UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awuyona nje into engokomlando; uyisivikelo esiphilayo esiqapha wonke amaMelika ngokumelene namandla angenakuvinjelwa ahulumeni. Kusukela ezimpini zokuqalisa ePhiladelphia kuya ezimpini zasenkantolo zanamuhla zokuqapha nokukhuluma ngenkululeko, injongo eyisisekelo yalencwadi iye yahlala ikhona: ukuchaza nokulinganisela igunya likahulumeni ukuze umuntu achume. Ukuqonda indlela uMthetho-sisekelo ovikela ngayo kuhulumeni ngokumelene nokuphambana okubalulekile kudingekile kubafundisi, abafundi, nakuzo zonke isakhamuzi esiwazisa amalungelo abo. Lesi sihloko sihlola isivikelo esiyinhloko seBhili likaBill, impikiswano engokomlando, nezinselele zanamuhla zokukhomba ukukhomba ukukhomba ukukhomba ukuze kubonise ukuthi kungani uhulumeni umthetho uhlala uyitshelo lomphakathi okhululekile.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo: Indlela Isimiso Esizihlela Ngayo Esilinganisela Ngayo Amandla

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babewasola kakhulu amandla akhethekile. Njengoba babebone ubushiqela beNkosi uGeorge III, baklama uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuba usebenze kodwa ophulwe ngokwanele ukuba ulawule. Izimiso zesisekelo ezazenza(ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kanye nohulumeni () yiziphetho zokuqala nezihlala njalo kuhulumeni ocushiwe.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa uhulumeni wezwe ube ngamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: i-pactical (Conren) yokushaya umthetho, umphathi (uMongameli), kanye nokwahlulela. ISiphakamiso Nginika umthetho amandla omthetho eSishaya-mthetho, iSiphakamiso II izicathulo ezinamandla kuMongameli, neSiphakamiso III simisa ikomiti yejaji. Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo ehlukene futhi alinakusebenzisa ngokomthetho amandla omunye umuntu afuna ukuwagwema. Ngokwesibonelo, uMkhandlu ubhala imithetho, kodwa uMongameli uyayimisa, futhi izinkantolo ziyayichaza. Lokhu kwahlukana kuvimbela noma isiphi isici esinguwo esisodwa ukuba senze, sibeke imithetho yaso, futhi kubonise imithetho yaso siqu yokubusa okufunwa yizikhulu.

Ngokwesiko, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuye kwahlola ukuphambana. Uma uMongameli Franklin Roosevelt ezama ukuvala iNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1937] ukuqinisekisa umthetho we-New Defect, Congress nomphakathi wahlehlisa, futhi lelicebo lehluleka. Ngokufanayo, uma izinhlangano eziphethe zisungula imithetho ngaphandle kwegunya lomthetho, izinkantolo zivame ukuzishaya njengesephula imfundiso engekho emthethweni.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Uma ukwahlukana kwemibuso kudala amagatsha amathathu, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kunikeza igatsha ngalinye amathuluzi okuqondisa nokuvimbela amanye. UMongameli angasho umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawuqeda lowo nyaka ngenani lama-3. ISishaya-mthetho uqinisekisa ukwahlulela namagatsha, kuyilapho i House ilawula izintambo zemali. Igatsha lingakhipha imithetho noma izenzo zesikhulu ezingagunyazi phakathi nempi ye-Korea, amandla asungulwe [[FOLT:0] v. [[FLT:][FLT:]] [183]]. Lezi zigunyazandleko ziqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elingabusayo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uMongameli u-Rorcharman ethatha izinsimbi phakathi neMpi ye-Korea ukunqanda, amandla awenziwayo enqanyulweni enqanyulweni enkulu, iNka iNkathiwe [Foctive [Foctive; Fromess.[2])] i-Spowern.[3] I-Shoupperlions.[4] Assss,

Ubumbano

I-Federalism ihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifundazwe. ISichibiyelo seshumi sezwe sigcinele amazwe (noma abantu) amandla angawaphathi uhulumeni kahulumeni. Lokhu kubusa okubili kudala izingqimba zesivikelo: uma uhulumeni wezwe uphamba, izakhamuzi zingaphendukela kuhulumeni wazo ukuze kukhululwe, futhi ngokuphambene. Ngokwesiko, uhulumeni uvumele amazwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrati, ukuzama izimiso ezithonya umthetho wezwe kamuva. Kusho futhi ukuthi imiphakathi yendawo igcina izimele ezindabeni ezinjengezemfundo, i-jokanise, futhi impilo yomphakathi ibonise ukuncintisana kwezwe. Isinqumo seNkakhulu se-FOVP [FLD: 0] i-Devision of Intependent.[7][5]

I - Ill of Rights: Isivikelo Esiqinile Kuhulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawungenawo umthetho wamalungelo, oshukumisela abalwa namacala ukuba bafune isivikelo esicacile. I-Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo-1791, ihlanganisa izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi futhi ilinganisela ngokuqondile lokho uhulumeni kahulumeni angakwenza kubantu ngabanye. Nakuba lamalungelo engaphelele, ayisivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esinamandla kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezithile zabaphambani.

Isichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkulumo, Inkolo, Umhlangano Nesicelo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela iSiphendulo somthetho ekwenzeni noma yimuphi umthetho “ukumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukwenqabela ukuyisebenzisa ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.” Lokhu kulungisa isisekelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sentando yeningi. Kuvikela ukungavumelani kwezombangazwe, umkhuba wenkolo, nekhono lokugxeka uhulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela. Icala elinjenge Branburg b. [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] i-69] iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nenkulumo ivikelekile ngaphandle kokukhuthaza isenzo sokungabi namthetho. Phakathi kwe-Otional Revisiontiontion, i-General Movement, i-Greast provitionstion, i-sssssss provition, ikhuluma ngokumelene nezicelo, izicelo ezingokomthetho, izicelo zezentembethi, izikhulu zikahulumeni zeze izikhulu, izikhulu, noma izikhulu, noma

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukufuna, Ukuzifihla, Nesikhathi Sokuba Wedwa

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela “ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ekufuneni okungacabangeli nokuquleka.” Kudinga ukuba kukhishwe izimvume kuphela ngesizathu esilindelekile futhi ikakhulukazi zichaze indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi zithathwe. Lokhu kuyindlela yokusabela eqondile ezigunyazweni ezisetshenziswa yiziphathimandla zaseBrithani. Kulenkathi yeminyaka yeminyaka, iSimemezelo sesine sesine sesembubhisi esiye sanwebelephele ukuvikela amakhalekhukhwini, ama-imeyili, ne-GPS. Inkantolo Ephakeme izakukhishwa ku- Carplanteer v. [20])) (2017]) ikholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga ukufakwa kwemvume engokomlando, ukuqaphela ukuthi imishini yanamuhla iyakwazi ukuqondisa inqubo yezonga, ngaphandle kwe-GPS.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana ezibucayi: ilungelo lokubekwa icala elikhulu, ukuvikelwa engozini ephindwe kabili, ilungelo elimelene nokuzilahla, isiqinisekiso senqubo efanele, nokwenqatshelwa kokuthatha impahla yomuntu siqu ngaphandle kokukhokha. Inqubo efanelekile (-"yombili i-produration") ne-actastived productives" iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ilungile futhi uhulumeni ulandele izinqubo ezifanele ngaphambi kokuncisha noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Ilungelo lokuzimelana nempahla, eyaziwa ngokuthi “impompela isihlanu,” iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ophoqelelwa ukuba anikeze ubufakazi ngokumelene nayo. Lesivikelo sibalulekile ekumangalelweni kobugebengu, sivimbela ukuncitshiswa kwemiciselwa kwempahla. Imithetho esemthethweni ithatha futhi imingcele encintiswayo esemthethweni ezindaweni zomphakathiniswe yimpahla.

Izichibiyelo Zesibili, Zesishiyagalombili Nezesi - Ninth

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, njengoba kuqinisekiswa i-Dialority of Columbia v. Heller (2008). Nakuba ibekwa umthetho, ilinganisela ikhono likahulumeni lokunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwezakhamuzi ezivale umthetho. ISichibiyelo seSijinganiso seNguquko seNguquko sivimbela ukukhokhwa kwemali okuphakeme, inhlawulo oluphakeme, nesijeziso esingavamile, ukubeka imingcele esimisweni sobulungisa sobugebengu. ISiphendulo se-Genetic facement isholo ukuthi ukuncishwa noma ukususwa kwamalungelo athile agcinwe abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezithile ezingekho emthethweni.

Icala Elingokomlando Lokungenela Okungaphezu Kwevamile Kukahulumeni Nokusabela Komthetho - sisekelo

Umlando waseMelika uphawulwa ngezikhathi lapho uhulumeni weqa imingcele yawo, futhi uMthetho-sisekelo (hhayi noma yizimemezelo zenkantolo, ukumiswa kwemithetho, noma ukukhala komphakathi) uveza ukudazuluka. Ukuhlola lezizenzakalo kwembula umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulondoloza inkululeko.

I - Alien Ne - Sedition Acts (1798)

Idluliswa yiSivumelwano esilawulwa uFederalist Conflist futhi sasayinwa nguMongameli John Adams, lemithetho emine yahlasela abafuduki nabaphikisi bezombangazwe. UMthetho we-Sedition wakwenza kwaba yicala ukusakaza “inkohliso, ihlazo, nokubhala okunonya” kuhulumeni. Ukwephulwa okuqondile kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, lesi senzo sasetshenziselwa ukuthulisa izintatheli zeDemokratisme-Republican. Nakuba iNkanto ePhakathi ayizange ilawule inqubo yayo yomthetho ngesikhathi, izenzo zaphela noma zaqedwa ngo-18222. Izenzo zalethwa ngo-1822. I-Thost Jefferson' ukhetho ngo-18 ne-Pregday [[FLDignome] nesinqumo seKentury [[Foperation:1], leyo eyayiveza imfundiso ephikisanayo engokomthetho ka-Empeculphic.

I-Internament yaseJapane (1942-1946)

Ngemva kokuhlasela iPearl Harbor, uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt wakhipha uMthetho oMqondisi u-Education 906, egunyaza ukuthuthwa nokuboshwa kwe-Japane engaphezu kwe-200,000, izikhulu ezimbili kwezintathu zabo ababeyizakhamuzi zase-U.S. iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela inkambiso kuPearl Koritatsu v. United States [19444], ibusa ukuthi imfuneko yezempi ithethelela ukuncishwa kwelungelo lomphakathi. Amashumi eminyaka kamuva, uhulumeni wavuma iphutha lawo: i-Libestolibes Actal Act ka 1988 ikhipha isivumelo esingokomthetho nemvume. Ukuvikelwa kwempi ngesikhathi sokuvikelwa kwesizwe [Foctivementan] [Foct3] inqanyuselwe impostss, futhi ihluleka ukuvikelwa yimpi, futhi inqandwe yezombangazwe.

McCarthyism neRed Scare (1940s-1950s)

Umninindlu uJoseph McCarty ne House Un American Activities Committee (HUAC) bahlola ukuthi ukungena kwe-khomanisi kuhulumeni, ukuzijabulisa, nemfundo. Abantu bafakwa ebumnyameni, balahlekelwa imisebenzi, futhi baboshwa ngenxa yokudelelwa kweSishaya-mthetho. Nakuba izenzo zikahulumeni zingaphumelanga ekuboshweni kwabantu abaningi, baphula isivikelo seSiphendu Sokuqala senhlangano nenkulumo. INkanto Ephakeme yaqala ukusunduza emacaleni anjenge ii-YP. United States[FLT:] [1957], okunganciphisa ukusebenza kweSinyathelo sikaMith Act somsebenzi wesenzo esiphansi esikhundleni semfundiso engabonakali. INkakhulu leNkakhulu laqala ukuphindisela inkathi yokulahlwa komthetho owenziwe ngomonakalo lwesizwe, kodwa ingasebenzi ngokunyeleleka kuhulumeni futhi ingasebenzi ngokukhohlakala kweminya kwemindezo yesizwe. I-McCaldiartdy (enced) ingasebenzi yezempi yamazwe yesizwe.

Umthetho we - USA PTRIOT kanye noMthendeleko Wangemva kwe - 9/11

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, uKhomishane wadlulisa i-USA PARIOTT Act, eyandisa amandla kahulumeni okuhlola ngaphansi kwe-Freign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FA). Amalungiselelo avunyelwe ukuthatha izintambo zokuhlola, ukufinyelela amarekhodi ebhizinisi, nemibandela eyimfihlo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi i-Cuarticment 215 (imikhankaso yezemfundo”) yaphula iSimemezelo sesine. Ngo-2013, u-Edward Snowton’s Surveicendial Active (NSA) we-National Security Agency (INSA) yayiqoqa izingcingo zezigidi zezingcingo zamaMelika. Izinselele ezingokomthetho zalandelana, futhi [[FLT] [vPLCU]., i-Ondspendices yeSifunda sesibili sawokulelo samanje zivikela esisemthethweni samanje, kodwa kuvikayo kuvinyelelwa i-og.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nesivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Esiqhubekayo

Namuhla, amathuluzi nezimfundiso ezintsha kuvivinya imingcele yomthetho - sisekelo ezindaweni ezihlanganisa amandla okulawula, izinto eziyimfihlo, amandla esimo esiphuthumayo nempahla yomphakathi.

Ukuhleleka Kweqembu Eliphethe Nesenzo Esingekho

Abameli baye basebenzisa iziyalo eziphethe kanye nezenzo zokuqondisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze badlulise amaBhunga. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uMongameli igunya elibanzi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nakwezokulondeka kwesizwe, iziyalo zezikhulu zasekhaya zihlolwe ngokwezokwahlulela. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uDonald Trump uTrump ukuvinjelwa kohambo (Umthetho 13769) wabekelwa inselele njengokucwaswa kwezenkolo kanye nokuphulwa kwenqubo efanele. INkanto ephakeme yasekela uhlelo olubukeziwe [FL: 0] ku-Trump v. Hawaii[FLY:1][2017], kodwa ukubekwa kwecala kuqokonyiswe ukuthi isikhulu esiphethe singahlolwa kanjani izinkantolo. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli uJoe Biden ugunyazo lokugomela abaqashi bencishiwe yiNQueist Court [FFF].[2][AFFF][20]

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwabantu Ngezinombolo Nokwanda Kukahulumeni

Isimiso seSichibiyelo sesine sokusebenza emniningweni yezenombolo sisendaweni ejikeleza ngokushesha. Izicelo zikahulumeni zama-imeyili, ukwaziswa kwamafu, kanye nendawo kudinga imvume, kodwa ngaphandle kwezincwadi zesivikelo sesizwe nezimo eziguquguqukayo. Imfundiso yeSiphathiso-Party [, equkethe ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwe ngokuzithandela neqembu lesithathu (njengenkampani yocingo) entula amathemba alinganiselwe emfihlo, incishiswe i-Cententer v. United States. Nokho, imibuzo esele ngemininingwane yemisebenzi yasekhaya, imiklamo ehlakaniphile, ne-okhemisebe. I-Projinithensi ayisho ngokuqondile ukuthi amalungelo ayo, kodwa izimiso ezihlukene zikhona, kodwa i-'izimiso zezimiso zokuvimbela ukuvikelwa kwemithetho yemithetho ye-Foctive.[Foct:][5]

Amandla Aphuthumayo Nempilo Yomphakathi

I-COVID-19 umqedazwe waba nokusetshenziswa okungakaze kube khona kwamandla ombuso nakahulumeni aphuthumayo: ukuvala izigwegwe, ukugunyaza isifihla - buso, ukugoma, nokuxosha izigwegwe. Abaningi bagxekwa njengokwephula umthetho wenkululeko nenqubo efanele. INkantolo Ephakeme yavala i-CDC i-moratorium i-Alabama Association of Realtors v. HS [20] [201] futhi inciphisana nemithetho ye-OSHA ye-okha-om-out, kumelwe iphinde ihlolwe ngenkaniswe. Ukucinezelwa kwempilo yomphakathi namalungelo abantu ngabanye akuyona entsha.[5][5] I-Massachesettston v/05] Le migomo ewusizo kakhulu. I-Genethilivelvene.[5]

Ukuvinjelwa Kwezakhamuzi

Uhulumeni angathatha impahla esolwa ukuthi ihlangene nobugebengu, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokumangalela umnini-mthetho nganoma yiliphi icala. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lomkhuba uphula umthetho wesimemezelo seNguqulo se-8h esishibhile nendinganiso yenqubo eyimfihlo. Timbs v. Indiana [2029], iNkantolo ePhakeme ikholelwa ukuthi iSimemezelo seSichibiyelo seNguqulo seNguquko seNyakazelo sisebenza ekubekeleni imibandela entengayo, kodwa inciphe imfuno yenguquko iyaqhubeka ngesilinganiso sikahulumeni, ngezinye izikhathi ifuna izinkolelo zobugebengu ngaphambi kokuba zilahlekelwe. Umbangozomthetho ubonisa indlela isivikelo okumelwe siphoqedwe ngayo ukuba kuvinjelwe uhulumeni okhohlisiwe emalungelweni empahlani.

Izifundo Ezifundisayo: Ukufundisa Ukuzivikela Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kuphela, kodwa kuyimfuneko yomphakathi. Othisha banendima ebalulekile ekulungiseleleni abafundi ukuba baqaphele futhi bamelane nokuphamba. Ngokuhlanganisa imfundo yomthetho-sisekelo ekilasini, othisha banganika isizukulwane esilandelayo amandla okusekela amalungelo abo.

Izinqubo Zokufundisa Ekilasini

  • Sebenzisa imithombo eyinhloko: Abafundi bafunde umbhalo womthetho-mthetho, amaphaphu, nemibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme engokophawu. Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza amakhophi ezimiso zezimiso zemali akhululekile.
  • [ Izenzakalo zamanje ezingathi azinazici: hlanganisa izimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nezindaba ezimayelana nokuqapha, ukubhikisha, amalungelo okuvota, neziqondiso zokuqondisa. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba babuze: Liphi igatsha likahulumeni elisebenzayo? Likhona yini isheke? Isiphi isikhala esikhona?
  • Zifake izinselele zomthetho-sisekelo: abafundi banendima edlala njengobulungisa enkantolo yezentambo, bephikisana ngazo zombili izinhlangothi zecala elinjenge Korendatsu noma [FLT] [FLT]] I-Calplart [[]. Lokhu kuveza ukucabanga okunencazelo egxekayo nozwela lwemibono eminingi.
  • [ Ukuhlolwa komlando wezendaba ngokujule: Yabela imisebenzi yokucwaninga kwiMisebenzi ye-Alien ne-Sedition, i-internation yaseJapane, noma ukuzwa kwe-McCArthy. Abafundi bangaveza okutholakele ngezimbangela, imiphumela, nezifundo zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Izikhulumi ezingenisa izihambi: Abameli bomthetho, abahluleli, noma abameleli benkululeko yomphakathi banganikeza ukuqonda kwangempela kwezwe ekuqondeni indlela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esisebenza ngayo.
  • Ichaza imingcele yamalungelo: amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awaphelele. Siza abafundi baqonde uma inkulumo ingalawulwa (umz., ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuphenya) nalapho ukuphenyiswa kunengqondo (umz., izimo eziguquguqukayo). Lokhu kuvimbela ukulula ukuthi “noma yini ivunyelwe” imibono.

Imfundo engokomthetho - sisekelo esheshayo nengaguquguquki yakha izakhamuzi ezingawazi nje kuphela amalungelo azo kodwa ezikwazi nokuwavikela.

Isiphetho

UMthetho-sisekelo awusona isiqinisekiso sokuzinqumela. Uxhomeke ekuthembisweni kwezakhamuzi, izinkantolo ezizimele, nasezikhulwini ezinomthwalo wemfanelo ezihlonipha imingcele ebekwe kuzo. Kusukela ekuhlukaneni kwemibuso nakuMalungelo kuya ezifundweni ezinzima zomlando zehluleka phakathi kwamaJapane, umyalezo ucacile: uhulumeni ophambanisayo uyisilingo esingapheli, futhi ukuqapha komthetho - sisekelo okuqinile kuphela okungasivimbela. Kubafundisi, ukufundisa uMthetho-Constitution kusho ukufundisa amathuluzi okuzibusayo kanye nenkululeko (*) futhi ukuqaphela lapho umugqa ophakathi kwenkululeko nenkululeko unqamulewe, indlela yokusebenzisa izinkantolo nebhokisi lebhola ukuze uqhube emuva, nendlela yokukhomba inkululeko ngaphezu kokuzivumela. Njengoba abaqondisi beqonda, inko yenkululeko ikhona. Umthetho-Constitution inikeza ipulanist produal; ukuqinisekisa isizukulwane ngasinye ukuba siqine ekutholeni inkululeko.