga kabanzi, kuhlanganise nawo wonke umbono, inkulumo, kanye nezihloko abakhiqize. Abavoti abaningi abanalwazi olufanayo. Lokhu kwenza abavoti bakwazi ukuphenya izinto ezibonisa umfanekiso osonte kakhulu, bazi ukuthi bambalwa abamukelayo abangaqinisekisa ngokwabo lokho okushiwo.

Ithonya Embonweni Womphakathi Nobuqotho Obubusayo

Lapho lamacebo ephumelela, alimaza izisekelo zokuhlongoza ngentando yeningi nokuzibusa kokwahlulela.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwemvume Enolwazi

Intando yeningi incike esimisweni sokuthi izakhamuzi zenze izinqumo ezisekelwe ekwazisweni okuqondile. Ukuhlola kokuphoqelela kuchitha ngamabomu lesi simiso ngokufaka ukulandisa okungagunyaziwe esikhundleni samaqiniso. Uma abavoti bethintana nabasizi babo noma behlanganyela ekuqinisekiseni ukugunyaza okusekelwe ezinkolelweni zokusunduza ukungcola, izenzo zabo zibonisa imvume eyakhiwe kunesahlulelo esiqotho.

Ukuncipha Kokwethembana Ekungcoleni Okungokomthetho

Njengoba ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuvame kakhulu, bafaka ushevu emthonjeni wokucwaninga okungokomthetho. Izakhamuzi eziye zakhohliswa ukuhlolwa komfutho zingangabaza konke ukuphenywa, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa okuhlelwe kahle, okunikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo ngombono womphakathi. Lokhu kubangela inkinga enkulu yokwaziswa elulaza inkulumo yomphakathi.

Umonakalo Wokuzimela Ekwahluleleni

Abahluleli kufanele banqume amacala asekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni, hhayi engokwabantu. Nokho, uma ukuqinisekiswa kwezimpi kuphenduka ukubulawa kwabantu okungagunyaziwe, umbono womphakathi wabahluleli njengabathathi-hlangothi uyahlupheka. Umnyunyana osinda emkhankasweni wokuphoqelelwa angase angene ehhovisi encishiswe umphakathi, futhi inhlangano ngokwayo ingabonwa njengenye nje indawo yempi yezombangazwe. IBrennan Center yeJaji ibhale ukuthi lamandla asongela kanjani ukuzimela kwesikhathi eside kwejaji.

Umphumela Ohlabayo Kwabasemakhabetheni Abafanelekayo

Mhlawumbe umphumela oyingozi kakhulu othatha isikhathi eside uvimbela abantu abafanelekayo abangafuna ihhovisi lokwahlulela. Uma onyunyana bebona ukuthi izinqubo zokuqinisekisa zingahlanganisa imikhankaso yokuhlola emikhulu, ehloselwe ukusakaza amanga ngobuntu babo, abaningi banganquma ukuthi izindleko zomuntu siqu nochwepheshe ziphakeme kakhulu. Lokhu ukuzikhetha kunciphisa isilinganiso sabazocathula, ekugcineni kuthena amandla amajaji.

Ukucabangela Okungokomthetho Nokuyingcaca

Umthetho wokufuna ukuphoqelelwa uhlanganisa indawo ewubala enkantolo yezezimali nokhetho, futhi indlela yokuziphatha iyinkimbinkimbi ngokufanayo.

Umsebenzi Wamanje Ongokomthetho

Ezindabeni eziningi, ukuphenya okuphoqelelayo kungaphansi kwezimfuneko zokudalula uma kuqhutshwa amakomiti ezombangazwe noma kuhlanganisa umsebenzi womkhankaso ohlangene. Nokho, kuningi ukugwenywa kwezindawo. Amaqembu ahlelwe njengempikiswano yezinhlangano zezempango kunokuba agweme imithetho echaziwe, kanye nokukhula okusheshayo kwemishini ecindezelayo yokuhlola i-mesethini.

I-Federal Evotion Commission iye yalinganisela ekuhlolweni kwezicelo eziphoqelelwe kukhetho lukahulumeni, kodwa igunya layo lokuqinisekisa lilinganiselwe, futhi iziqinisekiso zokwahlulela aziwaqashelwa ngokucacile njalo ezindinganisweni zomthetho wokhetho olungokwesiko. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho ethile edinga ukuvezwa kwezimali komuntu ophoqelela ukuvota, kodwa ukugcinwa kuyahluka kakhulu.

Izimiso Zobuchwepheshe Nezindinganiso Zokungcolisa

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Association for Public Opinion Research zigcina izindinganiso ezicacile zezimiso ezinqabela ukuphethwa. Abahloli bamacala bagwema noma imuphi umkhuba ohlanekezela injongo yocwaningo, osebenzisa imibuzo eholelayo ukuze ulawule imibono, noma uhluleke ukuveza ukuthi inhlangano exhasayo ihlangene kuphela namalungu ochwepheshe; amaqembu ezombangazwe namaqembu amaqembu ezisebenzi awekho ngaphansi kwemingcele efanayo.

Indlela Yokuthola Impova Ecindezelayo

Izimpawu eziningana eziyisixwayiso ezihlukanisa lemisebenzi nokucwaninga okungokomthetho.

  • I-Length kanye no-Jiep:[ Izinhlolo zangempela zingabuza imibuzo engu-10-20 enempendulo elinganiselwe. Ukuhlola kokusunduza ngokuvamile kuthatha isikhathi eside, kuphindaphindeka, futhi kugxile ngokuphelele ekwazisweni okungakhiyo mayelana nomuntu oyedwa. Uma ucingo luzwa njengokuhlasela okunganqamuki kunokuhlola, cishe luyinhlolo yokucindezela.
  • [ Akukho qoqo leData: Ekuhloleni okusemthethweni, umhlolokazi ubhala imininingwane yomphakathi nezindlela zokusabela. Abashayeli bezicelo bavame ukuyeka imibuzo evamile yokuhlanganisa izakhamuzi noma baphume ngokuphuthuma, ngoba abacubunguli imininingwane.
  • [[NT.0] Ukubuza nolimi olulayishiwe:[ Imibuzo eqala ngombono ("Presezahluleli X isekela izikhundla eziphikisanayo...") kunokuba ubuze imibuzo engathathi hlangothi ("Ujwayelene kangakanani nezikhundla zomahluleli X?") iyisibonakaliso esicacile.
  • [ Akukho Transparency About Sponsership: Abavoti bezibalo bazoveza ophethe ukucwaninga. Abashayeli bezicelo ngokuvamile bafihla incazelo yabo noma banikeze kuphela izincazelo ezingacaci zenhlangano exhasayo.
  • Ukufuna ukuphendula ngendlela eqondile: Uma oshayela ucingo ebonakala engenasithakazelo embonweni wakho futhi efisa kakhulu ukukwenza uvumelane noma ungavumelani nenkulumo ethwele, cishe uphoqelelwa ukuba uthathe kunokuba uhlolwe.

Ukuvikela Ubuqotho Beziqinisekiso Zokwahlulela

Ukulwa nethonya lenhlolo - vo ephoqelelwayo kudinga icebo elinemigomo eminingi elihilela imithombo yezindaba, izinhlangano zezemfundo, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukuyosiza.

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Neqiniso

Izintatheli ezihlanganisa iziqinisekiso zokwahlulela kufanele ziqeqeshelwe ukuhlukanisa nokudalula imikhankaso yokuhlola esunduzayo. Uma iqembu liqala isilinganiso esikhulu sokuhlola, izikhangiso zemithombo yezindaba kufanele zihlole ukuthi ubani owuxhasa ngemali, ukuthi iziphi iziphakamiso ezishiwoyo, nokuthi zivumelana kanjani nomboko wangempela. IFederal Judicial Center, esebenza njengokucwaninga nengalo yemfundo yejaji, inikeza imithombo egunyaziwe engekho ekhoneni elisebenza njengesisekelo sokwenza okuyiqiniso.

Imfundo Yomphakathi Nokubona Ingaphandle

Izinhlangano ezingontamonte kanye nezinkampani zezezimali zinendima ekufundiseni abavoti ngokuphoqelela amasu okuhlola. Imikhankaso esobala yomphakathi echaza ukuthi ikuphi ukuhlohla okuphoqelelayo nokuthi ukukubona kunganciphisa kanjani ukuphumelela kwazo. Lapho abantu beqonda ukuthi kusetshenziswa kabi, ukuxhaphaza kuphelelwa amandla.

Izimfuneko Zokuvimbela Ezinamandla

Abenzi bezenqubo kufanele bacabangele ukuvala izikhala ezivumela abaxhasi bezokuhlola abaphoqelelwa ukuba bangabi nalwazi. Ukudalulwa okucacile kwemithombo yezimali nenjongo yangempela yemikhankaso yokuxhumana yoququqaba kunganikeza abavoti ukwaziswa abakudingayo ukuze bahlole lokho abakuzwayo. INhlangano ye-American Bar Association sekuyisikhathi eside isekela ukubonakala kwezinqubo zokwahlulela, kuhlanganise nokuhlola imisebenzi yangaphandle yomkhankaso.

Ukuhlanganyela Emsebenzini Owumqemane

Ekugcineni, ukuzivikela okungcono kakhulu ekunqandeni ukuhlohlwa yi-volution enolwazi. Abaqondisi abazinika isikhathi sokufunda ngefilosofi yokwahlulela, babukeze imibono elotshiwe yalabo ababhalayo, futhi baqonde indima yezinkantolo ekubuseni komthetho-sisekelo abalula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa. Izifundo zeCPICO zigcizelela ukuzimela kwejaji nokubaluleka kokuhlola kobufakazi okusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukumelana nomkhankaso wokukhohlisa.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa kumelela usongo oluqondile lobuqotho beziqinisekiso zokwahlulela futhi, ngokwengxenye, ekuzilawuleni kwejaji ngokwalo. Ngokusebenzisa ulimi lokucwaninga ukuze kusakazwe izindaba ezidukisayo nezilimazayo, lemikhankaso ilulaza ukucubungula kolwazi okudinga izinqubo zentando yeningi. Igatsha lokwahlulela, eliklanyelwe ukuvikelwa ekucabangeni komphakathi, lizithola libhekene nokweqisa kakhulu kokuqondiswa kwemibono yonjiniyela.

Ukulwa nalolu songo kudinga ukuqapha kwemithombo yezindaba, ukubonakala kwamaqembu omthetho, imfundo yabavoti, kanye nokuzibophezela okukodwa enkulumweni esekelwe emaqinisweni. Uma umphakathi ungabona ukuthi ukuphenya okuphoqelela lokho okuyikho kudinga ukuphenya kodwa ukuphambanisa kuphelelwa amandla. Ukuvikela ubuqotho besiqinisekiso sokwahlulela akuyona impikiswano ewumbango; kuyimfuneko eyisisekelo yokulondoloza i-jaji enquma amacala asekelwe emthethweni nasebufakazini kunokuba ibangele ukuphambana.