Izwe lokuxhasa kwezombangazwe liye lashintsha kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, futhi akukho lapho kusobala khona kakhulu kunasezingeni likahulumeni. Inani elandayo lamakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe lisebenza ngaphandle kokuhlangana okungokomthetho nombhalisa, neqembu lezezombangazwe, noma iqembu lesithakazelo elimisiwe. Lawa aziwa ngokuthi ama-PAC angehlangene, futhi ukukhula kwawo kuguqula indlela okhetho olulwiwa ngayo, indlela izimiso ezithonywa ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo nenqubo yezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuphakama kwama-PAC angenamxhumaniso kwezombangazwe zikahulumeni, ukuhlola izisekelo zazo ezingokomthetho, amandla ashukumisa ukukhula kwazo, nezicindeze ekubusweni kwentando yentando yeningi.

Yiziphi Izincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe?

I-PC i-PUC i-pacs Action Committee yezezombangazwe (PAC) iyinhlangano ekhipha iminikelo evela kumalungu futhi inikela ngaleyo mali kubazo noma iyisebenzisa ekusebenziseni imali engokombangazwe. I-PAC iwela ezinhlangothini ezimbili ezibanzi: i-PACs, eboshelwe ngokomthetho enhlanganweni, inyunyana yezisebenzi, inhlangano yezentengiselwano, noma iqembu lamalungu; futhi i-PAC, engahlangene ne-odmintellineo. I-PAC ehlangene nayo ivame ukwakhiwa amaqembu abantu abahlanganyela inqubo, isimiso, noma ukugxila ekutheni indawo ezungezile ihlelweni kwentela yezibhamu.

Ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni nemithetho eminingi kahulumeni, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe kumelwe abhalise ngegunya lokhetho elifanele, athulule iminikelo nezindleko, futhi agcine imingcele yomnikelo kanye nezimiso zokubika. Nokho, imithetho iyahlukahluka kakhulu ezifundazweni. Kwezinye izindawo, ama-PAC angamukela iminikelo engenamkhawulo evela kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni, nasezinhlanganweni, kuyilapho kwezinye zingaphansi kwamakhefu afanayo ahlangene ne-PACs. Lemithetho exubile iye yadala amathuba okwakha izinhlelo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezihlangene nemithetho ebuthakathaka.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zecala Elingaxhunyiwe

  • Azikho ngaphansi kwanoma yimuphi umkhankaso wokufuna ukubuthelwa empini, iqembu lezombangazwe, noma inhlangano yezentengiselwano.
  • Baqongelela imali ezindaweni eziningi zabanikelayo, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nabanikela ngabanye, izinhlangano, namanye amaPaC.
  • Bachitha izimali emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yezombangazwe: iminikelo eqondile kwabazohlolwa, izindleko ezizimele zabazohlolwa noma abazothathwa, ukukhangisa ngokungemthetho, kanye nemizamo yokuphuma ngaphandle.
  • Kumelwe babhale imibiko yezikhathi ezithile nezinhlangano zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni zokukhetha, nakuba izinga lemininingwane edingekayo lihlukahluka kakhulu.

Ngokuphawulekayo, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ahlukile kuma-paC aPhakathi amakhulu, angaphakamisa futhi asebenzise imali engenamkhawulo ezindlekweni ezizimele kodwa enqatshelwe ukunikela ngokuqondile kubazo. Nakuba ama-PAC amaningi aphezulu enziwa angakwazi ukuxhumana, igama elithi “i-PAC” ngokwesiko libhekisela ezinhlanganweni ezisebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele evamile yomnikelo (umzekelo, anganikela ngokuqondile emikhankasweni ngaphakathi kwezikhonkwane ezingokomthetho). Nokho, ngokomthetho, kunezithombe eziningi zenhlanganisela, ikakhulukazi ezisezingeni likahulumeni, lapho izincazelo ezingokomthetho zihlukene khona.

Isimo Esingokomthetho Nesokuqondisa

Isimiso se-PACs esingaxhunyiwe sisekelwe emthethweni kahulumeni wezezimali, kusukela ngoMthetho we-Federal EFomatiation Act (FECA) ka-1971 kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo. Isibonakaliso seNkantolo Ephakeme ka 1976 buckley v. Valeo[ wasungula ukuthi ukuchithwa kwemali kwezombangazwe kuwuhlobo lwenkulumo evikelekile futhi izindleko ezizimele azinakuphela. Lokhu kwavula umnyango we-PAC ukuze kusetshenziswe imali ezikhangisweni nakweminye imisebenzi yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuhlangana nababekuyo.

Kulelozinga likahulumeni, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe alawulwa yi-Federal Ecomfition Commission (FEC). Kumele abhalise phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi emukela iminikelo noma enza izindleko ezingaphezu kuka-R1,000, futhi kumelwe abhalise imibiko elandelanayo enikeza nabayamukelayo. Nokho, imithetho yezinga likahulumeni ihlukene kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeCalifornia ne New York, zinemikhawulo eqinile yokuthola imvume neminikelo. Ezinye, njenge-Texas kanye ne-Florida, zinemingcele encishisiwe, ivumela ama-PAC angekho axhumaniswayo ukuba asebenze ngesilinganiso esincane.

Izinqumo ezimbili ezibucayi zenkantolo zasheshisa ukukhula kwe-PACs engaxhunyiwe ngokwezinga lesifundazwe: Citizens United v. FEC (2010) kanye ne[FLT]Speech Manje.org v. FEC (2011] 2016). ] Cizens United[[[FLTLT:5]]] ivimbela imingcele yokusebenzisa okuzimele kwezombangazwe ngezinhlangano nangeminyango, ukulahla indlela ye-SuperCC. [FLT] . .[FFLT] org , projective, ngenxa yemiqatha, ingasebenzi kuphela ekusebenziseni i-PaC. Nakuba zithonya ngokuqondile ezinziwayo, izinqulumo eziningi, futhi ziveza izinqumo zazo.[FFFF.]

Ngenxa yalokho, ama-PAC angekho mshini − ikakhulukazi lawo agxile ekuzithengeni okuzimele . Ezizweni ezingenamingcele eminikelweni yezenkampani noma yomuntu ngamunye kuma-PAC anjalo, anganyusa futhi asebenzise imali eningi, ngokuvamile enciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakomiti okufundela.

Izici Ezibangela Ukwanda Ezingeni Likahulumeni

Izici eziningana ezihlobene ziye zaba nengxenye ekwandeni kwamaPaC angaxhunyiwe kwezombangazwe zikahulumeni phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule.

Ukufaneleka Nempikiswano

Amaqembu ezombangazwe angokwesiko aye aphelelwa ithonya, kuyilapho amaqembu angenaso iso nemibono eyodwa eseyenziwa abaluleke kakhulu. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe avumela lamaqembu ukuba ahlanganyele ngokuqondile okhethweni nasezimpini ze-avistion ngaphandle kwemingcele yeqembu. Izinhlangano ezigxile ekuguquleni imfundo, ukulungiswa komthetho wobugebengu, noma isimiso samandla singakha i-PAC engaxhunyiwe ukuze asekele imibono yabo abahlanganyelayo.

Imithetho kaHulumeni ekhululekile yePost-

Izifunda eziningi zasabela ekunqanyulweni kwemithetho yezezimali kahulumeni ngokunciphisa imithetho yazo siqu yezezimali. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengo-Arizona noColorado, manje zivumela ukusetshenziswa okungenamkhawulo nge-PaCs. Ezinye, njengeMissouri neGeorgia, zinezimfuneko ezimbalwa zokuthululwa, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba i-PACs ukuba isebenzise ukubonakala okulinganiselwe. Lokhu kukhukhuleka kwe-gallera kuholele “ekungeneni ngezansi” kwezinye izifundazwe, lapho abadlali bezombangazwe befaka khona ama-PAC ezindaweni ezithile ngemithetho embalwa kakhulu.

Izithiyo Eziphansi Zokungena

Ukwakha i-PAC engaxhunyiwe kucacile. Ezizweni eziningi, umuntu noma iqembu lingafaka ifomu lokubhalisa elilula, limise umgcini-mali, livule i-akhawunti yasebhange, futhi liqale ukuphakamisa imali. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqhuba umkhankaso wokubhalisa noma ukuphatha ikomiti yeqembu, umthwalo wokuphatha uphansi. Lokhu kungenelela kukhuthaza amaqembu amaningi amaqembu asendaweni ezungezile ukuba angene emiphakathini yesizwe ye-advocacy @to imise ama-PAC.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nokuphazanyiswa Kwezixuku

Njengoba amavota ehlukana kakhulu, abanikeli bazimisele kakhulu ukunikela ngezimbangela ezivumelana nezinkolelo zabo ezigxilile. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenza njengezimoto zokunikeza lokhu okushukunyiswa ngentshiseko, avumela amaqembu amancane acebile noma amanani amakhulu abanikeli abancane ukuba ahlanganise imithombo futhi andise amazwi abo. Ukunyuka kwamapulatifomu e-palbutting anjenge-Act Blue ne-Win Red kuwehlise ngokwengeziwe isithiyo sama-PAC angekhona axhumanisayo ukuze anyuse imali esekelwe esisekelweni seminikelo esisakazweni esisakazekile.

Ukuvela ‘ Kwemali Engaphucukile”

Nakuba ama-PAC angekho kumelwe athulule abanikeli bawo ezifundeni eziningi, amanye ama-PAC aye asebenzisa izikhala ezigwegwemayo. Angase athole imali evela ku-501(c)(4) izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, ezingadingeki ukuba zembule abanikeli bazo, ngaleyondlela zivikele imithombo yokuqala yemali. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme samaMelika e Procession Foundation v. Bontata [2021] futhi nekhono lamazwe anciphile afuna imvume yokunikela ngenzuzo engayifaki, iqhubeke nemizamo yokubona.

Ithonya Kulokho Okukhethwa Uhulumeni Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe manje anendima enkulu okhethweni lwezinga eliphakathi, kusukela kumaprimenti emithetho kuya kwizinhlanga zombusi. Ngokwemininingwane evela kwiNational Institute on Money in Politics, ukusetshenziswa kwama-PAC angenazo ezixhumene nokhetho lukahulumeni kuye kwaphindeka kathathu kunakweshumi leminyaka elidlule, kufinyelela amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka. Lokhu kuthuthwa kwemali kunemiphumela eminingi ephawulekayo.

Ukuncintisana Nokucindezeleka Okuqhubekayo

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe avame ukuhileleka ekukhangiseni okungakhi ukuthi imikhankaso yokufuna ukumiswa kwemithetho ingagwema ngenxa yokwesaba ukuphambana. Ngenxa yokuthi asebenza ngokuzimele, ama-PAC angahlasela abaphikisi kuyilapho evumela oxhaswe ukuba ahlale ngaphezu kwempi. Lokhu kuholele ekukhangisweni okuphambene futhi okuvame ukudukisayo emijahweni yemithetho kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezijikelele.

Ukushintsha Amandla Emithethweni KaHulumeni

Ezizweni ezinemingcele yesikhashana, ama-PAC aseyi-abadlali abayinhloko ekubhaliseni nasekuxhaseni imali yalabo abazobhapathizwa. Amaqembu anjenge-American Federation for Children (imishini yokufaka abafundisi) noma i-National Rifle Association iye yasebenzisa ama-PAC angaxhumeneyo ukusekela noma ukuphikisa izishayamthetho zikahulumeni, impumelelo eshintshayo yezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, okhethweni abayinhloko baseTexas abangama-20222, i-PAC abangezona ezixhaswe yizithakazelwa ngu-oyela ka-oyile eNtshona Texas echithe izinzuzo ze-R3 000 000 zemali encintilini encishiniswe i-oyela ukuba i-Riphabliki ye-CMbekin efuna ukukhokhwawa kwemithetho yomthetho wogesi.

Ukutadisha Indaba: Imikhankaso Yokulawula YaseCalifornia

Isimiso sedemokrase eqondile yaseCalifornia sinikeza umfanekiso ocacile. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ilawula imikhankaso yokulinganisela. Ngo-2020, i-Proposition 22 (uhlelo lwesisebenzi esingu 22 esiyisivakalisi) yabona i-PAC engaxhumene nemali eshicilelwe u-Uber, Lyft, kanye nezinye izinkampani ze-gig zichitha imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-200 (R350). Isilinganiso esibiza imali enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wombuso.

Isifundo Secala: Ibhodi Yesikole Nezinhlanga Zendawo

Ukuthambekela akulinganiselwe kukhetho oluphezulu lwesifundazwe. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye ahlasela kakhulu ibhodi yesikole nemijaho yomkhandlu wedolobha. Amaqembu esizwe anjenge 1776 Project PAC kanye namaMama e-Liberty PaC achithe imali emincintiswaneni yendawo, aguqula inguquko ephansi ngokwesiko, izinhlanga ezingaxhunyiwe zaba izikhundla zemibono. Lokhu kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngethonya lemali yangaphandle ebusayo.

Izinkinga Zokubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Ukwanda kwe-PAC okungaxhunyiwe kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nokubona. Nakuba kudingeka ukuba le -PAC ibhale imibiko, izinga nokubekwa kwesikhathi kokwaziswa kuyahluka. Ezizweni eziningi, imibiko igcinwa ngokwengxenye eyodwa kuphela, ishiya izikhala ezinkulu phakathi nezikhathi zomkhankaso onzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhala zemali zivumela ukuba zihambe ngezingqimba zezinto ezizimele, zifihle abanikeli bokuqala. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Brennan Center yeJaji kwathola ukuthi okungenani ezifundelwa amazwe angu-15, ama-PAC angaxhumani afihla inzuzo ngokusebenzisa izintengo ezingekho emthethweni.

Lokhu kuntuleka kokubona kudelela ikhono labavoti lokuhlola izisusa zemiyalezo yezombangazwe. Kudala futhi amathuba okonakala, njengoba abanikelayo bengafuna imiphumela elungile ngaphandle kokuhlola umphakathi. Kwezinye izimo, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye asetshenziswa njengezimoto zokubambisana okungekho emthethweni nemikhankaso yabafundi, naphezu kokuvinjelwa okungokomthetho. Nokho, ukukhokhwa kwemithetho kuvame ukuyekelela ngenxa yezikhokhwa zezimiso zokuziphatha ezigunyazwe lihleliwe.

Imizamo Yokuthuthukisa Ugesi

Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zazama ukuqinisa imithetho yokuveza. Ngokwesibonelo, uMaryland ne-New Jersey ziye zamisa imithetho efuna i-PACs ukuba ithulule umthombo wokuqala weminikelo edluliswa ngenzuzo. Futhi ngo-2023, iCalifornia yandisa “isikhathi sangempela” lapho kubikwa izimfuneko zezindleko ezinkulu ezizimele emasontweni okukhetha. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo zibhekene nezinselele ezingokomthetho ezivela emaqenjini aphikisanayo amalungelo okukhuluma ngenkululeko.

Ubuchwepheshe, Ukwaziswa, Nezinga Elincane

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe athathe amathuluzi anamuhla emishini ukuze andise ithonya lawo. Ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa kovoti emithonjeni enjenge Voter Stativation Network (VAN) noma izimemezelo zezentengiselwano, bangathola amaqembu athile ahlotshaniswayo ezakhamuzi ngemiyalezo elungisiwe. Lokhu kuphumelela kakhulu emijahweni yesifundazwe lapho i-panotorte yendawo yonke incane futhi ihlangene kakhulu. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe emalungelo eSikhawulweni Seziphekelele, ngokwesibonelo, kungathumela abathumeli emakhaya esifundeni sombuso lapho inala yemibhoshongo yebhamu iphakeme khona, kuyilapho enye iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile i-PAC igxile khona ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kanye nabasha abavota.

Iziteshi zokukhangisa ezisebenzisa izinombolo ezinjengeFacebook ne-Google zivumela amaPaC ukuba achithe imali encane ezikhangisweni ezihloselwe kakhulu, okwenza ukuba ukuchitha imali yawo ngokwawo kube nethonya elikhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile lezi ziteshi azilawulwa kahle ngokwezikhangiso zezombangazwe, kungaba nzima ngabavoti ukwazi ukuthi uyini umsunguli walesi sigijimi.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo Nezinguquko Ezingase Zibe Khona

Njengoba ama - PAC angaxhunyiwe eqhubeka ezuza ukuvelela kwezombangazwe zikahulumeni, abenzi bezimiso nabasekeli balesimiso bacabangela uchungechunge lwezinguquko ukuze balinganise ithonya lezombangazwe nobuqotho bentando yeningi.

Ukuqinisa Izimfuneko Zokuthola Imfihlo

Ukufuna ukuvuleka kwangempela kweminikelo emikhulu nezindleko ezizimele kunganikeza abavoti ukwaziswa okufike ngesikhathi. Ezinye izifundazwe zihlola futhi “izimemo eziphezulu” ezikhangisa ngomkhankaso, ezifana“ nezikhokhelo zemali ezikhokhelwa u-” ezivela ezikhangisweni zikahulumeni manje kodwa ngokwenezelwa kwemithombo yokuqala yama-PAC athola imali emaqenjini amnyama emali.

Imingcele Evusa Inkanuko

Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yalinganisela ikhono lokulinganisela izindleko ezizimele, izifundazwe zingasaphoqelela imingcele yomnikelo wama-PAC anikela ngokuqondile kwabazohlolwa. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeConnecticut neMaine, ziye zasebenzisa izimiso zezimali zomphakathi ezinikeza enye indlela kunemali yangasese, ukunciphisa ukukhanga kweminikelo emikhulu ye-PAC. Ukwandisa izinhlelo ezinjalo kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni inkundla yokudlala.

Ukuphoqelela Ukuphoqelelwa

Izinhlangano eziningi zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kokhetho azinazo izisebenzi eziphambili futhi azinazihloniphi. Ukunikeza imithombo eyengeziwe nokunikeza amandla azimele kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amaPaC angaxhunyiwe avumelana nemithetho ekhona nezimiso zokubambisana.

Isenzo sikaHulumeni

I-Congress ingamisa umthetho onjengomthetho we-DSCLOSE ukuze kudinge ukuba kucace kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kokhetho lukahulumeni, kodwa isinyathelo sombuso sivame ukuthathwa ngokushesha futhi sihloselwe kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe zihlola futhi amaqoqo ahlukene ahlukene ukuze zihlele imithetho esemthethweni yokuveza, ukuvimbela ama-PAC ekumisweni kwemithetho eyekelele kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Ukuvela kwama-PAC angekho kwezombangazwe ezisemqoka kahulumeni kubonisa izimo ezibanzi zezezimali zezentengiselwano zaseMelika: ukunqanda ukuhlukana kwemibono, nethonya elikhulayo lokusebenzisa imali yezombangazwe. Lama-PAC anikeza indlela ewusizo yokukhipha impikiswano ye-divocation nesivumelwano sezakhamuzi ngaphandle kwezindawo zezesiko zezinhlangano zesifundazwe. Nokho, ukuntuleka kwawo ukubonakala nokulandisa nokulandisa kuveza izingozi zangempela zezentando yeningi. I-Voters, intatheli, izikhulu zezindaba, nabenzi bezimiso kumelwe basebenzele ukuqonda le zinhlangano kanye nabasekeli bezinguquko ezivikela izinzuzo zezezombangazwe kuyilapho zivikela ubuqotho bokhetho. Njengoba izimpi zezombangazwe zezombangazwe zikhulela, indima ye-PACs ezingezona ezihlangeneyo cishe ziyokhula kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.