Imikhuba Yakuqala Yezombangazwe: Inkathi Yezinkathi Nemihlangano

Ngaphambi kokuvela kokhetho oluyinhloko, amaqembu ezombangazwe aseMelika ayethembele esimisweni esihloniphekile nesingasho lutho se-caucuuses nemihlangano ukuze akhethe abazohlolwa. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, abaholi beqembu nabaphathi beqembu bakhethwa − abaziwayo ngokuthi “ukushaya i-caucuuses” .Indlela yokubutha izishaya umthetho zikahulumeni noma amagumbi okusekela ama-piccomine. Lesimiso sanikeza ithonya eligunyaziwe emaqenjini, abaxhasi abacebile, nakwabaphulisi besifunda, kuyilapho abavoti abavamile babengenakho okusho lutho. Indlela ye-caucus yagxekwa ngenxa yokukhuthaza inkohlakalo, i-crinyism, nokungabikho kokuvela ngaphandle kokukhanya, njengoba izinqumo zazivalwa ngaphandle kokulandisa komphakathi.

Ngawo-1820 nangawo-1830, ukukhula kwamaqembu amakhulu ezombangazwe nokunyuswa kwemvume kwandisa inqubo yokukhetha, kodwa inqubo yokukhetha yahlala iqinile ezandleni zabakhethiweyo. Imihlangano yezizwe eyavela ekuqaleni ngawo-1830 yayiklanyelwe ukunweba ukuhlanganyela, kodwa ngokushesha yabuswa abaphathi beqembu ababelawula izikhungo zokuphathiswa izigebengu nokuthengwa. Ngenxa yalokho, isakhamuzi esivamile sazizwa sihlukanisiwe kakhulu nenqubo yezombangazwe, ifuna inguquko.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nokuvela Kokukhethwa Okuyinhloko

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20 kwafika izinguquko ezinkulu zezenhlalo nezezombangazwe njengoba inhlangano eqhubekayo yayifuna ukunqanda amandla emibuso eyodwa nemishini yezombangazwe eyonakele. Abashisekeli baphikisa ngokuthi izipringi eziqondile zazizophula umbuso weqembu futhi zinikeze abavoti izwi elibalulekile lokukhethwa kweqembu. Lomthetho wokuqala wezwe wabekwa [ku-] uWiscon ngo-103 [[FLT], ulwelwe nguMbusi uRobert M. La Follette, umbangowo ophambili. Lomthetho wesifunda wezwe wafuna amaqembu afuna ukuba akhethele unyulo oluyinhloko, okusho ukuthi umwini ube yimpoqo yeqembu. Amanye amazwe alandela ngokushesha: inqubo eyinhloko esetshenziswayo ngo-1904, futhi ngo-191717179, ngaphezu kwengxenye yesilinganiso sezifunda zezinye izifunda.

Lezi zindawo zakuqala zazingaboshelwanga noma zingagunyazi, kodwa zazisungula isimiso sokuthi abavoti − hhayi nje abakhethiweyo baseqenjini − kufanele banqume abameleli. Umzabalazo oyinhloko wathola ijubane phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka okuqala ekhulu lama-20, nemithetho ehlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe. Ezinye izifunda zathatha izipringi ezivulekile, zivumela noma yimuphi umvoti obhaliwe ukuba ahlanganyele kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungophi umbutho, kuyilapho ezinye zikhetha ukuba amaqembu alinganiselwe. I-Refectionration yamisa isisekelo sesimiso sanamuhla esiyinhloko, kodwa ithatha amashumi ambalwa eminyaka ukuze ibe indlela evelele yokungangeni.

UWisconsin Umbango Wango - 1903: Uphawu Oluvelele Lwezwe

IWisconsin eyinhloko ka-1903 yayingeyokuqala nje kuphela kodwa futhi yayiyisibonelo senguquko. Ngaphansi kobuholi be-La Follette, isishaya-mthetho samisa umthetho ofuna amaqembu ukuba akhethe abameleli bawo ngokuvota okuqondile kunokuba kube umhlangano. Umthetho wawusebenza kuwo wonke amazwe namahhovisi endawo, nakuba abameleli beSigeqe sase-U.S. babengafakwanga kwaze kwaba ngemva kweSiphendulo se-17. Isimiso se-Wisconsin sabonisa ukuthi amaPrimenti aqondise anganciphisa ithonya lemishini yeqembu futhi andise ukuvota. Phakathi neshumi leminyaka, cishe wonke amazwe aseMidwest neNtshona ayemukele uhlobo oluthile oluqondile, nakuba amazwe aseningizimu ayenqaba, akhetha iqembu laba bangeni-Afrika elalingahlangani.

Ukushintsha Kwaphakathi Kwekhulu Le-20: Ukwanda Kwezintsha - mbumbulu Zokuxhumanisa

Ngawo-1920 nango-1930, izigebengu zazivamile kodwa zingakabikho emhlabeni wonke. Izifunda eziningi zaqhubeka zisebenzisa imihlangano noma izimiso ezixubile, ikakhulukazi ukumiswa kwamaprofesɛrɛ. Umongameli wandisa inqubo yasala ingosi yomhlangano, nezihambeli ezazikhethwe amakomiti esifundazwe. Nokho, phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka kwaba noshintsho oluqhubekayo njengoba amazwe amaningi athola izikhundla zobumongameli ezibopha umongameli. Ngo-1959 no-1960 aqokomisa ukubaluleka okukhulayo kwezindawo zokusungula: abameleli abafana noDwight Eisenhower noJohn F. Kennedy basebenzisa ukunqoba okukhulu ukuze babonise ukusekela nokucindezela okuthandwayo.

IMcGovern-Fraser Commission Nezinguquko Zango - 1972

Ushintsho oluphawulekayo lwenzeka ngemva kweSivumelwano seDemocratic National Convention ka 1968, lapho ababhikishi abamelene nempi bephikisana khona neqembu lababambeli kanye nonomnee bakhethwa ngaphandle kwevoti eyodwa eyinhloko. Ekuphenduleni, i-Democratic Party yamisa i-[FL:0]McGovern-Fraser Commission [[[FL:1], eyakhipha iziqondiso ezifuna ukuba kuqikelelwe ukuthi izinqubo zokukhetha okuphathisiweyo zivuleke, zikhanyane, futhi zimele. Inguquko ye-Démocraticspital yamisa ngempumelelo yonke izifunda ezivumela ukuhlanganyela ezinhlangothini, futhi ifuna ukuba izihambeli zinikezwe ngokwesilinganiso esisekelwe emiphumeleni eyinhloko. Lezi zinguquko ezishicishiciswe kakhulu: 1968, 15 kuphela, izimo ze-democritivesting; i-197777, izinombolo ezilandelane zeRiphabliki ezifana nezingu, nakuba zilandelane, izinguquko ze-19.

I-McGovern-Fraser Commission yandisa futhi indima yabesifazane, amadlanzana, nentsha njengezihambeli, yakhuthaza izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu phakathi kweqembu. Izinguquko zaguqula inqubo yokufakwa kwemijovo kodwa futhi zaba nemiphumela engalindelekile: zabhebhethekisa ukuthambekela emikhankasweni eyinhloko, zandisa ithonya lamazwe aqalayo njenge-Iowa ne-New Hampshire, futhi zanezela ekunyukeni kwabathandi abakwazi ukubopha izimpande zotshani.

Isimiso Esiyinhloko Sanamuhla: Izakhiwo Nezinguquko

Namuhla, wonke umbuso usebenzisa i-caucus eyinhloko noma e-coucus ukukhetha izihambeli zemihlangano yezwe. Nokho, izindlela ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, zidala imithetho embaxambili engadida abavoti nabavoti ngokufanayo. Izinhlobo ezivamile zeprimetic zihlanganisa izimiso ezivulekile, ezivalekile, nezivalekile kancane, ngayinye enemiphumela ehlukene yokuhlanganyela nokuhlangana kweqembu.

Izinhlobo Zezikweletu

  • Ovula izigebengu: Noma yimuphi umvoti obhalisiwe angahlanganyela kunoma yimuphi umkhakha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowaliphi iqembu. Abaxhasi baphikisa lokhu ngokunyusela ukhetho lomvoti futhi bakhuthaza ukuvota, kuyilapho abagxeki bekhathazeka ngokuthi kuvumela ukuhlasela kweqembu elithile ngokukhetha okungokomthetho kweqembu elithile ukuba lithonye iqembu elifuna ukuthonya i-nomone elingcono kakhulu.
  • I-Primediedis ezivalekile: Abavoti kuphela ababhaliswe neqembu abangavota eqenjini eliyinhloko. Lokhu kulondoloza ubuqotho futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bakhetha kuphela abavoti abazimele nabangaboshelwanga, abahlanganisa ingxenye ekhulayo yokhetho.
  • Semi-Valed Prime: amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kanye nabavoti abangabhaliswanga bangahlanganyela, kodwa amalungu abanye awanakuhlanganyela. Lokhu kulinganisela ngokuvumela izwi likhulu ngokulivumela ukuba linqamule emaqenjini aphikisanayo.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo, ezinye izifunda zisebenzisa phezulu-kabili , lapho bonke abavoti abavela kuzo zonke izigaba bevela khona ebhodini elilodwa, futhi abakhiqizi ababili abaphezulu beqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlangene nabaphi. IWashington neCalifornia baye bamukela lesibonelo, eklanyelwe ukunciphisa i-parication ngokuphoqelela abazokufaka ngaphandle kwesisekelo sabo. Nokho, ukuhlola kubonisa imiphumela ehlukene: abaholi abaphezulu-2 bangaba nobukhulu kodwa futhi bangaba sengozini yokuvala amazwi esigaba sesithathu somphakathi nokunciphisa ukhetho lwezivoti.

Ithonya Ekuhlanganyeleni Kwezimpahla Neqembu

Ukwanda kokhetho oluyinhloko kunyuswe ngokuqamba amavoti. Ezizweni ngokuncintisana kweziqu zamaqembu, ukuvota kungalingana namazinga okhetho oluvamile, futhi abavoti bathambekele kakhulu ekuzizweni bengabanesabelo phezu komnyunyana. Amaprotheni ka-208 naka-2016 abona ukuthatha iqhaza, kuqhutshwa abavoti abaphezulu kanye nezisusa zotshani eziphezulu. Futhi abaxhasi baqinisa izikhundla nenzalo, abakwazi ukuhlomisa izikhundla eziqondile eziqondile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimiso esiyinhloko siye saba nesandla ekuhlazisweni kweqembu. Ngenxa yokuthi abavoti abayinhloko bavame ukuthatha izikhundla ezinkulu kakhulu kunabavoti abashiciweyo nababoshe kakhulu. [1] Futhi ngokuvamile bamukela izikhundla eziphambili zokuwina, futhi balwa kakhulu ekunqobeni, bese bezama ukusekela ezinhlanganweni ezinhlangothini eziyinhloko.

Ukwanda kwamafasiteli ePhakathini leDemocratic `Iqembu' elingaqondisi abaholi beqembu' nababenyuliwe abakhululwe ukuba basekele noma imuphi umbhanqwana − ofakwe omunye ungqimba lobunkimbinkimbi. Amapetroli akhiwa ngemva kokhetho lwango 1980 ukuze anikeze abafaki i-inquisi yemibhoshongo yotshani, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi inqubo yentando yeningi. Impi ya 2016 phakathi kuka-Cinton noBern Sandie yaqokomisa lokhu kuqina, i-Didemocratic Party ihost directure fest gensy ngemiphumela ephambili ye-2020.

Ukulayishwa Kwangaphambili Nempikiswano Yekhalenda

Enye inselele yanamuhla ikhalenda lokuhlanganisa nokuthatha izithombo. Amazwe avame ukuncintisana ukuze aqhube imincintiswano yakuqala − Iowa neNew Hampshire isilinganiso sokuqala esiphakathi kwezizwe iminyaka engamashumi amaningi, inikeza ithonya elingalinganiyo. Lokhu “ukubekwa phambili” kucindezela inkathi yokuncintisana, okuphoqelela ukuba abafuna ukuchitha imali ezindaweni zakudala kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile bakhiqize izikhawu eziphambili ngaphambi kokuba amazwe akhululeke. I-Didemocratic Party iye yazama ukulungisa ikhalenda, kuhlanganise nezinguquko ezingu-2020 eziye zashintsha kakhulu amazwe afana ne-South Carolina ne-Nevada, kodwa ukulwa esikhundleni, kodwa kuqhubeke. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso samanje sinikeza amandla ama-vhova, lapho amazwe amancane ephuma kamuva.

Izinselele Nokugxeka: Ukucwasana, Ukucindezelwa Kwezincwadi, Nezinkulumo - mpikiswano Zenguquko

Naphezu kwesithembiso sayo sentando yeningi, isimiso esiyinhloko sibhekene nokugxeka okukhulu. Ukucindezelwa kwevoter kulokhu kuyimpikiswano ephikelelayo, enemithetho efuna i-ID yovota, ilinganisela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, noma ukukhipha imiqulu evota ngokushesha ethinta idlanzana nabavoti abaphansi. Lemingcele ingacindezela ukunqanda okukhulu, ikakhulukazi ezizweni ezinemithetho evimbelayo. Gerrydering[ futhi ijingisa imiphumela eyinhloko ngokudala izindawo eziphephile lapho ukhetho oluyinhloko luyivotayo kuphela. Ikhuthaza ukuba abantu bashende emithethweni engaphezulu.

Isabelo-inxenye ye-win-all i-winner-taver [i-flut:1] esisetshenziswa yizigebengu eziningi zeRepublican primriting zingahlanganisa ngokushesha ukusekela ngemva kwe-runner engaphambili, kuyilapho imithetho yeDemocratic idinga ukuhlelwa ngokwesilinganiso, okunwebela imidlalo yokuncintisana. Zombili izimiso zinezisekeli zazo, kodwa abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ukuphumelela-yodwa kungacindezela amazwi amancane phakathi kweqembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithonya [[FLT:]] izimali kwezombangazwe ziyimali engcono ezindaweni eziqalayo, lapho iPCuss ingachitha khona izibalo ezingenamkhawulo ngenxa ye-mgomo noma ngokumelene nabathathiwe. [FLT][FLD]][FFF5]] Isinqumo esiyinhloko sezentembe, ivumela lesimo esiyinhloko sesivumelwano esiyinhloko.

Okunye ukugxeka kuwukuthi abaqalisi bangavuza abazofunda izikhulu abakwaziyo umkhankaso ophambene nomsindo wezindaba zekhefu nezokuxhumana, kunokuba bafake izikhangiso zezindaba ezisemthethweni noma zokukhanga okukhulu. Amaprotheni angu - 2022 abona abameleli abaningana besekelwa owayenguMongameli uDonald Trump ekubalweni kwemincintiswano kodwa bahlulwe okhethweni, bephakamisa imibuzo ngendima yesimiso esiyinhloko ekukhetheni.

Izinguquko Zamuva Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ekusabeleni kulokhu kushiyeka, kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko eziningi futhi kwezinye izimo, kwasetshenziswa. Ukuvota okuceliwe [RCV] [i-RCV] ithole isilinganiso njengendlela yokunciphisa umkhankaso ophambene, iqinisekisa ukusekela okuningi, futhi ivimbele imiphumela elimazayo. IMaine yaba yizwe lokuqala ukusebenzisa i-RCV kumaPriprictrial a 2020, kanti i-Alaska yamukela i-osemqoka yesine ehlangene ne-RCV ngokhetho lwayo oluvamile. Abaxhasi bakholelwa ukuthi i-RCV bakhuthaza abathathi abathathi abathathiwe ukuba bakhe imifela phambili futhi bavinye izicelo eziphazamisayo. Nokho, ukusungula kungaba okubizayo futhi kudidayo.

ivoti ethandwayo ephakathi kwezwe ingezinye izinguquko ezihloselwe ukunyusela ukuvota, nakuba igxila okhethweni oluvamile kunokuba ingabi yizipringi. Ngokwalokho okushiwo ngokuqondile, iziphakamiso zihlanganisa ikhalenda eliyinhloko [ ikhalenda enezifunda zakuqala ezijikelezayo ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwesifunda nokwanda. IDemocratic National Committee yamukela icebo elinjalo lokuthatha i-2024, i-South Carolinay isusa i-Iowao ne-Newpal ne-New Pampshire, nakuba insel esemthethweni ne-ognostic.

Ezinye izigodi ziye zazama ukuthatha wonke ama-mail' noma ukuvota kwakuqala okukhuliswe ukuze kukhuliswe ukuvuselelwa. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, amazwe amaningi ashintshelwa ekuvoteleni ngeposi e-primprary, futhi ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi ukukhushulelwa kokungangeni hlangothi okukhushuliwe ngaphandle kokuhlehla. Abanye baye basikisela [[FLT:] ukubhalisa okuzenzakalelayo [[[[FLT]]

Isimiso esiyinhloko phezulu-mbili eCalifornia nase Washington siye sadonsa kokubili ukudumisa nokugxeka. Nakuba siye saveza abazobhapathizwa abalinganisela ngokwengeziwe kwezinye izinhlanga, kuye kwaholela futhi kukhetho oluvamile nabavoti ababili abavela eqenjini elifanayo, abangadida futhi banciphise ukulandisa. Okwamanje, umnyakazo [ ovulekile wesiqala [ uyaqhubeka ukhula, ngeziphakamiso eziningana ezicabangela izinyathelo zokukhetha amabhola ukuze uvumele abavoti abangekho abangeni ukuba bahlanganyele kunoma yisiphi isici esiyinhloko.

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okuqhubekayo Kwenhlangano Yentando Yeningi

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokhetho oluyinhloko e-United States kubonisa ukulwa okuthatha amakhulu eminyaka ukulwa nokulawula okuphakeme nesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi. Kusukela emakamelweni agcwele intuthu emihlangano yesigodi kuya emincintiswaneni ehlukene nenesiyaluyalu namuhla, isimiso siye sashintsha ngokuningi kodwa futhi saba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Inguquko ye-McGovern-Fraser yeminyaka ka-1970 yayiwumzuzwana osushisiwe, kodwa abazange baxazulule ukuphikisana phakathi komfanekiso nonyuswano, phakathi kweqembu nobumsulwa bemibono ehlukene. Njengoba i-voratetate ikhula ngokuhlukahlukahlukahlukana nokuzimela, futhi njengoba ubuchwepheshe bemikhankani i-mzansi iyaqhubeka ikhona. Izinguquko ezifana nokuvota okunga, ikhalenda, nokungena phambili, kodwa zidinga ukumiswa kwezindlela eziphambili, kodwa zidinga ukumiswa kwezombangazwe komlando wobuningi.