Isisekelo Sakuqala Sokusekela Amalungelo

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. bagwema ngamabomu ukumisa ilungelo lesizwe lokuvota, beshiya izimfanelo zokuvota kumazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, eminyakeni yakudala yerepublic, i-uffgence cishe yayilinganiselwe embulungeni yonke. Amazwe afana neNew York, iMassachusetts, neVirginia ayefuna ukuba abavoti babe nezwe elibalulekile noma bakhokhe isilinganiso esithile sentela, ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kwenani elikhulu labantu abavoti. Isimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo sango 1787 senza, kodwa, i-ke, imisa ukuthi amalungu eNdlundlwane yabamele ukukhethwa “ngabantu baseZweni elimbalwa,” nokuthi izimfuneko zokuvota ohlwini lukahulumeni ziyoba yileso esifunwa yilabo abavota abavota ezindlweni eziphansi zesifunda isifundazwe, futhi izakhiwo eziwumphumela wokwehlukana kwezindawo eziphakathi kwesifundazwe.

Ukungezwani kwemibono phakathi kobuhle berepublic kanye nokufakwa kwentando yeningi okuye kwabangela izimpikiswano zokuqala. Abasunguli abaningi babesaba ukuthi ukunwetshwa kwesimiso sokubusa kwamacala ezihlubuki kuholela ekubuseni kweqembu, kuyilapho abanye, njengoThomas Jefferson, baphikisa ukuthi ukuthatha iqhaza kwakubalulekile kakhulu eriphabliki enempilo. Ukugqugquzelwa kokuvota okwengeziwe kwaqala ngobuqotho kuma-1820 nakuma-1830, njengoba ukwanda kwentando yeningi yentando yeningi yaseJackson kwakushukumisela ukulahla izimfuneko zempahla. Ngawo-1850, cishe wonke amadoda amhlophe ayekwazi ukuvota, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ipulaneti yawo i-yo. Nokho ukukhishwa kwabesifazane, ama-Afrika, amaMelika namaMelika ama-20 naseMelika kwahlala kungakhalwangatshazwanga lutho enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu yenkulumo yezombangazwe.

ISichibiyelo Se - 14 Nokushintsha Komthetho - sisekelo

IMpi yomphakathi yabuguqula ngokuyisisekelo ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni namalungelo okuvota. ISichibiyelo se 14, esagunyazwa ngo-1868, sanikeza bonke abantu abazelwe noma abadaliweyo e-United States, hlanganise nabantu ababeyizigqila ngaphambili (nesizwe) nesiqinisekiso sokuvikelwa okufanayo ngaphansi kwemithetho. Nakuba ukunqatshelwa kwempi kungalinikanga ilungelo ngokuqondile lokuvota, saveza isigqebheko esinzima: noma yimuphi umbuso owenqaba ukuvota izakhamuzi zabesilisa ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili nanye wawungathola isiqinisekiso sawo eSishayamthetho. Lesi lungiselelo (i-symfa 2) sasiyisiqinisekiso sokuqala esicacile sokuthi ukuvota kwakuyindaba yesizwe, nakuba kwakungagunyaziwe.

ISichibiyelo se-14 samisa futhi isisekelo sokubekwa kwecala lokuvota esikhathini esizayo ngokumisa ukuthi amalungelo noma ukugonyelwa kwezakhamuzi kwakuhlanganisa isivikelo esithile esiyisisekelo. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yachaza kancane kancane ukuncishiswa kwamandla kahulumeni ekunciphiseni ukukwazi ukuvota, nakuba ukugcinwa okugcwele kwalinde kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20. Ifa le-andement alicacile: nakuba yathembisa ukulingana, futhi yagcina abesifazane (* namaMelika Omdadawomda) ngaphandle kwesivikelo sayo. Noma kunjalo, yadala indawo ephansi yomthetho-sisekelo eyakhiwe kamuva, imithetho, nezinqumo zenkantolo.

ISichibiyelo Se - 15: Isithembiso Nokukhaphela

Ngo-1870, iSichibiyelo se-15 savimbela ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni ukuba banqande isakhamuzi ilungelo lokuvota ngesisekelo “sohlanga, umbala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila.” Kwakuwukufezwa okuphawulekayo kwe-consola, okwakuhloselwe ukuvikela amadoda aseAfrika aseMelika. Eminyakeni elandela ngokushesha ukudukiswa, abantu abaNsundu bakhetha amakhulu ezikhulu zaseMelika eNingizimu, bekhetha amakhulu ezikhulu zaseMelika endaweni, ezwe, nasemahhovisi ombuso. Nokho, isithembiso sasiyisikhashana. Njengoba amabutho ombuso ayehlehla elandela ukuhoxa kuka-18777. Amazwe aseNingizimu ayethathelanembulwa phambili amandla ezombangazwe aseMelika.

Kusukela ngawo-1890, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zamisa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokukhokha izintela zezesigebengu . "umthetho, ukuhlolwa komthetho wokukhokha, ukuhlolwa kwamagama, nokwezikhotho zomthetho, [1] lezo ezahlula cishe bonke abamnyama abavoti endaweni. Ubudlova nokwesabisa, kuhlanganise ne-lynchings kanye ne Ku Klux Klan uvalo, zaqinisa lemingcele engokomthetho. iNkanto ephakeme, enjenge Prevespect.[FLD] [186] [186] [186] nelungelo lokuhamba kwe-Salthi.[FLT].[v:] [FLT] [5] [5] [8] [8], isekela imingcele ye-oklixtivelms, futhi i-oventixtive, i-15] yemithetho. Yayisusa ka-Genegalelo (istlkstlk) yamashumi amashumi eminyaka [intshisiwe ka-

Impicabadala Yabesifazane: ISichibiyelo Se - 19

Ukulwela amalungelo abesifazane okuvota kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengamashumi ayisikhombisa, kusukela eSivumelwaneni seNgqungquthela saseSeneca ngo-1848 kuya ekuhlolweni kweSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 ngo-1920. Izincwadi zakuqala njenge-Elizabeth Cady Stanton ne-Susan B.UAnthony zaphikisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo se 14 ne-15, ngokukhuluma ngokucacile ukuthi “abesifazane,” badala imfanelo engokomthetho yokuvota. Icebo labo lashintshwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kusukela ekuphoqeleni uhulumeni ukuba ulwele isifundazwe ngemibhiyo. Ngonyaka ka-19669, izikhulu zika-11 (11) zazinikeza abesifazane amalungelo okuvota okusemthethweni. Wyoming, njengendawo, babenethuba lokuvota abesifazane abasuselwa phambili kusukela ngo-1969.9.

Inhlangano yesizwe yaqina phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, njengoba igalelo labesifazane emzamweni wempi kanye nokusekela komphakathi okhulayo lashukumisela uMongameli Woodrow Wilson ukuba avumele ukumiswa kwempi. ISichibiyelo se 19 sadlula uMkhandlu ngo-1919 futhi sagunyazwa ngo-1920, simemezela ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota “angeke linqatshwe noma livinjelwe i-United States noma yimuphi uHulumeni ngenxa yempi.” Nakuba lesi simo sasingavumelani. Abesifazane namadoda, amaMelika ase-Asia, nabesifazane abaningi abamnyama eNingizimu baqhubeka beyisusa ngokuphumelelayo imithetho yobugebengu. ISichili se 19 sasiyisinyathelo esinzima, kodwa sasisebenza esimisweni esinemishoshoshoshoshoshosho ehlanga nezinhlanga.

I - Communi Rights Act ka - 1965, I - Community Rights Act of the Contact

Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yonyaka ka-1950 no-1960 yenza amalungelo okuvota agxila kakhulu, ikakhulukazi e-Deep South, lapho kwaqhubeka khona ukudilizwa okuhleliwe. UMthetho we-1944 Womthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi, ngesikhathi ngokuyinhloko uhlasela ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo zomphakathi nemisebenzi, wawuhlanganisa iSihloko I, esasibhala izimfuneko zokuvota zabavotisi zomthetho futhi samisa izindinganiso ezifanayo zokubhalisa ukubhalisa. Nokho, umthetho oshintsha kakhulu wafika ngonyaka olandelayo. Umthetho we-Voting Rights Act ka-65, wasayinwa emthethweni nguMongameli uLydon B. Johnson, wahlasela ngokuqondile amathuluzi okususa imvume yokubhalisa umbhali womthetho wokuvota, wagunyaza ngomlando wokucwa kobandlululo, futhi wadinga ukumiswa kwemvume kazwe “ngomthetho ka-19656" ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe imithetho yokuvota.[3]

Isenzo saba nemiphumela esheshayo nephawulekayo. Phakathi nonyaka, ukubhalisa okumnyama eMississippi kwanyuka kusukela ngaphansi kwe 7% kuya ku-60%. INkantolo Ephakeme, e eSouth Carolina v. Katzenbach[[FL:1], yasekela ukuvikelwa komthetho-sisekelo wendlela yokuvota. Kamuva ukubuyiselwa eVoling Rights Act kwanwetshwa ku-19755) futhi yanezela izivikelo ezimelene nokuvota ngohlobo lwe-gerrymanning. Isenzo savunyelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartis, muva nje ngo- 2006. Umthetho wesimende wabhekana nokuvinjelwa okukhulu [ku-2013], lapho iNkadebengo ePhakakhulu ku-[FL:]

ISichibiyelo Sama - 24 Nesama - 26

Izinguquko ezimbili ezingeziwe zomthetho-mthetho zandisa inqubo yokulungisa i-francise phakathi kwekhulu lama-20. ISichibiyelo sama-24, esagunyazwa ngo-1964, sanqabela ukusetshenziswa kwentela yokuvota kuhulumeni. Intela yokuvota yayiyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokususa amaBlack ampofu novota abamhlophe eNingizimu kusukela ekupheleni konyaka ka-1800. Ukulungisa kwavala enye yezindlela ezihloniphekile ekungeneni ekuvotelweni, nakuba amanye amazwe ayeqhubeka esebenzisa intela yokuvota kuhulumeni wokhetho kuze kube yiNkantolo Ephakeme, [FLT] Harper v. Virginia Board of EFlct:1] [196], yazisholo ukuthi ayikhokhiswanga ngaphansi kwe-Exvidetic Claus.

ISichibiyelo se-26, esagunyazwa ngo-1971, sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18. Sahoxa ukudlula kwayo ngenxa yeMpi yaseVietnam − impikiswano yokuthi indala ngokwanele ukuba ilwe, ikhule ngokwanele ukuba ivote ngokunamandla. Inguquko yayiyinto eshesha kakhulu ukuba ivunyelwe emlandweni wase-U.S., ithatha izinsuku eziyikhulu kuphela. Yanezela izigidi zentsha yaseMelika ekukhetheni futhi ihlala iyingxenye eyinhloko yezwe lokuvota lesimanje. Nakuba intsha ivota iphendulile ngokomlando ilandela izinhlangano ezindala, ukuba khona kwe-andendment iye yakhuthaza ukubhalisa imfundo yezezembubhiyo ne-compast.

Ekupheleni Kwekhulu Lama - 20: Ukwanda Kwemithetho Ye - Voter Id Nezithiyo Ezintsha

Naphezu kwempumelelo yawo-1960 nawo 1970, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 nasekuqaleni kwelama-21 kwavela imingcele entsha yokuvota, ngokuvamile evunywa ngesidingo sokulwa nokukhwabanisa kwevoti. Izindaba zokukhwabanisa abavoti, nakuba ziboniswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ziyivelakancane kukhetho lukahulumeni, ziye zafaka imithetho kahulumeni efuna ukumiswa kwemithetho ethile yokuvota. Ukuqala ngomthetho we-ID eqinile yase-Indiana ngo-2005, amaqembu angenakho kunakho ukukhokhwanywa kwemithetho ethile yevoti. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho enjalo ivikela ubuqotho bokukhetha, kuyilapho abagxeki beveza ubufakazi bokuthi ithinta ngokuphawulekayo abantu abambalwa, abaphansi, nabakhulile abafuna ukuvota, futhi cishe abambalwa abakwazi ukuthatha izimpawu ze-ID.

[Frawford v. Marion County Evotion Board (2008]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela umthetho ka-Indiana, ibusa ukuthi isithakazelo sikahulumeni sokuvimbela ukuphamba singaphezu komthwalo kubavoti. Izimpi ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka zilungisa indawo. Okwamanje, i-Garliatic germerder /irder" i-Foffrectoral jovs ukuze isekele iqembu elilodwa (*), ifaka inselele kakhulu enkantolo, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme phakathi kokhetho . Impi evamile [2010]) isho ukuthi impikiswano yezombangazwe ikhona ngaphandle kokufinyelela izinkantolo. Lezi zenzakalo ziqokomisa ukuvikelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esizayo: Ukutholakala, Ukulondeka, Nokulingana

Kulelikhulu lama-21, impikiswano ephathelene namalungelo okuvota iye yanda yahlanganisa izimpikiswano eziningi. Imvume yokuhlola izindawo ayikadilingani, eminye imiphakathi ibhekene nemigqa emide namahora alinganiselwe. Ukuvalwa kwezindawo zokuhlola ezikhona ngokungenamholo omningi kanye nezindawo ezincane ezikuyo, okuye kwabangela ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zokusika i-Quiontion Act. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunyuka kokuvota nokuthumela iposi, okusheshayo ngenxa yesifo se-COVIID-19, kuye kwasusa ukuphikisana okungalawulekiyo, kodwa futhi kwabangela ukuba kube nempikiswano emishayo emishayo ehambisana nemithetho ehambisana nezimfuneko ezihambisanayo.

Imithetho edidayo e-Felfenfrancy, evimbela izigidi zaseMelika ezinezinkolelo zobugebengu ekuvoteni, iye yahlolwa kakhulu. Lemithetho, esekelwe enkathini yangemva kokuhlelwa kweReconstruction futhi ethinta ngokungenakuqhathaniswa imiphakathi yabaNsundu, manje iyisihloko semizamo yokuguqula isilinganiso sikahulumeni. Kusukela ngo-2024, amaMelika ayizigidi ezingu-4,6 aphucwa ngenxa yokukholelwa kwecala elibi, nakuba amazwe amaningana (89 Florida) ngo-2018 esebenzisa iSichibiyelo sobungako sokwenza inguquko kubantu ngabanye ngaphambili. Impi yokubuyisela amalungelo okuvota iyaqhubeka, kanye nezenzo zokulungisa indawo yezwe ngezwe.

Ubuchwepheshe, Ukukhetha Inkululeko, Nendlela Ephambili

Ubuchwepheshe buye basungula amathuba nezinselele zokuvota. Imishini yokuvota, ukuvota nge-electronic, nokuthola iposi ephepheni, kunamandla okwandisa ukutholakala nokuphumelela. Nokho, ukukhathazeka ngokungakhuliswa kwe-inthanethi, ukuhlatshwa kwemithetho, nokungagunyazwa kuye kwakhula. Ukhetho lwango 2016 no-2020 lwahlola kakhulu ubuchwepheshe bokuvota nokuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe, kushukumisela uMkhandlu ukuba wabe imali yokuhlela ukukhuliswa kokhetho. Kodwa ukuncitshiswa kwezindawo kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ukufinyelela ukuvumelana kwezindinganiso ze-covota kanye nezokulungisa.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuphoqelelwa kokubhaliswa kwevoti okuzenzekelayo (AVR) kuye kwathola imvume eqenjini likahulumeni. Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2025, ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasebenzisa i-AVR, ebhalisa izakhamuzi ezifanelekele ngokuzenzekelayo lapho zisebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni njengoMnyango we-Morr Vehicles. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi i-AVR yandisa kakhulu ukubhaliswa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabasebasha nabavoti abambalwa. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinjalo zenza isimiso sokubhalisa samanje futhi zinciphisa imingcele, kuyilapho abamelene nokukhathazeka ngamaphutha angenzeka kanye nokuncishiswa komthwalo wemfanelo womuntu ngamunye enqubwebweni.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo Abantu Namuhla

Ukunikezwa amalungelo kuseyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, nokho kuyaphikiswa njalo. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ngochungechunge lwezinguquko nezincazelo zokwahlulela, kuye kwandisa kancane kancane i-vcotorte(* kodwa lokho kwanda akukaze kube yindawo ebushelelezi noma ephelele. Namuhla, ukufinyelela i-bollat kuxhomeke kakhulu esimweni lapho umuntu ephila khona, ukutholakala kwezincwadi zokuhlukanisa, ukucaca kwezimiso zokubhalisa, nokungabikho kwemicisho yemiyalulo. Brenan Center yeJastial ilandela lemibuzo, hhayi ukuthi phakathi kuka-201 no-2024, okungenani imithetho yokuvota, njengoba eminye imithetho yokuvota ikhona.

Imfundo ye-Civic inendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota. Ukuhlola okwenziwa [ngu-2023] yi-Pew Research Center kwathola ukuthi cishe oyedwa kwabavoti abahlanu ofanelekayo wayengaqiniseki ngezimfuneko eziyisisekelo zokubhalisa esizweni sakhe. Leligebe lolwazi lingavimbela ukuphendulwa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti bokuqala kanye nalabo abavela emiphakathini ehlukene ngokwezimo zezwe. izinhlangano ze-Nonpartisan, amathala, nezikole ezinikeza ukwaziswa okuqondile ngezindlela zokuvota kusiza igebe elinohlolwayo ukuba lisize igebe futhi linike izakhamuzi amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo azo omthetho.

Umsebenzi wamaqembu alwayo anjenge Inkululeko yomphakathi yase Melika ihlangene kanye iSigqi saMandla [ (olondoloza imibhalo eminingi engokomlando) ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izifundo zomlando zifundisa izimpikiswano zamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda izisekelo zomthetho ngokomthetho zamalungelo okuvota − kusukela ekuHlaleni kwe 14 kweSiphendulo se-Voting Rights Act //helps izakhamuzi nezimiso ngokufanayo ziyaqaphela ukuthi yini engekho esiphazathwini uma kusikiselwa noma isivikelo.

Isiphetho

Ukuziphendukela kwamalungelo okuvota e-United States kuyindaba yokuthuthuka nokuguquguquka kwazo zombili. Kusukela ekususweni kwempahla ngekhulu le-18 kuya ekunyukeni okunzima kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20, isizukulwane ngasinye siye sabhekana nombuzo wokuthi ubani osenqubweni yentando yeningi. Ukulungisa okungokwasebuthweni kwezwe. Inguquko yemithetho ye-progralitiki (i-ath, 15th, i-19, i-24, ne-26th, ukuguqula isisekelo esingokomthetho, kodwa isivikelo saso siqine kakhulu njengoba nje isikhulu sesizwe singeke siphoqelele. Uhambo alupheli. Njengoba nje imithetho ye-ovhoverry, i-gerlederman, i-posi, nokuvota-ocelwa kwe-ocen, nokuncishiswa kwe-ocelonto engaphakathi kuyaqhubeka inselele inselele inselele inselele: ukukhomba kwempi efanelekile kwento enikezwayo yonke umlando. Kodwa ukuvikelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yokukhomba okungamele ukuvikelwa.