Isingeniso: Umgwaqo Omude Osuka EbuKhomanisini Uya Ebuningini Bentando Yeningi

Ukuwa kwemibuso yobukhomanisi eMpumalanga Yurophu kanye nezwe elaliyiSoviet Union ngo 1989-19991 kwabangela olunye ushintsho oluphawulekayo lwezombangazwe ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amathathu leminyaka. Kuleminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule, lamazwe angemva kwe-communist aye athatha uhambo olunzima nolunezinxushunxushu lokubusa kwentando yeningi. Nakuba amanye amazwe aye ahlanganisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi ngokuphumelelayo, amanye aye angena embusweni we-propati ehlukile noma ebusa ngempoqola. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezibonelo zezokubusa ezizweni zangemva kwe-communist, sihlola izici eziye zaguqula uhulumeni wawo wentando yeningi nezinselele eziqhubeka zithonya izikhundla zawo zezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda lezinguquko kudinga ukubheka ngalé kwezindawo ezilula zedemokrasi ngokumelene nomthetho we-autocracy. I-post-communist inikeza indawo yokucwaninga yemvelo yokuhlola indlela yokuklama, inguquko yezomnotho, izikhundla zamasiko, nokucindezela kwangaphandle okuhlanganisa ukuveza imiphumela ehlukahlukene yezombangazwe. Ukusuka kuma-parictic eBaltic ukuya e-Central Asia, izindlela ezithathwe ziye zalolongwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando, amandla omphakathi, kanye nokukhetha okuhleleka kwezikhulu zasekhaya.

Isizinda Esingokomlando Sobubusi Bangemva Kokuba Uhulumeni

Ifa Lokubusa KweSoviet

Izimiso zobukhomanisi ezabusa iMpumalanga Yurophu iminyaka engamashumi amane zashiya izigqizo ezijulile zenhlangano nengqondo. Ukubusa okukodwa, ukulawulwa kwezwe kwezomnotho, ukucindezelwa komphakathi, kanye nethuluzi lokuvikela eligcwele yonke indawo kwadala impucuko yezombangazwe eyayingavumelani kalula nezimiso zentando yeningi. KumaRiphabliki eSoviet ngokwawo, okuhlangenwe nakho kwakuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi kucindezela ngokwengeziwe. Lemibuso yasho ukuthi umsebenzi wokwakha izinhlangano ezintsha zezombangazwe wawungeyiyo indaba yokumane nje ithathele izithombe zaseNtshonalanga; yayidinga ukufinyelela imikhuba eqinile yokonakala, ukuswela ukwethemba ezinhlanganweni zezwe, namasiko abuthakathaka ezombangazwe.

Iminyaka Yokushintsha Kokuqala (1999 - 19995)

Isigaba sokuqala sokushintsha saphawulwa ngesasasa nokushintsha kwezinhlangano ngokushesha. Izingxoxo ze-tabtable ePoland, e-Hungary, naseCzechoslovakia zaholela ekuthunyelweni kombuso ngokuthula. Umthetho-sisekelo omusha wamiswa, kwamiswa izimiso zengxenye eziningi, futhi kwaqala ukumiswa nokhetho olukhululekile. Nokho, ukuwohloka kwezomnotho okwalandela ukususwa kokuhlelwa kwesikhungo kwabangela ubunzima obukhulu. Ukuphelelwa umsebenzi, ukwehla kwamandla emali, nokuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo kwabangela ukuduma okuthandwayo ngezinguquko zedemokhrasi. Emazweni anjengo-Bulgaria noRomania, lolu shintsho lwathatha ijubane futhi lwaqhutsheka, nabangamaqembu amakhomanisi ngaphambili aphinde athathe ithonya elikhulu.

Phakathi nalenkathi, abadlali bezizwe zonke − ikakhulukazi i-European Union ne-United States — banikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe, usizo lwezomnotho, nokusekela kwezombangazwe ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Ithemba lokuba amalungu e-EU laba isikhuthazo esinamandla kakhulu sangaphandle sokuguqula, njengoba yagunyaza ukungenela i-Copenhagen: izinhlangano eziqinile eziqinisekisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi, umthetho, amalungelo abantu, kanye nenhlonipho ngedlanzana.

Ukuqinisa noDivergence (1996-2010)

Phakathi nawo-19990, kwavela ukuhlukana okucacile. Amazwe aphakathi e-Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, neSlovenia enza intuthuko eqhubekayo yokuhlanganisa idemokrasi. Ahlangana no-NATO ngo-1999 ne-EU ngo-2004. Ngokuphambene, amazwe aseBalkan naseSoviet Union abhekana nokungantengantengi okukhulu. Izimpi eYugoslavia nezimpi ezikhuhlane ezibandayo eMoldova, eGeorgia, nase-Azerbaijan zavimbela ukuthuthuka kwentando yeningi yentando yeningi. ERussia, isiphithiphithi se-1990a saqala ukumiswa kwemithetho kaVladimidimic Putin, eyaphesha i-demokhrasi nezimiso zentando yeningi. Le nkathi yabonisa ukuthi ukuba khona kwezinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi akuzange kuvise.

Izifanekiso Ezinkulu Zokubusa Emazweni Angemva Kokuba Inhlangano

Ukubusa kwangemva kwekhomphyutha namuhla kungahlanganiswa kube izilinganiso ezintathu ezinkulu, nakuba amazwe amaningi enezindawo ezididayo. Ukuqonda lezizimo kusiza ekuchazeni izinhlobonhlobo zemiphumela kulendawo.

Isibonelo Senkululeko Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi

Amazwe aye alinganisela ngokukholeka kakhulu ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseNtshonalanga ngokwezici eziningi: isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esiqinile, izigebengu ezizimele, imiphakathi egcwele izakhamuzi, imithombo yezindaba ekhululekile, nokhetho oluncintisanayo oluvamile. I-Estonia, iLatvia, iLithuania, i-Czech Republic, iSlovenia, neSlovakia ngokuvamile kubhekiswa kuye kwathiwa yizindaba zempumelelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Estonia, yaphayona i-evernance ne-democracy, ifinyelela izinga eliphakeme lokwenelisa nokwenenzalo. I-Czech Republic yalondoloza isimiso esizinzekile nezindlela eziqinile ngisho nangezinga lokulawula i-Publicist.

Lemibuso yentando yeningi ekhululekile ayizange igonyelwe izinkinga. Amahlazo okonakala, ukwanda kwezombangazwe, nokuhlaselwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwenkululeko yokwahlulela kuye kwenzeka. Nokho, ukusekela kwabo ukumiswa kwezakhiwo (ukusekelwa yi-EU) kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezikhuthele (ngokuvamile zivumela ukuba zilulame ezinkingeni. Isibonelo sentando yeningi esikhululekile kulamazwe manje sigcwele, futhi sisekelwa umphakathi kabanzi ngezimiso zentando yeningi.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwesimiso Sentando Yeningi Nokuvikelwa Kwezwe

Ukuthambekela okuphawuleka kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva kuye kwaba ukuvela kwemibuso exubile − izimiso ezilondoloza ezinye izici zentando yeningi lapho zigxilisa amandla ezandleni zamaqembu abusayo noma izikhulu. IHungary nePoland ziyizibonelo ezivelele kakhulu phakathi kwe-EU. Ngaphansi koNdunankulu uViktor Orbán, eHungary iye yabhala kabusha umthetho-sisekelo wayo, yathatha i-judiary ne-media, futhi yavala amazwi aphikisayo. Umthetho neqembu loMahluleli (Pisi) ngokufanayo yalulaza ukuzibusa futhi yalawula abachazi bomphakathi. Womabili amazwe asalokhu ephethe ukhetho kodwa aye abekwa icala lokwephula izindinganiso ze-EURight Comstion futhi aye abheke izinqubo ngaphansi kweSiphaka-7 se-Treactives Union.

Ngaphandle kwe-EU, imibuso exubile ivame kakhulu. i-Serbia, i-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina, iMoldova (kuze kube nezinguquko zamuva), ne-Ukraine (ngaphambi nangemva kwe-Euromadan) iye yaba nezikhathi zokulawula kwe-oligarch, lapho izinhlangano zezentengiselwano ezinamandla zibumba khona ezombangazwe nezinhlangano zentando yeningi zibuthakathaka. Kulezi zimiso zentando yeningi, amaqembu aphikisayo angancintisana kodwa abhekane nokudlala ngokungafanele, ukucwa kwemithombo yezindaba, kanye nemithombo yombuso esetshenziselwa ukuzuza abalawuli beqembu.

Izifanekiso zombhali nezizimo ezizimele

Iqembu lesithathu lamazwe azimeleyo ngemva kwe-communist liye lahlala noma labuyiselwa ekubuseni okuphelele. IBelarus ngaphansi kuka-Alexander Lukashenko iyisibonelo esicacile: kusukela ngo-1994, iLukashanko iye yalondoloza amandla ngokucindezela okuhlelelwa, ukhetho, nokususwa kwemithombo yezindaba ezimele kanye nokuphikisa kwezombangazwe. Ukulwa ngobudlova ekubhikisheni ngemva kokuphikisana kwama-2020 ukuzimisela kombuso ukusebenzisa impoqo. Ngokufanayo, iRussia ngaphansi kukaPutin iye yaba i-agculpherist, ngokulawula zonke imithombo yezindaba emikhulu, icindezela ukuphikisa, futhi isebenzisa izikhali zayo zokuvikela ukuqeda abaphikisana kwezombangazwe. Impi ne-Ukraine iye yagcizelela ukuzikhethela kwe-Russia.

Izifebe ezisebenzela izikhulu ziyaqhubeka futhi e-Asia ePhakathi, lapho amazwe anjengeKazakhstan, i-Uzbekistan, ne-Turkmenistan ebuswa khona imibuso ezimele engenamncintiswano wezombangazwe. Lohulumeni baye bamukela ezinye izici zentando yeningi ezingokomthetho − izikhali zentando yeningi, amaphalamende, nokhetho lwezikhathi ezithile, kodwa basebenza njengefaçades yokubusa okukodwa noma okukodwa. Icebo (imfuno yegesi negesi) liye lasiza ukusekela lemisebenzi yezempatho, ivumela abaholi ukuba bathenge ukwethembeka futhi bagweme ukuvula isimiso sezombangazwe.

Izici Ezithonya Ukuguqulwa Kwezikhungo Zentando Yeningi

Umehluko omkhulu ekuqondiseni kwemiphumela yangemva kwe-communist ungalandelelwa ngezici eziningana eziyisihluthulelo. Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile ekuhloleni amathemba okuhlanganiswa kwentando yeningi kulendawo.

Umklamo Weziqu Nokubusa Komthetho

Amandla nozimele kwezinhlangano eziyinhloko − izikhombi, izishaya-mthetho, izikhungo zomthetho-mthetho, izinhlangano ezilwa nokonakala, kanye namakhomishane ezisebenzi ezikhokhile. Amazwe athatha iziphetho eziqinile zomthetho-sisekelo, njenge-Czech Republic ne-Estonia, aye aphumelela kakhulu kunalawo lapho abaphathi begunya lasekuqaleni belinqwabelaniswe khona ekuqaleni. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo we-Hungary wabuswa ngokushesha ngeqembu elibusayo negunya eliqinile ehhovisi likandunankulu, lichitha ukuvuleka kwamuva. U-Demond Judiciary uyikholithi yentando yentando yeningi; uma lihlehliwe, njengasePoland ngemva konyaka ka-2015, ezinye izikhundla zentando yentando yeningi ziyawohloka.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokuchuma

Izici zezomnotho zafeza indima enkulu. Ukushintsha kwenqubo yokuhlela emaphakathi kwezentengiselwano kwadala abanqobi nabangaphumeleli. Amazwe aphishekela ukuhlelwa ngokushesha, nokusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo zezentengiselwano okusobala futhi akha izinhlangano zezentengiselwano ezisebenzayo − kaningi ngokuqondisa kwe-EU . kuhloselwe ukusungula izigaba eziphakathi ezisekela ukuqina kwentando yeningi. Ngokungafani, amazwe lapho ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zezentengiselwano kwakufinyezwe noma kuphathwe amathema, njengaseRussia nase-Ukraine, abukela ukugcwala kwengcebo namandla ezombangazwe kulula imibuso yentando yeningi. Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho noma ukuwohloka kwezomnotho okuqhubekayo, njengaseBulgaria naseRomania ngo 1990, ukuncishiswa kwezembulo yomphakathi futhi kwabangela ukuvuleka kwezindawo ze-poligalgalism noma zesizwe.

Ithonya Langaphandle: Ukuvimbela Kwe - EU Nabalweli Bomthetho Bomhlaba Wonke

Akukho sici esiye saba umphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwentando yeningi kunethemba lokuhlanganiswa kwamalungu e-European Union. Imibandela ebekwe yi-EU(i-accuunautire) amazwe afuna ukuncishwa ukuba amukele i-communaire futhi ahlangabezane nezimiso zeCopenhagen(igagagasi lenguquko yezinhlangano eMpumalanga nephakathi. Nokho, uma amazwe ehlangene, i-EU incipha, ivumela ukuphambuka eHungary nasePoland. Izimiso ezintsha zemali ye-EU, i-accunotic comúnaire, ihlanganisa ukukhokha izindleko zokubusa imithetho yemithetho, imelela umzamo wokuthola ithonya kodwa aqhubeke encintisana kwezombangazwe.

Abanye abadlali bezizwe zonke nabo baye bahlela imiphumela. I-United States yasekela ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi ngosizo nangezinhlelo zomphakathi womphakathi ngawo-1990. Ngokuphambene, iRussia iye yakhuthaza ngentshiseko izikhulu zezisebenzi ezibusa ngempoqo, isebenzisa ukuncika kumandla, ukukhipha imvume nokusekela amaqembu angezwani afuna ukuguqula idemokrasi endaweni yayo. I-EU’s East Partneship kanye ne-Council of Europe iye yanikeza izisekelo zezindinganiso ezingokomthetho nezentando yeningi, kodwa ifeza impumelelo yayo ngokungafani.

Amasiko Ezombangazwe Nemithetho Engokomlando

Izindinganiso zobusosha nokuhlangenwe nakho komlando kuhlanganisa kakhulu ukwamukelwa kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi. Emazweni anamasiko aqinile angaphambili omphakathi womphakathi nesizwe, njengeCzech Republic ne Estonia, idemokrati yaqala kalula. Emazweni lapho ukubekwa kwesizwe kuhlangene nemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni noma lapho izakhiwo zesizwe zaqhubeka khona, njengasezingxenyeni ze-Balkan nase-Asiya ePhakathi, izinhlangano zentando yeningi zahlala zintekentekentekentekela. Ukuthembela ezinsweni, ukubekezelela ukuphikisa, nokuvunyelwa kwezombangazwe ngokwezombangazwe kuyimicikilingo engokobuningi okungaveli ngesikhashana nje. Izimiso zobukhohlakalo kanye nokuthunjwa kwezwe ngokuvamile zithathelwa njengefa enkathini yobukhomanisi futhi kunzima ukuguqula ngaphandle kokucindezela komphakathi.

Umphakathi Wangaphakathi Nenkululeko Yemithombo Yezindaba

Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezinamandla nemithombo yezindaba ezizimele zibalulekile ekulweni nempoqo. Emazweni angemva kwe-communist, izinhlangano zomphakathi zavela ngokushesha ngawo-1990, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa imali yaseNtshonalanga. Nokho, emibusoni eminingi exubile nenemithetho ecindezelayo, lezinhlangano ziye zabekwa indinganiso, ezihlangene, noma ezicinezelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, eRussia, imithetho efuna “izithunywa zesizwe” ukubhalisa iqhwandekile NGOs. EHungary, ukuvulwa kweYunivesithi yaseCentral Europe kwabonwa njengokuhlasela inkululeko yezemfundo. Inkululeko yamaMede iyisibonakaliso esizwela kakhulu: amazwe anobuningi, azimele, imithombo yezindaba inecala elinamandla kakhulu, kuyilapho lawo afuna ukulawulwa noma ukulawulwa kwezezindaba zikahulumeni (njengobubhili e-Serbianstrian noma eBulgaria) ebhekene enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu.

Izinselele Namathemba Esikhathi Esizayo

Ukubuthwa Kwentando Yeningi Ne - Populist

Inselele ecindezela kakhulu ku-Europe yangemva kwekhompuyuni ikhona ukukhula kwempumputhe nesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi. Emazweni amaningi, izakhamuzi ziye zadunyazwa yintando yeningi ngenxa yokungalingani kwezomnotho, inkohlakalo, nokungalingani. Amaqembu ePopulist athembisa amakhambi alula nokuhlasela imithetho yentando yeningi njenge-emperokratist. Icebo lokuhola abantu abanamandla liye lakhula, ngisho nasebukhosini obumisiwe. IHungary nePoland zibonisa indlela ohulumeni bobupopulist abangalula ngayo ukuhlola nokulinganisela izilinganiso ngenkathi kuyilapho belondoloza ukusekela okuthandwayo. Ingozi iwukuthi ezinye izizwe kulendawo zingalandela i-tradictionary uma amabutho ehluleka ukuxoxa ngezikhalo ezisezinhlokisini.

Ukonakala Nokubanjwa Uhulumeni

Ukonakala kuseyinkinga ehleliwe emazweni amaningi angemva kwe-communist. Naphezu kwentuthuko, ikakhulukazi e-Central Europe, ukuthunjwa okuyifa kukahulumeni kuyaqhubeka emazweni anjengeRomania, iBulgaria, ne-Ukraine. Ukonakala kuqeda ukuthembela kuhulumeni, kukhubaza ukutshala imali kwamanye amazwe, futhi kukhuthaza ukungathembi kwezombangazwe. Izinhlangano zokulwa nezokuzimela uhulumeni kanye nabashushisi abazimele ziye zamiswa, kodwa ngokuvamile zibhekene nokuphazamisa kwezombangazwe. Ukulwa nokonakala akudingi imithetho nje kuphela kodwa namasiko okungathatha izizukulwane ukuba zikhule.

Ukucindezela Kwangaphandle Nokungaqiniseki Kwezombangazwe

Izinxushunxushu zezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi ukuhlasela kweRussia i-Ukraine kusukela ngo-202022 kanye nokuhlasela okugcwele kwesilinganiso ngo-202, kuye kwalungisa kabusha imibono yokulondeka nokuhlelwa kwezombangazwe kulendawo. Emazweni amngceleni weRussia ne-Belarus, usongo lokungahleleki luye lwaholela ekuncishisweni kwezombangazwe, ngezinye izikhathi ngokulahlekelwa kwenkululeko yentando yeningi. Imingcele ephuthumayo, imingcele emelene nempikiswayo, nokungavumelani nemithetho eqinile yezobuzwe iye yathethelelwa egameni lenhlala-zwe. Okwamanje, ukusabela kwe-EUC / ISAnctions, ukusekela kwezimali zokuguqula i-Ukraine nezingxoxo zokungena kwe-Moldova , ngezinye izikhathi kunciphisa indlela yokuhlangana kwentando yentando yeningi, kodwa intuthuko ihamba kancane futhi ihlelelwe ekufuneni kwezombangazwe.

Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokuphila Nezinselele Zomphakathi

Amazwe amaningi alandela ikhompuyutha abhekene nokwehla okukhulu kwenani labantu, anamazinga aphansi okuzala nokukhushulwa kwezisebenzi ezisencane, ezinekhono. Lokhu kuncipha kobuchopho kunciphisa izisekelo zezomnotho nezenhlalo zentando yeningi. Ukuminyana kwenani labantu kunciphisa izinkonzo zomphakathi futhi kungaveza ukungezwani kwesizwe. Ohulumeni baye baqaphela lezi zimo ezisungulwayo zokusekela izimiso zomkhaya, kodwa ukunqanda ukufuduka kudinga amathuba ezomnotho nezizinzile zezombangazwe amazwe amaningi asazintula.

Isiphetho: Uhambo Olungenamsoco

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezibonelo ezibusayo emazweni angemva kwe-communist kuyindaba engakapheli. Nakuba amanye amazwe eye akha idemokrati eqinile eqinile, amanye ahlala ebambeke ezimisweni ze-producratic noma ze-democratic. Izici ezinqumayo impumelelo (izinhlangano eziqinile) zezejaji ezizimele, amathuba ezomnotho, ukusekela kwangaphandle, kanye nomphakathi okhuthele (ukuwazisa), kodwa ukuwasebenzisa kudinga intando eqinile yezombangazwe. Ikusasa lentando yentando yeningi kulesi sifunda lixhomeke ekhonweni lamandla empumeleni ekwazi ukufunda ngamaphutha esikhathi esidlule, ukumelana nokuyenga amaphutha ama-ibhiya, nokuzibandakanya izakhamuzi emsebenzini onzima wokunakekela izinhlangano. Njengoba umhlaba ubheka umzabala wokuzi wombuso wezwe lonke.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe, bheka imibiko yaminyaka yonke iFreedom House kuTsitus , [[FLT:] iBhange loBuholi bezwe [, ne [[FLT] iPhalamente] ye-Eupalement yokuhlola umthetho [.]. Izifundo ze-Academic ze-D [[FLT:] ye-D [FLT] ne-'ANT] ye-D [FLT] ye-D [FLT] ye-D [FLT]