Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ezakhamuzi kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphathwa kahle nesivikelo ngaphansi komthetho. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukwaziswa okucacile nokulula ukuze sisize wonke umuntu azi ukuthi ayini amalungelo akhe, ukuthi angaqaphela kanjani lapho lawo malungelo ephulwa, nokuthi yiziphi izinyathelo okufanele azithathe ukuze avikele. Amalungelo omphakathi awayona imiqondo engekho ngokomthetho engokomthetho ethinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke, kusukela lapho usebenza khona futhi uphilela indlela ophathwa ngayo uhulumeni nomphakathi. Lesiqondiso solimi olucacile siklanyelwe noma ubani ofuna ukuqonda amalungelo awo ayisisekelo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimithetho.

Ayini Amalungelo Omphakathi?

Amalungelo ezakhamuzi ayisivikelo esingokomthetho esivimbela ubandlululo futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu baphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Baqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abaphathwa ngokungafanele ngenxa yezici ezinjengesizwe, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, noma ngezinye izikhathi ukukhubazeka ngokobulili kanye nobulili. La malungelo aphoqelelwa imithetho kahulumeni, kazwelonke, kanye nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezwe, kanye nowase-U.S.

Amalungelo omphakathi ahlanganisa izingxenye eziningi zokuphila, kuhlanganise nokuvota, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, imfundo, izinkonzo zomphakathi, nokuvunyelwa ukuba uvote. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokuvota lisho ukuthi akekho onganqatshelwa ikhono lokugodlela ivoti ngenxa yohlanga lwabo noma ubulili. Ilungelo lokuthola amathuba alinganayo emisebenzi lisho ukuthi umuntu ofanelekayo akanakudluliselwa ngenxa yomsebenzi ngenxa yenkolo yakhe noma ukukhubazeka. Ilungelo lezindlu ezilungile lisho ukuthi abaninikhaya abanakwenqaba ukuqasha othile ngenxa yobuzwe noma isikhundla somkhaya wabo.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomphakathi. Inkululeko yomphakathi iyisivikelo ezindinganisweni zikahulumeni ezivimbela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma nenkululeko yenkolo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amalungelo omphakathi agxile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphathwa okulinganayo nesivikelo ekucwaseni ngaphansi komthetho. Zombili lezizikhundla zibalulekile, kodwa lesiqondiso sigxila emalungelweni omphakathi.

Umlando Omufushane Wamalungelo Omphakathi E - United States

Isivikelo samalungelo ezakhamuzi e-United States siye salolongwa amakhulu eminyaka empikiswano, i-actism, kanye nokushintsha okungokomthetho. Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 ungolunye lwezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zemithetho, ukunqabela ukucwasana okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wezwe emsebenzini, izindawo zomphakathi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswa yizwe. Imithetho yemithetho yeze-Vatting Rights Act ka- 1965 ivimbela ukucwaswa kwezinhlanga ngobandlululo, kanye [[FLT:] noMthetho ka-1968[FLD] [FLD] [FLD5]] womthetho wokwenqabela izakhiwo. Le mithetho yayiwumphumela wemizamo yokushisekela ukulwa kwemithetho, nemithetho ehleliwe.

Ukuqonda lomlando kukusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo onawo namuhla nomsebenzi osawadingayo ukuze uwavikele. Ukubheka ngokujule kakhulu emzabalazweni wamalungelo omphakathi, izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza imibhalo nemibhalo engokomlando. U.S.Actrouble Obportunity Commissioner [EOC] futhi inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngendlela lemithetho esebenza ngayo emsebenzini.

Kusukela ekudlulisweni kwemithetho yengqopha - mlando ku-1960, kuye kwenezelwa isivikelo esengeziwe ngokulungisa, izinqumo zenkantolo, kanye nomthetho omusha. Ngokwesibonelo, amaMelika ane- anamandla okuvikela ukukhokha ubandlululo. Umthetho wombango uyaqhubeka uveza ukucwasana olusha nabantu abakhubazekile, kanye nezindlela zomthetho

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Zokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Ngezansi kunemithetho ekhuluma ngamalungelo abantu ehlanganisa izici eziningi eziqondile.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

Ilungelo lokuvota liyilungelo eliyisisekelo lomphakathi. Umthetho we-Federal uvikela ilungelo lesakhamuzi ngasinye lokuvota ngaphandle kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, noma amalungu eqembu lolimi oluncane. I-Voting Rights Act idinga futhi amagunya athile anomlando wobandlululo ukuze ithole imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-National Voter Religitation Act yenza kube lula ukubhalisa ukuvota, futhi uMelika u-Lowel Vote Act unikeza izindinganiso zezimiso zokuvota nokufinyelela.

Uma ubhekana nezithiyo zokuvota − njengemigqa emide, imithetho edidayo, noma isabisayo − ungabika ku- U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. Izizwe eziningi futhi zinezivikelo zazo ezidlula umthetho kahulumeni, njengokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo noma ukubhalisa usuku olunye.

Amalungelo Omsebenzi

Umthetho kazwelonke wenqabela ukucwasana ekuqasheni, ukudubula, ukukhushulwa, ukukhokhela, ukuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi, nezinye izinqumo zomsebenzi ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili (kuhlanganise ukukhulelwa, indlela yokuzichaza ngokobulili, ubulili), umsuka wesizwe, iminyaka engu-40 noma ngaphezulu), ukukhubazeka, noma ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo. I-Equal Pay Act [[[FLT: 1]] ifuna ukuba amadoda nabesifazane banikwe inkokhelo elinganayo ngomsebenzi ofanayo.

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi ucaciswe emsebenzini, ungafaka icala nge- EOC. Uvame ukuba nezinsuku ezingu-180 ukusuka osukwini lobandlululo lokubhala uhele (izinsuku ezingu300 kwezinye izizwe). Kubalulekile ukwenza ngokushesha. i-EEOC izakuhlola futhi izame ukudlulisa noma ukubeka icala ngawe. Ungathola futhi “ilungelo lokufaka incwadi ekhonsaneni futhi ulethe inkantolo yakho.

Amalungelo Ezindlu

UMthetho weFair Homes[[FLT: 1] wenqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezidayiswa, eziqashiwe, kanye nezimali zezindlu ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, umbala, imvelaphi yobuzwe, inkolo, ubulili (kuhlanganise ubulili nobulili), isimo sobufami, noma ukukhubazeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umninindlu akanakwenqaba ukukuqasha, ukubeka amagama ahlukene, noma ukukuhlupha ngenxa yalezizici ezivikelelwe. Kusebenza futhi ekubolekeni izikweletulo, abanikazi bempahla, kanye nezinkongozo.

Uma ucwaswa ngokuhlala, ungafaka isikhalo ku- U.S. Department of House and Urban Development (HUD). IHofisi ye-Hud yeFair Howation ne-Ouncile Opportunity (FHEO) ihlola iziphakamiso nemisebenzi yokuzixazulula. Kwezinye izimo, ungafaka icala enkantolo kahulumeni noma kazwelonke.

Ukufinyelela Ezindaweni Zomphakathi

Isihloko II soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944 senqabela ukucwaswa ezindaweni zomphakathi, njengezindawo zokudlela, amahhotela, izitolo, izitolo, neziteshi zokuthutha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi awunakwenqatshelwa inkonzo noma uphathwe kabi ngenxa yohlanga lwakho, ibala, inkolo, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. AmaMelika anomthetho wokukhubazeka futhi afuna ukuba izindawo zomphakathi zitholakale kubantu abakhubazekile, kuhlanganise nokulungisa izimiso zemithetho yemithetho yezokwakha nokususa imingcele yokwakha lapho kulula khona.

Uma ucwaswa emphakathini, ungabika kujenene wezwe lakho, kuMnyango Wezobulungisa wase - United States, noma kuhulumeni wendawo ophethe amalungelo abantu.

Amalungelo Emfundo

Abafundi banesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi ezikoleni zomphakathi nasekholiji elithola imali kahulumeni. Lezi zikhungo zenqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, umsuka wesizwe, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, nobudala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Thet IX yeSimendo seSichibiyelo semfundo sango 1972 inqabela ukucwaswa ngokobulili, kuhlanganise nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, kuhlanganise nokuhlaselwa, ezimisweni zemfundo nasemisebenzini. Izikole kumelwe zithathe izinyathelo zokusingatha futhi zivimbele ukucwa, njengokukhipha izinqubo zobandlululo, ukunikeza ukuqeqeshwa, nokuphenya izikhalo.

Uma wena noma ingane yakho nibhekana nokucwaswa emfundweni, ungafaka isikhalo [ U.S. uMnyango Wezemfundo Wamalungelo Omphakathi [OCR][[FL:1]. I-OCR ingahlola futhi ifune ukuba isikole sithathe isinyathelo sokulungisa.

Amalungelo Esimisweni Sobulungisa

Amalungelo omphakathi ayakuvikela futhi lapho usebenzelana nokugcinwa komthetho nezinkantolo. Lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuphathwa ngokulingana amaphoyisa, ilungelo lokukhululeka emandleni adlulele, ilungelo lokungahlolwa ngokungenangqondo nokuquleka, nelungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho. I-Civil Rights Act ka-1871 [1998] [i-1934] ikuvumela ukuba umangalelwe izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo akho omthetho.

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho ephulwe amaphoyisa noma izikhulu zenkantolo, ungafaka isikhalo eSivumelwaneni seJaji somphakathi noma uthintane nommeli wamalungelo omphakathi. Imiphakathi eminingi futhi inezikhundla zobubonisi bezembulo ezihlola ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa.

Indlela Yokuqaphela Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Akusona sonke isimo esingalungile esiwukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi uphathwe ngendlela ehlukile yini ngenxa yesici esivikelekile − njengohlanga, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, noma inkolo (nanoma leyo mpatho ingaphansi komthetho owenqabela ukucwaswa. Nazi izimpawu ezivamile zokuthi amalungelo akho omphakathi asuphulwe:

  • Inkonzo:[ Isitolo senqaba ukukusiza, umnini-ndlu wenqaba ukukuqasha, noma ibhizinisi lenqaba ukunikeza inkonzo ngenxa yalokho oyikho.
  • Ukwelashwa okungalingani: Uthola umsebenzi ophansi, ukhokhiswa intengo ephezulu, noma ubekwa emithethweni ehlukile kunabanye ezimweni ezifanayo.
  • Usulu noma wesatshiswa: Uthukwa, usongelwa, noma udala indawo eyingozi ngenxa yesiqu sakho.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Impinda:[ Ubhekana nemiphumela engemihle ngemva kokubika ubandlululo noma ukusekela isikhalo somunye umuntu.
  • [ Imingcele yokuvota:[ Uvinjelwe ekubhaliseni noma ekuvoteni, noma uhlangabezana nezithiyo ezithinta amaqembu athile ngokungenakulinganiswa.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ubandlululo lungacasha, futhi ukubonisa ukwephula umthetho ngokuvamile kudinga ubufakazi benhloso noma indlela yokwelapha ehlukile.

Izinyathelo Zokuthatha Uma Amalungelo Akho Ephulwa

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho omphakathi aphuliwe, ungathatha isinyathelo. Izinyathelo zizohluka kuye ngohlobo lokwephulwa kwemithetho esebenzayo, kodwa inqubo evamile injena:

1. Bhala Konke

Bhala phansi kahle ukuthi kwenzekani ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Hlanganisa imininingwane efana nokuthi kwenzeka nini futhi nini, ubani ohilelekile, okwashiwo noma okwenzekile, nofakazi. Gcina noma imaphi ama-imeyili ahlobene, imibhalo, izincwadi, izithombe, noma izikhungo zezokuxhumana. Uma ulimele ngokomzimba, umbhalo onezithombe kanye nemibhalo yezokwelapha. Amabhukwana amahle ayithuluzi lakho elinamandla kakhulu.

Ukulinganisela Kwesikhathi

Izikhulu zikahulumeni eziningi zelungelo lomphakathi kumelwe zigcinwe phakathi nesikhathi esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ye-EEOC kumelwe kugcinwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-180 (noma izinsuku ezingu-300 ezisezweni ezinemithetho yazo elwa nobandlululo). Ukucwaswa kwezindawo nge-HUD kumelwe kugcinwe phakathi nonyaka owodwa. Hlola izikhawu zomthetho othile osebenza esimweni sakho futhi ungalibali.

3. I - Agency Efanelekayo Imbangela Yokukhononda

Kuye ngokwendawo yobandlululo, ungafaka isikhalo nenhlangano kahulumeni, kazwelonke, noma yendawo.

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinikeza abantu imisebenzi engakhethi, izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu namahhovisi alwela amalungelo abantu, nazo zingakwamukela ukukhononda futhi ngokuvamile zibe nezindlela ezengeziwe zokuvikela ezingaphezu komthetho kahulumeni.

4. Cela Iseluleko Esingokomthetho

Umthetho wamalungelo ezakhamuzi uyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukuba nommeli kungenza umehluko omkhulu. Abameli abaningi bamalungelo omphakathi banikeza ukuhlola kokuqala ngokukhululekile, futhi umsebenzi othile ngesisekelo esivumelanayo (ukusho ukuthi bakhokhelwa kuphela uma uwina). Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho, imitholampilo yesikole, namaqembu anjenge- American Civil Liberes Union (ACLU) inganikeza isiqondiso noma i-mmelelici ezimweni ezithile. Uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, hlola izinhlangano ze-prowoo ebhayoloji yakho.

5. Cabangela Enye Impikiswano

Ezinye izinhlangano zinikeza imvume yokuqulisana, lapho icala lesithathu lingakusizi khona wena neqembu elimangalelwe lifinyelela isivumelwano ngaphandle kokuya enkantolo.

6. Phishekela Ukuqamba Amanga Uma Kudingeka

Uma i-authority ingakuxazululi ukukhononda kwakho, noma uma uthola “ilungelo lokukhokha” incwadi, ungafaka icala enkantolo kahulumeni noma kazwelonke. I-Lawsuit ingabiza futhi isebenzise isikhathi, kodwa ingaphumela futhi ekulahlekelweni imali, iziyalezo (iziyalezo zomthetho zokunqanda ukucwaswa), kanye nezinguquko ezingokomthetho. Ummeli angakululeka ngamandla ecala lakho.

Lapho Ungathola Khona Usizo

Ngaphandle kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kunezinhlangano ezingatholi nzuzo ezinikeza imfundo, ukugunyaza, futhi ngezinye izikhathi usizo olungokomthetho lwezindaba zamalungelo omphakathi. Nakhu okunye okuyinhloko:

  • [ ACLU Ayazi Amalungelo Akho: i-Civil Liberties Union yaseMelika inikeza iziqondiso ezicacile zolimi olucacile eziqondiswe ezinhluni eziningi zamalungelo omphakathi, kusukela emicimbini yamaphoyisa kuya ekuvoteni.
  • Isikhungo sesizwe samalungelo e-Lesbian (NCLR): Igxile ekufuneni umthetho we-LGTQ+ abantu, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, namalungelo omkhaya.
  • [ National Fair House Alliance:[ Inikeza ukwaziswa ngamalungelo alungile endlu futhi ingakusiza ukuba uxhumane nezinhlangano zendawo zokuhlala ezilungile.
  • Amalungelo e-Arizona:[ Ingxenye yesimiso sezwe sesivikelo nezimiso zokukhubazeka kwabantu abakhubazekile (umbuso ngamunye unenhlangano efanayo).
  • [[FLT]] Usizo. org lusiza abantu ukuba bathole usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile esimweni sabo.

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo noma abaphethe amalungelo abantu banezikhungo ezikwazi ukuhlola izikhalo futhi zinikeze ukwaziswa.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho Nabanye

Ukwazi amalungelo akho ezakhamuzi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile, kodwa ngokuvamile ukuwavikela kudinga ukuqapha nokuthatha isinyathelo.

  • Ungangatshelwa:[ Imithetho nezinqumo zenkantolo zingawashintsha amalungelo akho. Landela izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi nemithombo yezindaba ehloniphekile ukuze zihlale zihleli zivuselelwe.
  • Ukwazisa kunoma yiluphi ukhetho: Izikhulu ezinganakiwe kuzo zonke amazinga zenza izinqumo ezithinta amalungelo omphakathi. Sebenzisa ivoti yakho ukusekela abazomela ukuphathwa okulinganayo kwabo bonke.
  • ukucwasana kwemibiko:[ Ngisho noma ungathintekanga ngokuqondile, ubika ubandlululo uma ulubona lungasiza ekuluvimbeleni ukuba luqhubeke. Ezinye izinhlangano zivuma ukukhononda kwesithathu.
  • Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi: Amaqembu anjenge-ACLU, NAACP Eccle Confense, futhi amanye athembele ezinhlwini zeminikelo nasezisebenzini zokuzithandela ukuba alwele ubulungisa.
  • [ Yiba umbangi: Khuluma lapho ubona othile ephathwa ngokungafanele. Zifundise ngezinselele ezibhekene namaqembu agwegwe futhi usebenzise ilungelo lakho ukuze ukhulise amazwi awo.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo omphakathi awayona nje imiqondo engokomthetho, kodwa ayiyondlela yansuku zonke eqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu angaphila ngesithunzi, ukulingana, nenkululeko. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuwasebenzisa nokuwavikela abanye. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhamba ngezindlu, umsebenzi, imfundo, noma ukuvota, wazi ukuthi unesivikelo futhi kunemithombo yokukusiza uma lezo zisivikelo ziphulwa. Lesiqondiso sihloselwe ukuba sibe yisiqalo. Ukuze uthole iseluleko esingokomthetho, njalo uthintane nommeli ofanelekayo noma uthintane nenhlangano kahulumeni efanelekayo.