Table of Contents

Isimiso Esihlelekile Semikhumbi - mkhathi Ehlangene Nesifunda

Ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni emikhankasweni emikhulu yezezisekelo zezezimali kuye kwavela njengesisekelo sentuthuko yezentengiselwano nenhlalakahle yomphakathi waseMelika. Njengoba imishini yokuthutha, izinhlelo zamanzi, kanye nemishini yamandla elawulayo yenkathi, isidingo sokubambisana sikhula ngokushesha ngokwengeziwe. Ukubambisana kwezindawo ezihlangeneyo kuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yezimali, ukuhlelwa kwemiklamo yezezimali, nokuhlanganyela ubuchwepheshe. Ngaphandle kwale misebenzi yobuchwepheshe, imisebenzi eminingi enzima ingabhekana nokulibala, izindleko zokulawula, noma ukudilika okuqondile. Lesi sihloko sihlola inqubo, impumelelo, izinselele, iziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo, ukunikeza ukuqonda kwezimiso zezimiso zobuchwepheshe, onjiniyela, nohulumeni, nomphakathi.

Umlando: Kusukela E - New Deal Kuya Endleleni Yokukhokha Umthetho Nezenzo Zomsebenzi

Isiko lokubambisana kwezenhlalayenza yombuso kahulumeni e-United States lisukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwakhiwa kwe-Hoover Dam ngawo-1930, kwakuhilela ukuxhasa ngokwezimali kukahulumeni nezivumelwano zamalungelo amanzi kahulumeni. Nokho, ubudlelwane obuningi bokuguqula baqala noMthetho we-Federal-Aid Highway ka-1956, owadala i-Intertate Highway System. Le nkonzo i--"federal sekela ngokubulawa kukahulumeni" iyaqhubeka imisa isimiso sezemisebenzi yanamuhla.

Ngo-2021, I-Infrablicament and Jobs Act [IJA] yaqinisekisa lendlela, yahlanganisa izigidi zezigidi ezingu - 1,2 zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeminyaka yemigwaqo, amabhuloho, ububanzi, amanzi, nemisebenzi yamandla. Amazwe anendima eyinhloko ekususeni leminyango, ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi, nokwengamela. Ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwalemiphakathi kuyasiza ekuchazeni kokubili amandla awo kanye namakhombana awo angezikhathi ezithile.

Imishini Yokuhlela: Ukuxhasa, Ukuvuselela Umzimba, Nosizo Lobuchwepheshe

Izinhlelo Zokuhlobisa Nokusekela Imali

Uhulumeni usakaza izakhiwo zezakhiwo ngokuyinhloko ngemiphako yemali enikezwayo nekhokhelwayo. Imali e-Formula, njengaleyo engaphansi kwe-Highway Trust Fund, inikeza iziphakamiso eziqinisekile zaminyaka yonke. Imali ye-Conticipiting, njenge-BUILD (Okungcono Kakhulu I-Uticicing Invements to Leverage Development) ne-RAISELE (Ukwakha i-Infrastructure ephethe izinhlelo zokuzinziwa ngokunciphisayo kanye ne-Equity), inzuzo, iziphakamiso eziningi ze-triscodiactive. Le zindlela zikhuthaza ukuhlela izinto eziza kuqala endaweni, njengokunciphisa i-carbon exportaged noma ukuthuthukisa i-octive.

Ukuqondisa Nokuvumela Inguquko

Ukubambisana kwe-Federal-templitust kuhlanganisa nokuhamba ngemithetho ehambayo ehlelanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, imisebenzi yezenguqu yamanzi ingadinga imvume ku-Agency ye- Environal Protection (EPA) ngaphansi koMthetho we-Gaeast Water, kanye nokuhlola indawo ezungezile esendaweni ezungezile esendaweni ezungezile. Inqubo ye-soshayo yezesisekelo yamanzi ihlose ukulandelanisa iziphakamiso zendawo ezungezile ngokuhlela i-athonsitimenti eholayo nokubeka isikhathi. Ezinye izifunda zezwe, njengoTexas no-California, ziye zamisa amahhovisi ezindawo ezinikezelwe ukuxhumana nomphakathi nokuvuma.

Usizo Lobuchwepheshe Nokwakha Izakhiwo Ezinamandla

Izigodi eziningi ezincane noma zasemaphandleni azinazo izinjiniyela nezisebenzi zokuhlela ukuze zikwazi ukusingatha imisebenzi emikhulu. Uhulumeni kahulumeni, ngezinhlangano ezifana ne- Federal Highway Administration [FLT] [FWA)] ne-Department of Energy, banikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, futhi bahlanganyele imisebenzi engcono kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FHWA’s I-Days Countress [ yonke imigomo emisha yokwakha, njengokwakhiwa kwebhulohoho elisheshayo nokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi yamanani, okungathi kungamukeleka ukunciphisa izindleko nesikhathi.

Amahlelo Ayinhloko Okukhangisa

Izinto Zokuhamba: Imigwaqo Ephakeme, Amabhuloho Ne - Transit

Izakhiwo zokuthutha ziseyindawo ebonakala kakhulu ye-social-state. I-IJJA ihlanganisa izakhiwo eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10 zemigwaqo namabhuloho, ezinezifunda ezinomthwalo wokukhetha umsebenzi nokuzilungisa. Izinhlelo ezihlobisayo njenge- Bridge Inficement Program[ inikeza izimali ezisekelwe ekunqamuleni okungahlelekanga. Izimiso zokuthutha abantu, ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa iziphathimandla zesifunda noma izifunda, zithola impatho yemithetho kahulumeni kanye nemali egunyazakhothayo yokwandisa nokwandisa uMfula. Izimiso zamuva zihlanganisa i-Gateway Way [[FLT:] [FL:3] kuNew York, i-New Jersey, imizamo eminingi ye-milibolomslay's ukuthatha indawo yePort Bridge nobubanzi be-poundlands River.

Izakhiwo Zamanzi: Amanzi Ahlanzekile Namanzi Okuphuza

Isivumelwano sesifunda sezwe sesimiso samanzi siqondiswa kakhulu nge-S State Revotenling Funds (SRFs) ephethwe yi-EPA. I-Ceaf Leater State Revoten Fund yezimali zokulahla imfucumfucu yezezimali zezezimali ze-Devoheating nemisebenzi yesiphepho, kuyilapho i-Daip Water State Revoiting Fund isekela intuthuko ekuphuzeni izimiso zamanzi. Amazwe ahlela izinto eziza kuqala, anikeza imali ehambisana nemali ebolekwane kakhulu engosini engcono kakhulu. I-I-YJA yanezela izigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5 zezigidi ezingu-5 zemali yemisebenzi yamanzi, ngokugxila ekuthatheni indawo yemigqashuwa kwemigqa ye-PFAStachimetamination, nokulungisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi emiphakathini empofu.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Esimanje Nokuvuselelwa Kwawo

I-Federal-templations emoyeni wamandla ithole ukuphuthuma ngokususa ugesi. I-Derrement of Energy’s Grid Resilience State and Tribal Forula Grants yosizo lwamazwe aqinisa ugesi ngokumelene nesimo sezulu esiphezulu kanye nokuhlasela kweze-ibhuloho. Amazwe asebenza futhi nge-Federal Energy Reulication Commis (FERC) esendaweni edluliswa imigqa yemithetho edluliswayo, nakuba izimpikiswano ze-Foral formula ziqhubeka. I-IYA izimali zokufaka i-carbon projectivess, izikhuthalo zenuzi eziphambili, nezikhungo-hydrogen ezihlanzekile, ezivame ukufuna ukugunyaza kwe-movel-moveydrogen.

Izakhiwo Eziwuhlelo Lwezinombolo: Ukuncishiswa Kwezimpahla Ezibanzi

Ukungena okuphezulu kwe-Internet jwayezi ebaluleke kakhulu manje kuqashelwa njengezesisekelo esibalulekile. I-Btrandbatch Equity, Accession, and Deployment (BEAD) Uhlelo[, ingxenye ye-INC, inikeza izindonga zezigidi ezingu-4,5 zezigidi zezigidi (izigidi ezingu-4,5) ukuze yandise indawo ezindaweni ezingagcinwanganakekelwa nangaphansi. I-United States ithuthukisa amasu emisebenzi ethatha iminyaka emihlanu, ukuqhuba amabalazwe, kanye ne-agculoza kakhulu ezinkonzweni ze-intanethi. Iziqondiso ze-Fople zidinga izikhungo ezisebenza izakhiwo zama-ankile, imitapolabhusayithi, nemithola ezempilo.

Izifundo zezenzakalo zempumelelo yeFederal-simo sokuhlobana

Isimiso Sendlela Ephakeme Yase - Interstate: Ifa Lobuhlobo

I- Interstate Highway System ilokhu iyindinganiso yegolide yokubambisana kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni nezindawo. Ngo-1956, i-Begun ene-main 48,000 yakhiwa ngaphansi kwemali kahulumeni engu-90%-10%. Uhlelo aluzange lushintshe kuphela impahla nokuhamba kwabantu kodwa futhi lwamisa izicathulo zokubukeza indawo ezungezile, izindinganiso zomklamo, nokuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi. Amazwe anjengeCalifornia ne-Illinois alawula izingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi zasedolobeni kuyilapho uhulumeni waqinisekisa ukuthi iyunifomu. Impumelelo yesimiso sawo yaholela ezinhlelweni ezilandelayo njenge-National Highway Sy Systeod ne-Surface program ye-tration program yamanje.

I - affordive ne - lead pronement of Pittsburgh

EPittsburgh, izinhlangano zikahulumeni nombuso zabambisana nemithombo yamanzi yendawo ukuze zithathe indawo yezinkulungwane zemisebenzi ye-octrast nemali yokukhokhela i-accomplix. I-Infrastructurament Investice Authority (PENNVET) yanikeza imali ebolekwayo ephansi kakhulu evela e-Dapply State Revoigh Fund, eyanezelwa yi-ISPAR, eyahlanganisa nokusetshenziswa komphakathi nokuqeqeshwa kwabenzi, iyisibonelo sendlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingasingatha ngayo izindaba zokulawula imvelo.

Isimiso Sikagesi SaseColorado

UColorado wasebenzisa izimali zikahulumeni zeNational Geography Vehicle Infrapublica (NEVI) Uhlelo lwe-Formula ukuze afake iziteshi ezikhokhisayo emigwaqweni emikhulu. Umbuso wasungula icebo lokusebenzisana neHhovisi Lamandla Nezokuthutha, elibekwe ngaphansi kwezindawo zasemaphandleni, futhi elihlanganiswe nezinkampani ezizimele. Ekupheleni kuka-2025, iColorado ilindele ukuba kube nesimiso sabakhokhisi abakhokheli abasheshayo njalo emaphasishini amakhulu amakhulu aphakathi, okubonisa indlela isiqondiso sikahulumeni esingasheshisa ngayo intuthuko yezwe.

Izinselele Zokuzikhandla Okuphumelelayo

Ukusekela Izindawo Ezingatholi Inzuzo Nezindleko

Naphezu kwamazinga angokomlando okutshala imali, izikhala zemali zisasele. Intela yegesi kahulumeni ayizange iphakanyiswe kusukela ngo-1993, okuholela ekuncipheni kwemali eHighway Trust Fund. I-United States ingazama ukunikeza izimali ezihambelanayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho. Izindleko zokulwa emisebenzini emikhulu, njengesiteji esiphezulu saseCalifornia noma iBoston’s Big Dig, iqokomisa izingozi zezisusa ezingafanele nokwengameleli kahle. Ukuqinisa izimiso zezengameli zemali zikahulumeni ezilawula izimali kuyadingeka ekulondolozeni ukwethenjwa komphakathi.

Imisebenzi Yokuphanga Nokuvumela Izindawo Ezilawulwayo Kuyalibala

Umbuso ngamunye unemihlola yawo engokobume bemvelo, imithetho yezisebenzi, nemithetho yokuthola. Umsebenzi webhuloho oweqa umkhawulo kahulumeni ungadinga imvume evela eminyangweni emibili ehlukene yokuthutha, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi. Nakuba inqubo ye-One Federal Council Inquition iye yasiza, ayihlanganisi zonke izinhlobo zemisebenzi. I-National Environmental Policy Act ehlongozwayo (NEPA) inhloso yokunciphisa ukuvunyelwa kwesikhathi ngokusungula i-authorin yenhlangano eyodwa eholayo nokukhuthaza ukubukezwa kwe-active.

Izinto Ezinamandla Nezishintsha Izinto Eziza Kuqala Kwezombangazwe

Izivumelwano zesifundazwe sezwe zizwelana nemijikelezo yokhetho nokungavumelani. Ushintsho eWhite House noma e-capitol ingaguqula izinhlelo zemali, izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, noma uhlu lweprojekthi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqondisa kweTrump kugxile ekuncishisweni kwemithetho ephikisana nokuqina kwesimo sezulu kanye nokungaguquguquki. Ukuvimbela ukumelana ne-teomasti ye-Mercester Biden, eminye imibuso iye yamisa imithetho edinga izicwangciso zenkokhelo ezinkulu zeminyaka eminingi nemithombo yemali enikezelwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Ebuntwaneni Nomphakathi

Kungokomlando, imisebenzi yezesisekelo kahulumeni yezemisebenzi yezakhiwo yezakhiwo yezindawo eziphansi nemiphakathi engenisa imibala ephansi ngokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, ukuvuselelwa kwemizi, nokuvalwa kwamanzi. I-IJA ihlanganisa amalungiselelo e- Justice40[, eqondisa i-40% yezinzuzo zezinhlelo ezithile emiphakathini empofu. Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwemiphakathi kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ingxenye esebenzayo manje idinga ukuhlangana okuqinile, kuhlanganise nokuzwa komphakathi, amabhodi okuhlola, kanye nokukhanya kokwaziswa.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Nezindlela Zokudlulisela Izilwane

Umngane womphakathi (P3s)

Ukuze kwenezelwe izivumelwano ezingokwesiko, izifunda eziningi ziphendukela kubudlelwane bomphakathi. Ku-P3, umklamo wento ezimele, isakhiwo, imali, ukusebenza, nokugcina indawo yesikhathi esimisiwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-I-95 Express Corridar[ eFlorida kanye ne-[FLT] i-[FLT] i-P [FOL] PP] Preater of Miamie [[[FLL:3]. Ukusekela kwe-P3] kuvela nge-Infraclactive Intellication Intective Act (TIA) nohlelo olunikeza izimali eziphansi kakhulu. Abagxeki baxwayisa ukuthi ama-P3 angafaka izingozi uma inzuzo iphansi, kodwa lapho ihamba kahle, ingena futhi ingena ngokushelela.

Ukubanjwa Nokuguliswa Ngenani

Amazwe futhi ahlola inani lokuthola izinqubo, njengokuthola izimali zentela ezithengisekayo nezibopho zemali. Emikhankasweni yokuthutha, izivumelwano zokuthuthukisa ukuhlanganisana zivumela abathuthukisi abazimele ukuba banikele ekuthuthukiseni iziteshi ukuze bathole amalungelo omoya noma i-okensini. Uhulumeni ukhuthaza lezi zimo zentengo nge- Builmal Bureaual yeMelika [, enikeza usizo lwemali ezuzweni lobuchwepheshe.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezisebenzi Ukuze Kuthuthukiswe Ukwanda

Inselele enkulu yokwenza imisebenzi yezezisekelo yesifunda sikahulumeni indlala yemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe, kusukela konjiniyela nabaphathi bemisebenzi kuya kubaphathi bemisebenzi yokwakha nogesi. I-IYJA ihlanganisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,0 ukuze iqeqeshe izisebenzi, kodwa izifundazwe kumelwe ziklame izinhlelo ezihambisana nezimakethe zezisebenzi zendawo. Izifunda eziningi ziye zabambisana namakholeji omphakathi, izinyunyana, nezinhlelo zokuqeqeshela ukusungula izinyathelo zokwakha amapayipi. Isibonelo, i-Infractiveactive Workive Motivement Col Moticity Col Motimution izitimela ezisebenza ngokunezelelwe kanye nezisebenzi ezimbalwa zomphakathi. Imishini yezemisebenzi yezempatho efuna umsebenzi ingasiza ekuqeqesheni inzuzo yokuthenga imali.

Ukuqina Kwesimo Sezulu Neziphepho Ezizinzile

Njengoba izenzakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu zivame kakhulu, ukubambisana kwesifundazwe esiqinile esilawula isimo sezulu kubalulekile. I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA]) inikeza iminikelo yemivuzo yesikhukhula kanye nenhlekelele, kodwa izifunda- kumelwe ziveze ukuhlola okunengozi kanye nezakhiwo eziyingozi. I-CANDELO SASA SAY yakha uhlelo lwemisebenzi yokuzivuselela, njengemigwaqo ekhuphukayo, ukuqinisa imigqa yamandla, nokubuyisela i-rometerralitive. Izwe elifana neLouisiana ne-Florida linezimo ezihlangeneyo ezilungiselelweni eziyinhloko, kusetshenziswa izimo ezivelwelwe-uthonsi njenge i-Climate.[FLT][FLT][FFF3]]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimali zesisekelo ze-bipartisan zivumelana ngokuqondile nemali kahulumeni exhasa izimali ezifunwa yi-odoli ekhona, Thenga amalungiselelo, kanye nokuthuthwa kwegesi eshisayo. I-United States eyamukela izinto zokwakha eziphansi zecarbon, njenge-asphalt noma ikhonkthimethi ephansi, inganikeza inzuzo enkulu. Lezi zisusa zisunduza zonke isizinda sendawo ezungezile ukuze ilondolozwe.

Ubuchwepheshe Neziyalezo Ezihlakaniphile

Ubuchwepheshe bezezinombolo buguqula indlela izinhlelo ze-operal ne-odoli abasebenzisana nayo, ukwakha, nokusebenza. Amathuluzi anjenge Geographic Information Systems yokudweba i-partime , Ukwakha i-Modelling Information (BIM)[[FLT]] yomklamo], kanye [[FLT:] ne-[FLT] izinzwa zomklamo zolwazi [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] zokwakha izakhiwo [[FLT] [[FLT]] eziphuculisa lezi zimo zempilo] ziyanda kakhulu. [[FUT] Zonke izinsuku hlela ama-CLTY] uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwe-eadition ne-acticssss (izimotime) ezihlelelwe ngokomthetho ze-ezobuchwepheshe zezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwezwe

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuqinisa Ubuhlobo

Isu Lezwe Lokuvimbela Elinesikhathi Eside

Ochwepheshe baye bacela ukuba kwenziwe ikhomishane yaphakade kahulumeni yesifundazwe ukuze yengamele umbono wezesisekelo weminyaka engu-20, ofana ne-National Surface Infrastructive Commission eyahlongozwa ngaphambili ukuba inguquko engokwezezimali isetshenziswe. Icebo elihlangene lingasiza ekuhleleni isifundazwe nesifundazwe, ukunciphisa ukusekelwa komphakathi, futhi kwakhe ukusekelwa komphakathi.

Ukusetshenziswa Okwandisayo Kwezinzuzo

Kunokumane kulandele amaRandi asetshenziswayo, isizukulwane esilandelayo sezivumelwano zesifundazwe sikahulumeni kufanele sigxile ekufezekeni: ukuncishiswa kwezikhathi zokuhamba, izingozi eziphansi, izinga lamanzi aphuzwayo, nokutholwa kwabantwana abaningi. I-IIJJA kakade idinga ukuba kukhulunywe ngemishini ethile yezinhlelo ezithile. Ukwandisa lendlela kungaqinisa ukulandisa nokubonisa ukubaluleka kokubambisana kwabakhokhi bentela.

Ukuqinisa Ubulungisa Nokuba Umnikazi Womphakathi

Izinhlangano ze-Federal nesifundazwe zizama ukuzuza izivumelwano zomphakathi, ukuthunyelwa kukahulumeni wendawo ngokuqondile, nezinqubo zokubambisana. Ukuxhasa imali esikhathini esizayo kufanele kudinge ukuthembisana okunenjongo emphakathini kuzo zonke izigaba, kusukela ekuhlolweni okudingayo kuya ekulungisweni. Ezinye izifundazwe kakade sezisungule imikhandlu ehlola iziphakamiso zezakhiwo ngaphambi kokuba kunikezwe imali.

Inhloko - dolobha Yangasese Nezimboni Ezintsha

Uhulumeni kahulumeni kufanele wandise izinhlelo ezifana neTITITIMA kanye ne-Water Inspiractive Mobile and Invotion Act (WIFFIA) ukuhlanganisa ezinye izinhlobo zemisebenzi. I-odockement commonds ukuze ikhange abanikeli bezimali, njengoba abanye bekwenzile. Izibonelo zemali ezihlangene ezinikeza izimali zikahulumeni, izimali zikahulumeni, nenhloko-nhloko- dolobha zingavula imithombo emisha yemisebenzi yasemaphandleni neyasemadolobheni ngokufanayo.

Isiphetho

Ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni emikhankasweni emikhulu yezezisekelo zezakhiwo zemfundo. Kodwa akuyona nje i-bureaucratic edingayo. Ukusukela ku- Interstate Highway System kuya ku-Infrablicactal Investment and Jobs Act, lokhu ukubambisana kuye kwakha isisekelo sezomnotho zaseMelika nezinga elingcono lokuphila kwezigidi. Nokho, njengoba izinselele zokushintsha isimo sezulu, ukuphazamisa kwezobuchwepheshe, nokukhubazeka kwezenhlalo, izivumelwano kumelwe zivele. Ngokusebenzisa iziqondiso ezintsha, iziqondiso zokuthuthukisa i-equityy nespective, nokuthuthukisa umsebenzi, nokuthuthukisa intuthuko, uhulumeni nohulumeni kungaletha iziteshishi ezisebenza emiphakathini yezizukulwane ezizayo. Iziphango ngeke zibe ziphakame: imigwaqo, ukukhuphuka, ukulungisa, nokulungisa i-payitshana ye-mpale namuhla.

ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngemisebe yesisekelo yesimiso sikahulumeni, bheka i Indlu emhlophe Yakha futhi Indawo Engcono Yeziyalezo, Ulawulo oluphezulu lwe-FOLT, kanye ne-EPA Ehlanzekile ESPA ESPFOINT.[[FLT:]]