Ukuchaza Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: INkantolo Njengomgadi Womthetho - sisekelo

Ukubukezwa komthetho - sisekelo kuyimfundiso enika izinkantolo amandla okuhlola imithetho, iziyalezo eziphethe, nezenzo zikahulumeni zokunquma ukuthi zivumelana yini nomthetho-sisekelo wesizwe. E-United States, lesi simiso sinikeza i-jaji igunya lokuqeda noma isiphi isenzo somthetho-mthetho noma sokuphatha esiphula amalungiselelo omthetho. Okungaphezu kwendlela engokomthetho, ukubukeza komthetho kusebenza njengendlela ebucayi yokulondoloza ukubusa komthetho, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, nokugcina isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa esisekela i-demokrase-Melika. Empeleni, i-judiary isho ukuthi amandla aphelele okusho lokho umthetho oyikho.

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ungawaniki ngokuqondile amandla okubukeza kokwahlulela, lomqondo uye wafakwa kakhulu ekwahluleleni kwemithetho yaseMelika kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Ukuba khona kwawo kusekelwe ekuqondeni ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, nanoma yimuphi umthetho ophikisana nawo. Njengoba uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall asho ngodumo, "Ugcizelela wesifunda nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukuthi uyini umthetho."

Isiqalo sokwamukelwa kweJaji: Kusuka ku-"FLT" ukuya ku- Marbury v. Madison

Izimpande zokwahlulela zibuyela emuva emthethweni wesiNgisi, lapho izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi zazibukeza izenzo zePhalamende ngenxa yokuvumelana nezimiso zobulungisa eziphezulu. Nokho, inguquko yaseMelika yalolongwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwamakoloni, imibono yokuvukela, kanye nezidingo ezingokoqobo zikahulumeni omusha. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni wakuqala zaziyekelela imithetho kahulumeni ephula imithetho yezwe, kodwa amandla ayengachazwa ngokucacile ezingeni lesizwe.

Inkathi ebaluleke kakhulu yafika [[FLT: 0] kuMarbury v. Madison (103). Icala lavela esiyaluyalwini sezombangazwe sokhetho lwango-1800, lapho uMongameli John Adams ophumayo emisa khona amajaji amaningana "asebenza ebusuku" ebhentshi kahulumeni. Lapho uMangameli Thomas Jefferson efikayo enqaba ukunikela omunye wale misebenzi, uWilliam Marbury suce ngenxa yokumiswa kwakhe. UJaji Omkhulu uJohn Mar Mar Mar Marshall, ebhalela iNkantolo Ephakeme, ebhekene nkinga yezombangazwe. Wanquma ukuthi ngesikhathi uMarringle ebekwe ukuba aqondiswe esabelweni sakhe, iNkantolo yendoda ngenxa yokuthi umthetho owanikeza amandla eNkantolo ka-Jciadiat (ukumiswa kwe-889) yayingekho ngokomthetho wokuqala wokuzinziswa umthetho wokuqala, wavuma ngenkathi yokuqala yenkanganiso yeNka yenhlu engcono enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu yezo.

Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo asizange sisungule ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ngomoya omncane. Kunalokho, saveza isimiso abasunguli abaningi ababesiphethe. uAlexander Hamilton, ku Fateralist No.[, wayephikise ngokuthi "izinkantolo zaziklanyelwe ukuba zibe yindikimba ephakathi phakathi kwabantu nendlu yomthetho, ukugcina ongezansi phakathi kwemingcele eyabelwe igunya labo." [[FLT]] Marbury wawenza lowombono ube yinto engokoqobo.

Imishini Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela: Indlela Izinkantolo Ezinquma Ngayo Ukuba Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela akuwona amandla azenzakalelayo; kubangelwa kuphela lapho "impikiswano" ilethwa ngokufanele phambi kwenkantolo. Iqembu kumelwe ukuba limile .ngoba liye lalimala kukhonkolo okungahlolwa emthetho noma esenzweni esiphikisiwe. Izinkantolo futhi zilandela izimiso zokulunga, njengokugwema imibono ephikisayo nokwenqaba ukuzwa izindaba ezivinjelwe noma ezingakavuthwa.

Uma sekuqaliswe inselele yomthetho-sisekelo, amajaji asebenzisa izilinganiso ezihlukene zokuhlola kuye ngokuthi ikuphi okuhilelekile.

  • Rational Basiss Review - Indinganiso ehloniphekayo kakhulu. Umthetho uzogcinwa uma unenjongo kahulumeni esemthethweni futhi izindlela zihlobene ngokunengqondo naleyonjongo. Lokhu kusebenza ezimisweni eziningi zezomnotho nasezinhlelweni ezingekho ze-'spected's'.
  • I-Scrutiny - Indinganiso enzima kakhulu esetshenziselwa ukuhlela ngokusekelwe ebulilini noma ekungangeni ngokomthetho. Umthetho kumelwe usebenzise isithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile futhi uhlobene kakhulu nalesosithakazelo.
  • Scrutiny Scrity - Indinganiso eqinile. Yasebenzisa lapho umthetho uthwele ilungelo eliyisisekelo (njengenkulumo, inkolo, noma ukuvota) noma ukukhetha okusekelwe ekwakhekeni okusolwayo (njengohlanga noma imvelaphi yesizwe). Uhulumeni kumelwe ubonise ukuthi umthetho uhloselwe ukufinyelela isithakazelo sombuso esiphoqelelayo.

Ukukhetha izinga lokuhlola ngokuvamile kunquma umphumela.

Indima Yezandulela Nefilosofi Yokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela akwenzeki endaweni engenalutho. Izinkantolo zincike kakhulu ezinqumweni zangaphambili ``imfundiso ye- iphikisa kakhulu ukuthi izinkantolo kufanele zithathe amagatsha akhethiwe futhi zishaye imithetho kuphela lapho ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho kucacile. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [ii] jucicial isho ukuthi izinkantolo kufanele zibophe isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ngisho noma kushiwo ukuthi umthetho awugunyazi. Zombili izinkulumo eziqhubekayo mayelana nendima efanelekile.

Okwenza Izindaba Zokwahlulela Zibukezwe: Ama - documenter, Amalungelo, Nokungawufanele Umthetho - sisekelo

Ukubaluleka kokubukeza kokwahlulela akunakuchazwa ngokweqile. Kusebenza njenge-linchpin yesimiso saseMelika semibuso ehlukene, iqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha(-legislated noma isikhulu) okunganqunywanga umthetho-sisekelo.

  • Isikhombo noMaphakathi: ukubukeza kokwahlulela kunikeza ijaji isilinganiso esinamandla sokumelana noMkhandlu noMongameli. Ngaphandle kwalo, isishaya-mthetho singadlulisa noma yimuphi umthetho othandayo, futhi umphathi angaphoqelela noma isiphi isimiso, ngaphandle kommeli ozimele ukuze abophe imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye:[ Isiqinisekiso samalungelo abantu kanye nokulungisa kamuva kuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo, kodwa lezozinsika azisho lutho uma izinkantolo zingayiphuli imithetho ewaphulayo. Ukuhlola kokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi amadlanzana nabalandeli bangabekela imithetho ecindezelayo inselele ekuthatheni uhlangothi.
  • I-Constigal Supremacy: Ngokumisa uMthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho ophakeme kakhulu, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuvimbela izifunda ekudeleleni iziqinisekiso zomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kahulumeni futhi kuqinisa indinganiso efanayo yamalungelo esizwe.
  • Ukunamathela nokuzimisela: Amandla okwahlulela asiza ekulondolozeni ukuqhubekeka komthetho-sisekelo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngisho nalapho umbono womphakathi ushintsha, izinkantolo zingasekela izimiso ezihlala njalo ezingase zizame ukulahla iningi lesikhashana.

Izisebenziso zophawu: Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuyasebenza

INkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States iye yahlola amacala amaningi angokomthetho, yalolonga umphakathi waseMelika ngezindlela ezijulile.ngezansi kunezinye zezibonelo ezivelele kakhulu, ngayinye ibonisa ubukhulu balemfundiso.

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954):[ INkantolo yangqubuzana imithetho kahulumeni elawula ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, iphethe ukuthi "ukuhlukanisa kodwa ulingane" akunandawo emfundweni yomphakathi. Lesinqumo sayilahla i-schemeeee ye- Pnency v. [1866]) futhi safaka i-966) futhi safaka i-gaz'umbutho wamalungelo omphakathi.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seSithandathu segunya lokululeka sisebenza ekukhipheni izigebengu ezimangalelwayo ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iqinisekisa ukumelelwa komthetho kwabamangalelwa abangemthetho.
  • ROE v. Icala laqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokuvikela isinqumo sowesifazane sokukhipha isisu, linqanda ukunqanda ukukhishwa kwesisu. Lesinqumo silokhu singenye yezinqubo zokuhlola ukucubungula okuphikisana kakhulu.
  • I-CITNN United v.FEC (2010): INkantolo yalahla imingcele engokomthetho yezindleko zezombangazwe zezinhlangano nezinyunyana, iphethe ukuthi imali esetshenziswayo ivikelwe ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lendaba iyaqhubeka ibangela ukuphikisana ngemali kwezombangazwe.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kweNkathi Emisiweyo neSivikelo esilinganayo sika Claus, okwenza umshado wobungqingili ube ngokomthetho ezweni lonke.

Lamacala abonisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungaba yithonya lokuthuthuka nokuphikisana, kuye ngombono womuntu. Isinqumo ngasinye sasifuna ukuba iNkantolo ichaze ulimi olubanzi loMthetho-sisekelo ngokomongo womphakathi wanamuhla.

Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano: Impikiswano Ngokuqondene Namandla Okwahlulela

Naphezu kwendima yayo eyamukelwayo, ukuhlaziya ukwahlulela kusalokhu kuyindaba yempikiswano enkulu.

  • I-Countermajoritarian Trankiny: ngoba amajaji kahulumeni amiswe ukuze aphile futhi awabi necala eliqondile kubavoti, abanye baphikisa ngokuthi abahluleli abangakhethwe akumelwe bakwazi ukugumbuqela imithetho edluliswa izishaya-mthetho ezikhethwe yidemokrasi. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "inkinga yobuzwe," igama eliqanjwe isazi esingokomthetho u-Aleksandre Bickel.
  • I-acticial judicial: Abaphikisi bathi ezinye izinkantolo zidlula ukuchazwa futhi ngokuyinhloko zenze umthetho ebhentshini, zifaka imithetho yomuntu siqu ngaphansi kokuchaza komthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kumangalelwa kuvame ukulahlwa ezindabeni ezishisayo ezihilela ukukhishwa kwezisu, amalungelo esibhamu, kanye nemali yomkhankaso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukubekwa kwecala ngokwezentengiselwano: Inqubo yokugunyaza nokuqinisekisa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaba yi-palveva, iholela abaningi ekubhekeni ukubukeza kokwahlulela njengenye yezindlela zokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zezombangazwe. Ukuthembela komphakathi ekungakhethi kweNkantolo kuye kwaphela eminyakeni yamuva.
  • Uhlelo olungenazinqumo: Abanye abagxeki baveza ukuthi ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuzuzisa izithakazelo ezinamandla kunezakhamuzi ezivamile. Amaqembu aneziqu zomthetho-mthetho angaziletha izivivinyo, kuyilapho ukuphula umthetho okuningi kungafiki enkantolo.

Abameleli bobuphengululi bokwahlulela baphendula ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo uyi-sehlo emthethweni weningi, nokuthi ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo kudinga isikhungo esimelene nomthetho-mthetho. Baqaphela ukuthi abasunguli bavikela ngamabomu abahluleli ekucindezeleni okuthandwayo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi kwenziwa izinqumo ezisekelwe enqubeni yezimiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izishaya-mthetho ngezinye izikhathi bangasabela ezinqumweni zokwahlulela ngokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo noma ngokukhipha imithetho emisha egcwalisa izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Ngalé Kwe - United States

Nakuba ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kwaqalwa e-United States, kuye kwaba yisenzakalo sembulunga yonke. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iye yamukela izinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo noma izinkantolo eziphakeme ezinemibuso efanayo, nakuba izinga nezinqubo zihluka kakhulu. EJalimane, iNkantolo ePhakemende Yomthetho-sisekelo ingashaya imithetho ngenxa yokwephula uMthetho oMsikelo. ENdiya, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula imfundiso "yomthetho", iphethe ukuthi ngisho nokulungisa okungokomthetho-mthetho we-EUNICTCS akunakuzibhubhisa izici eziyinhloko zoMthetho-sisekelo. Izimiso zezimiso zezomthetho zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ezinhlabeni zezomthetho ezingokwesiko ezihlukene nezomthetho yezombangazwe. Inqubo ye-Observertives i-stances yaseCanada ihlola inqubo yokwahlulela engokomthetho ehlukene nangokwezombangazwe.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kubhekene nokuhlolwa okusha njengoba ubuchwepheshe, ukwanda kwezombangazwe, noshintsho lwezenhlalo lukhula.

  • Izinkantolo ze-digalial Askive and Surveillance: kumele zinqume ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesine sisebenza kanjani emininingwaneni yezibalo, emakhalekhukhwini, nasezinhlelweni zikahulumeni zokuhlola. Amacala anjenge Riles v. California (2014 ne]] Carpeent v. United States[FLT:]) (2017) izinhlelo zokuhlola imfihlo zinwe kakhulu, kodwa ubuchwepheshe obusha bulokhu bubekela inselele amapulani akhona.
  • Inguquko ye-judicial Reformation Propocals:[ Abanye abezombangazwe baye basikisela ukwandisa iNkantolo Ephakeme, imingcele ebanzi, noma ukushintsha amandla ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuze kumelane nokungalingani kwemibono. Izinguquko ezinjalo zingaguqula kakhulu indlela ukubukeza kokwahlulela okwenzeka ngayo.
  • Federal vs. UMmandla Kahulumeni: Esimweni sezombangazwe esihlukahluka kakhulu, izingxabano phakathi kwegunya lombuso nohulumeni ziye zakhula. Ukubukeza ukwahlulela kufeza indima enkulu ekuchazeni imingcele kahulumeni, njengoba kubonakala ezimweni ezihilela ukufuduka, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nomthetho wendawo ezungezile.
  • Inkantolo ezihlanganisayo: icelwa ukuba iqaphele izimfuno ezintsha zomthetho-sisekelo, njengelungelo lesimo sezulu esizinzileyo, ilungelo lemfundo, noma amalungelo ezibalo ahlobene nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kumthetho-algorithm. Ukuthi ukubukezwa komthetho kuzobandisa yini ukuze kuvikelwe lezizithakazelo akukabuzwa.

Indima Ehlala Njalo Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuseyisisekelo sokubusa komthetho-mthetho e-United States. Kunika ikomiti yezomthetho amandla okumisa uMthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho ophakeme, ihlola kokubili ukumiswa kwemithetho nesikhulu ukuba kuphathwe kabi. Nakuba kungaphelelekanga, futhi ngokuvamile isikhungo sempikiswano yezombangazwe (imfundiso) siye sabonakala iqinile kakhulu ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka. Iye yazivumelanisa nokushintsha kwezikhathi, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha, ngaso sonke isikhathi ibuyela emqondweni oyinhloko wokuthi akukho mdlali ophethe uhulumeni ongaphezulu koMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuqonda ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela idemokrasi yaseMelika esebenza ngayo. Akuyona nje indlela engokomthetho; kuyisibonakaliso sokuzinikela kwesizwe ekubuseni umthetho nesivikelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Njengoba izwe lihlola izinselele zesikhathi esizayo, amandla okwahlulela ayaqhubeka ehlela ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uhlala uyincwadi ephilayo ekwazi ukuqondisa umphakathi ohlala ukhona.

[[FLT: 0] Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngomlando wokuhlola kokwahlulela, bheka [[FLT: 1] Marbury v. Madison e-Oyez no- Article III yeSivumelwano somthetho-sisekelo eSikhungweni somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo sezwe [[[[FLT:]]. Ukuze uthole umbono olinganayo, hlola [[[FLT:]] lendlela yokuhlaziya impindayo yembulunga yonke [. Imithombo eyengeziwe ihlanganisa [[FLT:][12] izinkantolo zomthetho zomthetho ze-Umthetho][FLT][FL:8] ne-[FLT]