Ukuziphendukela Kwesichibiyelo Sesine Kuyavikela Ezweni Elisebenzisa Izinombolo

Ilungelo lokungaphenyeki ekufuneni ngokungacabangeli nasekuqubukeni liyisisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ebekwe eSichibiyelweni sesine se-United States. I-Ratitus ngo-1791, umbhalo wayo ufundeka kanje: "Ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kanye nemiphumela, ngokuhlola okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke kuvinjelwe izakhamuzi ezibuswayo, futhi akukho mendulo eyophulwa, kodwa ngesizathu esilindelekile, esekelwa yi-Oath noma i-screding, futhi ikakhulukazi ichaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, futhi abantu noma izinto okumelwe zithathwe,. ” Ize amakhulu amabili eminyaka, izinhlelo ezingokwezingcingoso zemithetho emisha, izinhlelo ezivamile, izinhlelo ezikhona, izinhlelo ezingokwezimo ezikhona. Izinhlelo ezikhona manje ezibonisa ukuqashelwa kwemithetho yomthetho akumelwe neze zitholakale.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokufuna Nemfundiso Eyize

ISichibiyelo sesine sasungulwa ngenxa yokumelana nokuvinjelwa kwamakoloni ngenxa yemithetho engokomthetho nezimiso zosizo, ezavumela iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ukuba zihlole ngokungenamingcele amakhaya nempahla. Injongo eyisisekelo sokulungisa ukuvikela izakhamuzi ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni ngokufuna ukuba ukuphenya ngakunye kuthethelelwe ngokusolana kwabantu ngabanye. Emlandweni kaMelika, ukugunyazwa kweSichibiyelo sesine kwakucacile: kwakulawula ukuhlaselwa ngokomzimba kwekhaya lomuntu, umuntu, amaphepha, noma imiphumela. Uphendlo lwesikhulu esithile saqala lapho singena endaweni evikelekile ngokomthetho, futhi saphangwa lapho uhulumeni uthatha impahla engokoqobo.

Izinqumo ezimbili eziphawulekayo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuyisisekelo zalungisa kabusha ukuhlaziywa kweSichibiyelo sesine ekhulwini lama-20. Olstead v. eUnited States (1928), iNkantolo yathi ukushaya ucingo akuzange kubangele ukuseshwa noma ukuphazanyiswa ngenxa yokuthi kwakungekho kuphazanyiswa okungokomzimba ekhaya lommangalelwa. UJaji Brandeis waziwayo, waphikisa ngokuthi ilungelo lokuvunyelwa kuphela "ilungelo elibanzi kakhulu neleliyigugu kakhulu kubantu abaphucukile"a," amashumi amane eminyaka kamuva, iNkathi yeNkanto esemthethweni ewubonisa ukuthi i-Ommsted Olmester iyawuthola. (i-67) i-United States i-FLT] iqaphela ukuthi i-transformation, futhi ayive i-Harlan'istmentededededed i-octive "intellisort: "ember, engathi i-om) i-omssss, lapho iveza i-o

Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Zokuzivikela Kwezindaba Zomuntu Ozijwayele

Inguquko yemibango iye yaveza i-Katz salement ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, umthamo omkhulu wokwaziswa komuntu siqu okhiqizwa yimishini yezimiso udlula kude noma yini engagcinwa ekhaya elingokoqobo. I-cellne yanamuhla iqukethe hhayi nje kuphela izingodo kodwa futhi ama-imeyili, imiyalezo, izithombe, umlando wezempilo, amarekhodi emali, amarekhodi emali, ne-apps -- umbiko omningi wokuphila komuntu siqu. Okwesibili, lo kwaziswa okuningi kuhlala kungabi entweni ngokwayo kodwa efwini lesithathu noma eqenjini lesithathu lezisebenzi, kuhloselwe ukusebenza kweSihlalo-Swesine. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yezezimali,"INkathi yeNkanto ethatha isikhathi eside ilahlekelwe ukukhokhwana kokwaziswa okusesilinganisweni esikhululekile. [FT] [flt] [4]

Nokho, izici eziyingqayizivele zobuchwepheshe bezokusebenza kwemishini ziye zashukumisela izinkantolo ukuba ziphinde zihlole imfundiso yesithathu eyingxenye. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ukuhluleka kwesimiso sakudala ezindaweni eziningi zanamuhla. Umphumela osebenzayo uwukuthi izinhlangano ezimisa umthetho manje zinamakhono okuhlola angenakulinganiswa, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa okuphathelene nendawo yengqamuzana (CSI), i-GPS ukulandelela, i-PS ukuhlolwa kwekheli le-mesethi, ukuqoqwa kwemitayela, kanye nemininingwane yezezimboni ze-ipulthiwekhi. La mathuluzi avumela uhulumeni ukuba ahlanganise imifanekiso enzulu yezokuxhumana kwabantu, izinhlangano, izinhlangano, nemikhuba yokuhlola indawo ye-injini ngaphandle kokungena embonini.

Isinqumo Senkantolo Ephakeme Esiwukuchitha Izindaba Zomuntu Ongazazi

Jones (202)

Ku ku-United States v. Jones, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ukuthi ukunamathisela umzila weGPS emotweni futhi yahlola ukuhamba kwayo izinsuku ezingu-28 kwamisa ukuphenywa. Uhulumeni waphikisa ngokuthi akukhangelwanga ngoba ummangalelwa wayengalindele mfihlo enengqondo yokuhamba ngemnyakazo yomphakathi. INkantolo yanquma ngokuvumelana ngokuvumelana noJones, kodwa ubulungisa obuhlukene behlukanisa i-patude. Imibono eminingi ye-Schalia ikholelwa ukuthi ukunamathela okungokoqobo kwe-electal kuyicala entweni, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuphenywa kweSichimende seSichimende. IJaji elingu-Sotomayod avumelana, hhayi ukuthi "ukuthuthukisa ulwazi olufanayo lwesayensi kwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuhlelwa okuthatha isikhathi eside komuntu futhi kwenze ubuchwepheshe obunye ukubonakala kobungako"ubufakazi obuqhubekayo bendlela yokuncikathasane, i-uhlukuvuma kulunga, i-uhlukuvuma esokuvumayo, iSiphelo secala esibanzi, i-se

Riley v. California (2014)

ku-Riley v. California, iNkantolo yabuza ukuthi amaphoyisa angase afune isenzakalo socingo oluthathwe umakhalekhukhwini ngaphandle kwemvume. INkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ayinjalo. IJaji elikhulu uRoberts labhala ukuthi "omakhalekhukhwini banamuhla, njengeqembu, bafaka imicimbi yemfihlo kude kakhulu kunaleyo ethintekayo yokufuna iphakethekthi likagwayi, isikhwama semali, noma isikhwama." Umbono wagcizelela ukuthi izingcingo zeselula aziyona nje enye into engokoqobo; ziqukethe "iprices of autos" futhi zingagcina izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane, ezinye zezisetshenziswa ezingatholakali ngokwazo. INkanto enqabayo uhulumeni ukuphenya ucingo ukuze kuhlolwe ubufakazi obufana nento efuna ukuhlolwa kwezikhali.

Carpbate v. United States (2018)

Isinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu sokuthungatha i-methomu ye-FLT . . Uhulumeni wathola izinsuku ezingu- 127 zokwaziswa kwendawo ye-sethi engaphandle ku-Sprint, ehlanganisa ukunyakazisa kommangalelwa, ngaphandle kwemvume. Umbuzo wawuthi uhulumeni uyakwazi yini ukuthola i-CSLI engokomlando ye-partum-partum (i-FL) ukusuka kwi-sethi yesithathu yeSiphendulo. Esinqumweni se-CPrempy'isine. INkanto yakholelwa ukuthi ikhona. ISikhulu uRobert, siphinde sibhale ukuthi abantu abaningi, siqaphela ukuthi "ba nokulindela okunengqondo kwezethu ezinyakazo zonke zemisebenzi yabo." INkakhulu lezethulo yesithathu lemfundiso, njengendlela yokwaziswa komthetho wezobuchwepheshe.[FF][4]

Imizamo Yokuvikela Izindaba Zomuntu Ngamanani Nemithetho

Nakuba izinkantolo ziye zathatha izinyathelo ezibalulekile, izishaya-mthetho zesizwe nezishaya ucingo ziye zathatha isinyathelo sokuvuselela izivikela zemfihlo zenkathi yenombolo. [Awululeki u-Nxusano Lobungane] ka 1986] kwaba umzamo wakuqala wokwandisa isivikelo se-i-witrone exhumana ngemishini, kodwa amalungiselelo azo adlulele phambili. U-ECPA ivumela uhulumeni ukuba ungene kuma-imeyili agcinwe izinsuku ezingaphezu kwe-180 kuphela nge-impondo, hhayi ngemvume. [[FLT:] USUS] Act [[FFFFFF:3] [evon] [eyense] kukhulu izivumelwano zemisebenzi yokuhlakanipha kodwa ishiye izikhala eziningi ze-elective. Ngokuphane, imithetho yawo eyimfihlo kakhulu, njengoba kunikezwa iziphakathatho ze-ACCCCC, njengoba ifaka imvume enkulu kakhulu kulokhu, [ngendlela enkulu] [ngezomthetho] [e.] [e.[FFF]]]]] [effe:] [effen

I- Isikhonkwane somphakathi wase-America siye saba umsekeli ophambili wezokukhuthazwa kweSichibiyelo sesine, siphikisa ngokuthi imfundiso yesithathu yengxenye kumelwe ilungiswe ukuze iqaphele ukuthi imininingwane yezibalo ihlukile kakhulu kumarekhodi ebhizinisi akumagazini [[FLT:]SMTY][].

Imingcele Ehlanganisa Imvelo: Ukubhala Nge - papy, Ukuhanjwa Kukahulumeni, Nemininingwane Yesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo

Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola obukhona buveza izinselele ezinkulu kakhulu. Impikiswano nge-iPHP ivule ukufakwa kwemigomo ye-opera ifuna ukuqiniswa komthetho ngokulandelana kwesidingo "kungekho ngokomthetho" ngokumelene nokulondeka nokungafihliwe kwabo bonke abasebenzisi. I-FBI ka 2016 izama ukuphoqa i-Apple ukuba i-San Bernardo flaser' ivule ingxoxo yesizwe ngokuthi uhulumeni ungafuna izinhlangano zobuchwepheshe ukuze ziphule imigaqo yazo siqu yokuphepha. Akukho nkantolo enqume ngokuqinisekile imfuno ewumthetho-mthetho-onke ngaphansi kweNguqulo yesine. Ngalesosikhathi, [[FLT.2] ukucushaza okungagunyaza -- ukusetshenziswa kwe-maketrupywords' noma ezinye iziphaza ze-effective'iactives, noma i-'ikhul'ikhunge, noma i-enza i-enze izimfuneko zokufuna i-enze izimfuneko ezidingekayo ezidingekayo ezidingekayo, kodwa ezidingekayo, kodwa ezifunwayo

[[FLT: 0] ukuqapha okuphathekayo [[FLT: 1], kuhlanganise nokuqashelwa kobuso, ukuhlaziywa kweminwe, nokuhlola iminwe, kunikeza olunye ungqimba lobunkimbinkimbi. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zathi umuntu akalindele ukuba abe wedwa phakathi komphakathi, kodwa ukugcinwa kwe-biometric data kwenza ukulandelelwa nokwazi ukuhlukanisa. Ukusetshenziswa kobuso komthetho, ngezinye izikhathi kuhlanganiswe nemininingwane emikhulu yezithombe zemvume yomshayeli, kuye kwaholela ekumangaleni ukuphula umthetho oveza ukuwohloka kweSichibiyelo seSine. [[FLT:] K] i-Stom. [FLT][FLT] [FLT] [FOL:3], uMarylandland Court (201), iNkakhulu leNkanto efuna ukuba kuhlolwe i-emperence-codecrence, kodwa kulokhu kusekwehdlm]

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokufuna Amanani Nokungasasebenzi

I-United States ayiyodwa elwisana nalezizindaba. I-European Union's Geople Data ivikela i-Regatement (GDPR) inikeza izivikelo eziqinile zemininingwane yomuntu siqu, futhi iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu yamaLungelo iqaphele ukuthi ukuqapha kwezemishini kungaphula iSigqephu 8 se-Europe Convention on Human Rights, eqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlonipha ukuphila kwangasese. uMzalwana u-Big v. United Kingdom[FLT:] (20) [20], iNkantolo yaseYurophu ikholelwa ukuthi ukuvinjwa komthetho we-UK okungameleyo yonke. Okwamanje, njengamazwe ase-Australia nawase-United States agunyaza imithetho yokuxhumana ukuze adlulise i-mthetho omthetho owe-mishoshologobon, noma ewugunyaza izingxoxo ezinjalo.

Imininingwane yomhlaba wonke ehlanganisa ama-alface, njenge-US-UK Data Access Act ngaphansi koMthetho we-CLOUD, ivumela ukugcinwa komthetho kwelinye izwe ukuba kucelwe ukwaziswa kwezemishini kwelinye izwe. Lezivumelwano ziphakamisa imibuzo yeSichibiyeli sesine ngokuphathelene nokuqapha komkhawulo wesinqamlezo nokuthi izivumelwano ezikhishwa izinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe zanelisa imfuneko yeSimemezelo seSine somthetho. [[FLT: 0] United States v. Microsoft Corp. [2017], iSivumelo ngokuphumelelayo i-Prom secala ngokudlulisa iCLOUD Act, enikeza i-URCLOUD igunya lokuthola ulwazi olugciniwe emazweni aphezulu.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko Enkathini Engokwezinombolo

Ilungelo lokukhululeka ekufuneni okungacabangeli libonakale livumelana ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa ijubane loshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe liyaqhubeka lidlula umthetho. Icebo elivela ku- Katz ukuya i-Carpaent[ libonisa ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme iqaphela kancane kancane ukuthi ulwazi lwezinombolo ludinga isakhiwo esisha--lowo olahla ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwempahla nemfundiso yesithathu ephelelwe isikhathi. Nokho, iNkantolo iyaqhubeka ingaphenduli, ishiya imibuzo eminingi. Ingabe uhulumeni udinga isiqinisekiso sokungena embhalweni wezomlando? Izinzwa zasekhaya? IDNA igcina ukwaziswa kohlu lwangasese?

Isenzo sokulawula umthetho sihlala sibalulekile. UKhomishane kufanele uvuselele i-ECPA ukuze ifune imvume yazo zonke izinqubo zezokuxhumana zogesi nemininingwane egciniweyo, kungakhathaliseki ubudala noma indawo. Kufanele futhi idlulise umthetho wezomuntu siqu kahulumeni obeka isisekelo sesivikelo sokwaziswa komuntu siqu kokubili kuhulumeni naseqoqweni kwezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezinhlangano. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inselele engokomthetho yokuhlola ubugebengu nokuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe kumelwe ifakwe ngezinqubo ezisobala, ukuqondisa kokwahlulela, nokushona kwelanga kweziphathimandla eziphethe. ISiphendulo sesine asisona isisekelo somthetho wokuzibulala; kuyisimiso somthetho onengqondo. Ngenkathi yokulinganisa, inselele ichaza lokho "emfanelo" lapho uhulumeni unakho ukubona, ukuzwa, nokuthatha zonke izici zokuphila kwethu.

Njengoba uMahluleli Brandeis axwayisa i-Olmstead, "Izingozi ezinkulu kakhulu zokuzifihla ngokuzifihla kubantu abashisekayo, abanombono ongcono kodwa abangenakuqonda." Ukukhula kwelungelo lokukhululeka ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo enkathini yonyaka yezibalo kuyoxhomeke ekuqondeni okuhlangene kwezinkantolo, abenzi bomthetho, kanye nomphakathi ukuthi imfihlo akuyona insalela yenkathi yephepha nengxoxo kodwa kuyisimo esibalulekile senkululeko ezweni elihlangene. Isizukulwane esilandelayo semfundiso yeSiphendulo sesine kumelwe siqinisekise ukuthi ubuchwepheshe busebenza kubantu, hhayi ukulahla inguquko. [[FLT] [FL:] ulwazi olungokwezimo lwezibalo oluvela kuyi-Ectrogen Foundation [FFFFFFF]]