Umbango phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye wakha umkhawulo oyinhloko wephutha ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Lempi ayisona uphawu lokwehluleka kwesimiso, kodwa isici esichazayo semiphakathi efuna ukukhululeka nokuhleleka. Inselele isekwakheni nasekubekeni imithetho evikela izinto ezihlangene kanye nokugcinwa kwemithetho ehlangene ($_impilo kamphakathi, ukuthembeka kwendawo ezungezile, ukungalingani kwezomnotho ("nehla kube yisisulu sobuphoqeqeshiwe."Kubafundisi, abenzi bezimiso, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe, ukuqonda lokhu kudingekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka okunenzuzo okuxhomeke ekubusweni kwentando yeningi.

IMsuka Engokwesayensi Yokushintsha Inkululeko

Umzabalazo wokuhleleka nenkululeko udala njengefilosofi yezombangazwe ngokwayo. Umbono kaJohn Locke wamalungelo emvelo ubeke imingcele eqinile emandleni kahulumeni, ephikisa ngokuthi ukuba semthethweni kombuso kuxhomeke ekhonweni lawo lokuvikela ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla yezakhamuzi. Ngokungafani, umbono kaJean-Jacques Rousseau "intando" usikisela ukuthi inkululeko yeqiniso itholakala ngokulalela imithetho eklanywe ngokwenzuzo eyodwa, ngisho noma iphoqelela abantu ngabanye ukuba bamelane nezifiso zabo siqu.

Izazi zefilosofi zanamuhla ziye zayicwengisisa lemiqondo. Umehluko ka-Isaya Berlin phakathi " wenkululeko ehlangene" (inkululeko ekhululekile ekuphazanyisweni) kanye "nenkululeko" (inkululeko yokufinyelela amathuba omuntu) unikeza uhlelo olunamandla. UJohn Stuart Mill’s "isimiso somthetho" . okuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla angasetshenziswa phezu komuntu kuphela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala kwabanye.

James Madison, ebhala kuFederalist No. 51, waphikisa ngokudumile ukuthi "isikhundla kumelwe sihlolwe ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela" ukwakhiwa koMthetho-sisekelo we-US(*) kanye nezilinganiso zawo kanye nezilinganiso phakathi kwezikhulu, i-project, ne-accounts(isimiso sokulawula ukungezwani phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Izwe lanamuhla, elizalwe ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, liye lahlola lemiklamo yokuqala, liphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngezinhlangano zemithetho yokulawula. Lapho izinhlangano zibhala futhi zimisa imithetho, izivikelo ezingokwesiko zokulawula i-bitaral nenkululeko yabantu ziyagwenywa, ziveza ingxoxo eqhubekayo engokomthetho mayelana nokusebenza komthetho.

Izinhloso Zokubuyiswa Kwenhlangano Yentando Yeningi

Ukubuyiselwa akuyona into embi engokwemvelo; kuyithuluzi lokuxazulula izinkinga ezihlanganyelwe abantu ngabanye noma izimakethe ezingenakuzixazulula zizodwa.

Ukwehluleka Ukulungisa Amakethe

Izimakethe ezingalawulwa zivame ukuveza izimo ezimbi ezingaphandle kunezithwalwa umphakathi kunomkhiqizi. Ukungcola kuyisibonelo esivelele. Ifekthri engabhekene nesijeziso sokukhipha ubuthi ayinaso isisusa sezimali, iphoqelela umphakathi ukuba ukhokhele izindleko zempilo nendawo ezungezile. Imithetho enjengezimiso ze-cap-rap-ne-traded noma izindinganiso zokukhipha indleko, ilungisa izisusa zomuntu siqu ngokuzuzisa umphakathi. Loluhlobo lwemithetho lulungisa ukuhluleka kwemakethengiso, lwenze isilinganiso sokudlala lapho imidlalo ethembekile ingancitshiswa yilabo abadambisa umonakalo wabo.

Ukunikeza Umphakathi Izinto

Isivikelo sesizwe, umoya ohlanzekile, nokucwaninga okuyisisekelo kwezesayensi akunakwenziwa ngokungenamingcele futhi akunamida, kusho imakethe ekhona. Imithetho nentela ezikhokha lezimpahla akukona ukuphazamisa inkululeko, kodwa kunalokho imfanelo yesizwe esihlangene. Njengoba u-Orvector Holmes ephawulwe kahle, "Intengo iyintengo esiyikhokhayo emphakathini ophucuzekile" Imithetho eqinisekisa ukufinyelela kulezimpahla ukukhokhwa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi.

Ukuvikela Inani Labantu Abanokwanda Okungavikeleki

Izinhlangano zedemokrasi zivame ukusebenzisa imithetho ukuze zivikele izingane, asebekhulile, nabaswele ngokomnotho ekuxhashazweni. Imithetho yezisebenzi, izindinganiso zeholo ezilinganiselwe, nemithetho yokuphepha yabathengi ivunyelwe kabanzi ngoba ivimbela abadlali abanamandla ukuba bafake amangozi amakhulu kulabo abanamandla angenalutho oluningi. Lemithetho iyaqaphela ukuthi ukulingana okungokomthetho kwamalungelo akuqinisekisi inkululeko uma omunye umuntu engenela ibhizinisi ngaphansi kwezindawo zokuhweba noma engenalwazi olwanele.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukuzwana Kolwazi

Izimakethe zanamuhla ziphawuleka ngemikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi. Izinga lokuvala ibala, imithi, nezinhlelo zokulungisa ukwaziswa ziyinto efiphele kubathengi abavamile. Imithetho egunyaza ukubizwa kwegama elicacile, iqiniso ekukhangiseni, nemisebenzi yokuzikhangisa yabakhangisi ayibavimbi inkululeko; inika amandla abantu ukuba benze izinqumo ezicatshangelwe, okuyimfuneko ekuvumeleni okunenjongo kanye nasekuhwebelaneni ngokuzithandela.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwegazi: Lapho Ukubuyisela Igazi Kusongela Inkululeko

Igebe phakathi komthetho ohloswe kahle ezincwadini kanye nokusebenza kwazo emgwaqweni kulapho ukuhlolwa kwangempela kwentando yeningi kwenzeka khona. Ukuphoqelelwa akuyona inqubo yobuchwepheshe engathathi hlangothi; kuyisenzo sezombangazwe esijulile esinganwebisa ukungalingani okukhona noma sidale okusha.

Ithonya Elibangelwa Yizifo Nesimiso Somzimba

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho ngokuvamile kunzima kakhulu emiphakathini encishisiwe. Izehlo "ekulweni mayelana nezidakamizwa" e-United States, ngokwesibonelo, zaphumela ekuboshweni kwabantu abanombala omningi kakhulu naphezu kwamazinga afanayo okusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezizweni zobuhlanga. Lomthetho okhethayo unciphisa ukuthembela komthetho futhi ululaza ukufaneleka komthetho ngokwawo. Uma izakhamuzi zesaba amaphoyisa kunesigebengu, ukuwohloka okuyisisekelo kwesivumelwano sezenhlalo kuye kwenzeka. Umthetho kumelwe usetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke futhi ubikezelwe ukuthi uyaqhubeka ulondoloza igunya lawo lokuziphatha.

Inkinga Yokubanjwa Kwesiqondiso

Ngokuhlekisayo, zona kanye izinhlangano ezakhelwe ukuvikela umphakathi zingaba amathuluzi ezimboni ezihloselwe ukuzilawula. Lento, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuthunjwa komthetho, yenzeka lapho isithakazelo esikhethekile sisebenzisa ithonya elingafanele enqubweni yokwenza umthetho. Umphumela uwubunkimbinkimbi bemithetho esiza abadlali ukuba basungulwe futhi banciphe umncintiswano, iphakamise izithiyo zokungena nokuvikela ama-monown ngaphansi kwendlela yokuvikela noma ukuvikela. Lokhu kuwukonakala kwendlela yokulawula, ukuguqula ithuluzi lenkululeko libe yithuluzi eliqinile.

Umthwalo Wokubambisana Nezezomnotho

Kumnini-bhizinisi omncane, ukuqoqa izintela, ukukhokha imithetho esemthethweni, nokusebenzelana nezimfuneko zokuphepha emsebenzini kungaba umsebenzi ogcwele. Uma izindleko zokulalela ziphezulu kakhulu, kusebenza njengentela yokukhokha ibhizinisi. "Umthwalo wephepha lokusebenza" awusona nje isiphazamiso esicasulayo; uyisithiyo sangempela esilawula inkululeko yezomnotho. Inselele yabalawuli ukuthola isilinganiso esingcono kakhulu sokwengamela esifeza umgomo womphakathi ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo esiyimfihlo esibangela ukuchuma nokuthuthukiswa.

Inkululeko Yomphakathi Nokulahlwa Kwecala

Izenzo eziningi zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho azenzeki ezinkantolo zobugebengu, kodwa ezinkantolo zokuphatha nasemacaleni. Lokhu kushintshwa kubhekisa phambili (ingqondo eqinile]]) ekubeni isohlonipho esiqinile nesijeziso somphakathi kuye kwandisa kakhulu ukufinyelela kwezwe elilawulayo. Nakuba kuvumela ukugcinwa kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi (njengezentengiselwano noma imithetho yendawo ezungezile), kuphakamisa futhi ukulahlekelwa kwezimiso ezingokwesiko zezemvelo. Ukungabikho kwemithetho eqinile, indinganiso ephansi yobufakazi, nemisebenzi ephakathi kwe-acritiveltives eqeni eyodwa ingadala isimiso lapho inqubo yombuso (njengezehstrier, umahluleli, futhi ibekela inselele inqubo eyisisekelo yenqubo engokwesiko.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukuhlola Imingcele Yokubekezelelana

Ukuhlola izindawo ezithile lapho imithetho nenkululeko kungqubuzana khona kusiza ekusekeleni lezizimiso ezicatshangelwayo ezikhona.

Impilo Yomphakathi Nenhlonipho Yomzimba

Isifo se-COVID-19 sasebenza njengendawo yokuhlola imingcele yemithetho yezindawo zokucwaninga yembulunga yonke. Ingxoxo yenkululeko. Ukuvala amadolo, izifihla - buso, nezimfuneko zokugoma kwaphoqelela imiphakathi ukuba ilinganisele i-Mill's zimiso zokulimaza umzimba ngamunye. Abasekeli bemiyalo baphikisa ukuthi ukwenqaba umjovo noma isifihla - buso kwakungesona isenzo sokuzigomela; kwabeka ingozi esobala yokulimala kwabanye endaweni ezungezile ethathekayo. Abaphikisi baphikisa ukuthi ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha kumele ukuncishwa kwenciphiswa kwecala lomuntu siqu. Ifa lezingxoxo ezinde licishe libe yisimiso esicwe ngokomthetho nesemfa elungiselelweni engxaphelweni esiphuthumayo, ngokuhlola ngokuqinile ekulinganisweni kobungako. Isihluthulelo sithatha ukwethembeka komphakathi; ukugcinwa kwesandla esinzima ekunciphelisweni kwendlela eqinile ekubekeni imingceleni kwempi esobala yempi esobala yempilo.

Ukubusa Kwamanani Nokuhlelwa Kwe - Internet

Kuyi-mini ye-millimetic, impi iyanda phakathi kwenkululeko yolwazi nesidingo sokuvikela abasebenzisi ekulimaleni. I-General Techlovition Protection (GDPR) isho ukuphikwa okunamandla kwamalungelo omuntu siqu mayelana nelungelo lokukhipha i-data-expression yezobuchwepheshe. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi kudala izindleko ezinkulu zokuzithoba ezibangela ukuncintisana kwabasebenzisi abasenki. Ngokufanayo, izimpikiswano ngokuncintisana ngokuncintisana nombuzo obalulekile: izitebhisitho kufanele ziphathweswe njengezingathwali-kathane zenkululeko yokukhuluma (ukukhipha inkululeko) noma njengabashishisi becala ngenxa yezinto abaziqukethe (iphakela isivikelo)? [iglonts .[FLT]]

Umthetho Wendawo Ezungezile Nenhlekelele Yabantu Abavamile

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile unikeza inselele eyingqayizivele ngoba ukulimala kwezenzo kuqhele kakhulu esikhathini nendawo, kuyilapho izindleko zesenzo zishesha futhi zigcwele. "Izingalo zemisebenzi" zisikisela ukuthi ngaphandle komthetho, imithombo ehlukene enjengomoya ozungezene nolwandle iyakuba ngaphezu kwe-actived. Nokho, imithetho yendawo ezungezile enzima ingavimbela ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho futhi ibambezele imisebenzi enzima yemisebenzi yemisebenzi yemisebenzi yemisebenzi enzima iminyaka. Ukuya "esekelwe" noma "ukwakheka" imingcele efuna ukuxazulula lokhu ngokutshela amafemu [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [1] [i] [ig.1] okuqinileyokungasetshenziswa njalo ukuze kuvinjelwe isilinganiso seze.[FLT]

Izimiso Zokuphoqelelwa Ngokukhalipha Emkhayeni Okhululekile

Impendulo ayikhona ukulahla imithetho emisiwe, kodwa iwukwamukela isimiso esiqondisayo sokuklanywa nokubulawa kwayo.

Ukubekwa Kwemithetho Nezindlela Ezivinjelwe Izilwane

Ohulumeni kufanele babuze njalo: Lomthetho udingekile, futhi ingabe ikhona indlela engabonakali yokufinyelela umgomo? Uma impilo yomphakathi ingavikelwa ngemfundo nangomdlandla wokuzithandela, ihlawulo noma ukuboshelwa ukuboshelwa ukunganaki akulungile. Lesi simiso, esifakwe kakhulu emthethweni-sisekelo waseYurophu, amabutho avikela ngokucacile isidingo nobubanzi bemigoqo yabo ekhululekile. Kudinga ukuhlelwa okucacile kokulimala okuvinjelwe kanye nokuhlobana okuboniswayo phakathi kwenqubo yokuphoqelela nokukhomba.

Ubulungisa Bemvelo Nokubona Okucace

Izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekumukeleni imithetho eziyibheka njengelungile. Lokhu kudinga ulimi olucacile lwemithetho, izinqubo zokwenza imithetho, ukuvula iziphetho zomthetho, nokusebenza ngokufaniswa. Amakhamera omzimba amaphoyisa, izinhlelo ezifinyelelwayo zomphakathi zomsebenzi wokuthola izimvume, kanye nezifushaniso ezicacile zemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi zizonke amathuluzi akha ukwethembana. Uma umphakathi ungabona [ futhi umthetho uphoqelelwe, izikhangiso zamandla ayize. [FLT] zibalulekile ekwenzeni inqubo ebonakalayo neyakhomputhayo.

Ukuqondisa Okuzivumelanisa Nezimo Nokuzama

Kulelizwe elisheshayo ukuhlelwa, imithetho eqinile iphelelwa isikhathi. Le nqubo yokuhlola ukushona kwelanga (izinsuku ezizenzekelayo zokuphela) igcizelela ukubukezwa njalo. Amabhokisi alawulayo, asetshenziswa abaqondisi bezezimali nabezobuchwepheshe, ivumela ukuqala ukuhlola imikhiqizo emisha ngaphandle kokubheka ngokushesha yonke imingcele ekhona. Le nqubo yokuhlola ukushona kwelanga ichaza imithetho njengenqubo yokuzama nephutha, kunokuba ibekelwe imithetho eqinile edluliselwe phezulu. Iyavuma ukuthi abalawuli abanalwazi oluphelele futhi kumelwe bafunde emiphumeleni yangempela.

Ukuhlaziya Ezomnotho Nezimfuneko Ezibizayo

Abaqondisi bafuna ukuhlaziya izindleko kanye nezinzuzo zemithetho emikhulu ngaphambi kokuba isebenze bayithuluzi elinamandla lokuqinisekisa ukulingana. UMthetho ophethe 12866 e-United States ugunyaza ukuthi izinzuzo zomthetho ohlongozwayo kumelwe zithethelele izindleko zayo. Nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi ezinye izinzuzo (njengezihlebo ezisindisiwe noma izinhlobo ezilondoloziwe) kunzima ukuzilinganisa ngokwemvelo, ukuqondisa kokuhlola amabutho angokomthetho okubhekana nokuphuma ngokucacile nokufuna izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokulawula izindleko. Lenqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengesivikelo kukho kokubili ukugcinwa nokugcinwa.

Ukuba Ongaphansi Nokulawula Kwendawo

Izinqumo kufanele zenziwe ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu lokubusa. Lokhu kugcina indawo yokuhlola kwezindawo ezihlukahlukene, kuvumela imiphakathi ehlukene ukuba ilinganise inkululeko nokuhleleka phakathi kwezindawo. Okusebenza edolobhaneni eliminyene kungahluleka ekumisweni kwasemaphandleni. Ukuvumela ukuba izinhlobonhlobo zendawo zihlonishwe ngezindawo futhi kukwenze kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukuba zigcine abameleli bazo benecala. Umbuso wobuzwe ngokwawo uvikela ekuphathweni kweqembu eliphakathi, ukunikeza izinkundla eziningi ze-democrial kanye nenguquko yezimiso.

Ukusekela Kwaphakade Kwentando Yeningi

Ukufuna ukulinganisela iziqondiso nenkululeko akuyona indida okumelwe ixazululwe, kodwa ukucindezeleka okudinga ukusingathwa. Kudinga ukuqapha njalo, ukuphikisana okukhulu komphakathi, nokuzinikela okujulile kokubili isithunzi somuntu ngamunye nokungcono okuvamile. Akukho mpendulo yokugcina, akukho ukulinganisela okuqinile okusikhululayo emsebenzini onzima wokwahlulela. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi okunempilo kuyinselele yokugcina lapho izakhamuzi zihileleke khona ngokuzikhandla kulemisebenzi yokuhweba, zibheka uhulumeni wazo ngokulandisa ngezenzo zazo nangezenzo zazo. Igunya elingokomthetho lemithetho lixhomeke ngokuphelele emandleni azo okukhonza umphakathi okhululekile, hhayi ukuwulawula. Ukuhlukanisa okugcina lomehluko kuyinseleleko yokugcina idemo yentando yentando yeningi, idinga ukufundiswa kwezakhamuzi izimiso zenkululeko namandla. Ukulawula okuqhubekayo phakathi kwabenzi besimiso sokubusa nokulawula kubusa, okunamandla.