Isimiso somthetho saseMelika sisebenza ezindleleni ezimbili ezihlukene − i-civil kanye neselelesi .* ngayinye enemithetho yayo siqu, izinqubo, nemiphumela. Nakuba zombili imikhondo ijonge ukusekela ubulungisa, ihlukile kakhulu endleleni ejezisa ngayo ububi. Izijeziso zombango nesigwebo sobugebengu kufeza imisebenzi ehlukene engokwenhlalo, kunikeza izinhlupheko ezihlukene zobufakazi, futhi kuveza imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu ngalabo abahilelekile. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo; kunemiphumela yangempela yanoma yimuphi umuntu obhekene nesenzo esingokomthetho, ukutadisha umthetho, noma ukuzama nje ukuqondisa izibophophophozo zomthetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi kokwehlukanisa phakathi kwemithetho nemithetho ehlukanisayo nemigwebo, kuhlanganise nemisuka yayo engokomlando, iziviyo, nemiphumela esebenzayo.

Isisekelo Sesigwebo Sezakhamuzi

Izijeziso zombango zivela ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwamaqembu azimele − abantu abahlukene, amabhizinisi, noma amanxusa kahulumeni — lapho elinye iqembu liveza khona ukuthi elinye liye lephula umsebenzi, laphula isivumelwano, noma labangela umonakalo. Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, alethwa uhulumeni ukuze ajezise ukuziphatha okubhekwa njengokulimaza umphakathi, izenzo zomphakathi ziqalwa yiqembu elilimele (umbulali) elifuna ikhambi. Umgomo oyinhloko womthetho kahulumeni awukona ukujezisa kodwa ukwenza iqembu elilimele liphelele, ngokuvamile ngenkokhelo yemali noma ngemvume yokwenza okuthile (noma ukuyeka).

Izinhlobo Zobubi Bezakhamuzi

Umthetho wangaphakathi uhlanganisa izinto eziningi ezimbi, kuhlanganise nalezi:

  • Ukufinyelela kwesivumelwano:[ Uma omunye ehluleka ukufeza izibopho zayo ngaphansi kwesivumelwano esiphoqelelwa ngokomthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] usho:[ amaphutha omphakathi ahilela ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukunganaki, ukuhlanjalazwa, noma ukulimala kwempahla.
  • Ukuphula umthetho: Ukungahambisani nemithetho yokuphatha, njengemithetho yendawo ezungezile, izindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini, noma izimfuneko zokubika ngokwezimali.
  • [ Izimpikiswano zomthetho womkhaya:[ isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, kanye nengane kusekela izindaba.
  • [ Izimpikiswano ezingokwesisho:[ izingxabano ezithiyayo, izimpikiswano ezithinta indawo yokuhlala, noma izingxabano zokuthengwa.

Esimweni ngasinye, inkantolo ihlose ukuxazulula impikiswano futhi, lapho kufaneleka khona, ukukhokhiswa noma ukukhishwa kwemvume. Izijeziso zombango zihlanganisa ukukhokhwa kwemali, ukuhlawuliswa, iziyalezo, noma amanye amakhambi afanele. Ukungalungi akunamphumela oqondile ecaleni lomphakathi, nakuba ukudelelwa kwenkantolo (isib., ukwenqaba ukuhambisana nomyalo wenkantolo) kungaholela ejele isikhathi.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Ezimweni Zangaphakathi

Mhlawumbe umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowesigebengu uwumthwalo wobufakazi. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa kumelwe afakazele icala lakhe ngokubheka ubufakazi ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu (okungaphezu kuka-50%) ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala lokulimala. Lendinganiso ephansi iveza iqiniso lokuthi amacala omphakathi aphathelene kakhulu namalungelo omuntu siqu nenkokhelo yemali kunokuba akhululeke noma ihlazo.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kuqulwa icala lokunganaki elibangelwa ingozi yemoto, ummangalelwa umane nje udinga ukubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ukushayela kommangalelwa ngokunganaki kwabangela ukulimala. Ummangalelwa angayalwa ukuba akhokhe umonakalo ngisho noma kukhona ukungabaza okungaqondakali kahle ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo. Lendinganiso ilula kakhulu ukwanelisa kunendinganiso yobugebengu "Ngaphazamisi ukungabaza okunengqondo.”

Ukulahlwa Kwezakhamuzi: Kuhle, Kuyingozi, Futhi Kunokukhululeka Okungalingani

Imiphumela ezimweni zomphakathi cishe ingokwezimali noma ngokulinganayo.

  • [[INTLA: 0] Imali ekhokhelwayo ehloselwe ukukhokha ukulahlekelwa kwangempela, njengezindleko zezokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, noma izindleko zokulungisa impahla.
  • Izingozi ezingokomphumela: Imiklomelo eyengeziwe yemali eqonde ukujezisa ukuziphatha okubi okungathandeki futhi inqande ukuziphatha okufanayo esikhathini esizayo. Isijeziso siqabukela futhi ngokuvamile sidinga ubufakazi bobubi, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukunganaki okukhulu.
  • I-Injctions: Inkantolo ikhipha iziyalezo ezifuna umbambi hlangothi ukuba enze okuthile (umzk., susa isici esiyingozi) noma uyeke ukwenza okuthile (umz., uyeke ukusakaza izinkulumo ezihlanjalazayo).
  • Ikhono elikhethekile: Umyalelo ophoqelela iqembu ukuba lifeze isibopho esingokomthetho, njengokudlulisela ubunikazi bempahla ekhethekile.

Iphuzu eliyinhloko lokuqonda ukuthi izijeziso zomphakathi aziveli embhalweni wobugebengu. Nokho, zingaba nemiphumela emibi, kuhlanganise nokulahlekelwa ngokwezimali noma ukuvalwa kwebhizinisi ngempoqo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, i-Cornell Legin Information Institute yenqubo yomphakathi [ inikeza isisekelo esihle kakhulu.

Ukuqonda Izigwebo Zesigebengu

Ngokuphambene, izigwebo zobugebengu zibekwa umbuso lapho umuntu elahlwa ngecala elibi, futhi ebhekwa njengoyingozi emphakathini wonke. Ukuquliswa kwecala kusungulwa umshushisi kahulumeni, njengommeli wesifunda noma umshushisi kahulumeni, owenzela "abantu" injongo yomthetho wobugebengu ukujezisa abenzi bobubi, ukuqeda ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, ukuvikela umphakathi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi uphelise owoni.

Izingxenye Zobugebengu

Ubugebengu ngokuvamile buhlukaniswa ngobukhulu:

  • Iziphambeko:[ Ukuphuka okuncane, njengamathikithi omgwaqo noma ukulahla, ngokuvamile kujeziswa ngenkokhelo kuphela. Akuvamile ukuba kuthathe isikhathi sasejele.
  • Imisdemers: Amacala amakhulu kakhulu njengesela elincane, ukuhlasela okulula, noma ukuziphatha okungahleleki. Isigwebo singahlanganisa unyaka ejele, ukugcinwa ejele, nenhlawulo.
  • Izenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína kakhulu, [ kuhlanganisa ukubulala, ukuphanga, ukuhlasela ngokobulili, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, nokukhwabanisa. Izivumelwano zemali zinezijeziso zesikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ejele, izinhlawulo ezinkulu, futhi ngokuvamile isikhathi sokuphila esilinganayo.

Uhlelo lobugebengu luthinta inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala, isigwebo esingase sikhishwe, namalungelo anikezwa ummangalelwa.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Ezinkantolo Zezigebengu

Indinganiso yobugebengu yobufakazi [1] ngalé kokungabaza okunengqondo kungumgangatho ophakeme kakhulu kunoma yikuphi ukuqhubekeka okungokomthetho. Ukushushisa kumelwe kunikeze ubufakazi obukholisayo obungakholisayo ukuthi akekho umuntu onengqondo ongangabaza icala lommangalelwa. Lendinganiso eqinile isekelwe esimisweni sokuthi kungcono kakhulu ukubeka isigwebo umuntu ongenacala kunokuba avumele umuntu onecala ahambe akhululeke. Uma abamangali benokungabaza okunengqondo, kumelwe bakhululwe.

Ngenxa yokuthi izinkolelo zobugebengu zingaphuca abantu inkululeko yabo, uMthetho - sisekelo unikeza abamangalelwa isivikelo semiqondo eminingi, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala, ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lommeli (elinikezwa ngezindleko zikahulumeni uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukukhokhela enye), futhi uvikela ekutheni umuntu angabi sengozini ephindwe kabili (ukuze aquliswe kabili icala elifanayo).

Izinhlobo Zesigwebo Sesigebengu

Lapho ummangalelwa eboshelwa, ijaji (noma ngezinye izikhathi abahluleli) likhipha isigwebo.

  • Ukuhlanganisa: Jail (ngezinto ezingalungile) noma ijele (kwezezigebengu). Ubude buxhomeke ebuqathani bobugebengu, emlandweni wobugebengu wommangalelwa, neziqondiso zemithetho.
  • Isivumelwano: Inye indlela yokugqunywa lapho owonile ehlala khona emphakathini oqondiswa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjengokuhlola njalo, ukuhlola imilaliso, noma imithetho yezikhathi zokwehla komthetho.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Isijeziso semali esikhokhelwa uhulumeni, esivame ukusetshenziswa njengesijeziso sokunezela.
  • Inkonzo ye-commonity: umsebenzi ongakhokhelwanga wenhlangano engazuzi nzuzo noma kahulumeni, uhloselwe ukukhokhela umphakathi.
  • I-Restitution: ithengiselwa isisulu ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa ngokuqondile ubugebengu.
  • Isijeziso sokufa: Kwezinye izizwe, ngenxa yobugebengu obunyantisa kakhulu njengokubulala kokuqala.

Ngokungafani nesijeziso sangaphakathi, ukukhohliswa kwecala kuveza umlando wobugebengu ohlala njalo ongathinta umsebenzi, izindlu, amalungelo okuvota, nezincwadi zobuchwepheshe. UMnyango we-Criminal Division [[FLT: 1] unikeza izimali ezinkulu emikhubeni yokugweba kahulumeni.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwesigwebo Sezakhamuzi Nesigwebo Sesigebengu

Nakuba zombili lezi zimiso zinemiphumela, ziyashwibeka ngezindlela eziyisisekelo. Ngezansi kuqhathaniswe ngokuningiliziwe ngezilinganiso eziningana ezibucayi.

Indlela Okuyiyo Ukucasuka

  • ICivil: ihlanganisa ukwephulwa komsebenzi noma isivumelwano sangasese. Isenzo silethwa umuntu noma inhlangano elimazayo.
  • 'umthetho: uhlanganisa ukwephulwa komthetho womphakathi. Isenzo silethwa uhulumeni kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ngenxa yomphakathi.

Injongo Yokuqhubeka

  • I-Civil:[ Ukuxazulula ingxabano nokubuyisela olimele. Isijeziso singajezisa ukuziphatha okubi kakhulu, kodwa isinxephezelo siyimbangela eyinhloko.
  • 'ubugebengu:[ Ukujezisa owonile, ukuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, ukuvikela umphakathi, futhi (kwezinye izimo) ukubuyisa ukona.

Imiphumela

  • I-Civil:[ Inxeba le-monetary, imiyalo, noma umsebenzi othile. Ukuboshwa (ngaphandle kwecala) futhi kungekho rekhodi lobugebengu.
  • 'umthetho: Ukuthatha isigwebo, ihlawu, ihlawulo, umsebenzi womphakathi, ukulahlekelwa ngamalungelo, nomlando wobugebengu ohlala njalo.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

  • [[UMTH:0] ICivil:[ Ukucabangisisa ngobufakazi (cishe).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isigebengu: Ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo (indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yomthetho).

Imicimbi Ehilelekile

  • [[UMTH:0] I-Civil: i-Placttiff (iqembu lomuntu siqu) kanye nommangalelwa.
  • 'umthetho: Uhulumeni (umshushisi) ngokumelene nommangalelwa.

Ukuya Eshashalazini

  • [ Idili: Idili lingase ligcine iseluleko, kodwa uhulumeni akanikezi ummeli uma ummangalelwa engenamali yokuthenga eyodwa (ngaphandle kwezenzo ezithile ezifana nesibopho somphakathi).
  • 'ubugebengu:[ Isichibiyeli seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokwelulekwa, futhi umbuso kumelwe unikeze ummeli wabamangalelwa abangemthetho ababhekene nokuboshwa.

Isivikelo Esikabili Sobuhlungu

  • ICivil:[ Ayivikelwa ngengozi ephindwe kabili. Ummangalelwa angamangalelwa ngomphakathi ngisho nangemva kokuba ekhululiwe enkantolo yobugebengu ngesenzo esifanayo esingaphansi kwesici.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Icala: IsiMiselo sesihlanu sinqabela ukuthathwa kabili kwecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunywa kwecala.

Leliphuzu lokugcina libalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, uSimpson wakhululwa ekubulaleni enkantolo yobugebengu kodwa wathola ukuthi unecala lokufa ngokungafanele enkantolo yomphakathi. Imithwalo ehlukene yobufakazi yavumela imiphumela emibili ehlukene yesenzo esifanayo.

Ukuqhubeka Ngokudlulele Nokuzihambela: Ukuqamba Kwangaphakathi Nesigebengu Ngomthetho Ofanayo

Isenzo esisodwa singabangela kokubili ukubekeka icala komphakathi kanye nokuquliswa kwecala. Kulamacala "okwenza ubugebengu", uhulumeni angamangalela ngecala lapho isisulu (noma iqembu langasese) sifaka kanye kanye icala lomphakathi. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [ Fraud:[ Inkampani ephamba abatshali bezimali ibhekene namacala obugebengu avela kuMnyango woMahlulelo nasemacaleni omphakathi abatshali bezimali abafuna ukukhokhwa.
  • Assault:[ Umphangi angabekwa icala lokuhlasela noma ibhetri enkantolo yobugebengu, kuyilapho isisulu simangalelwa ngezindleko zokwelapha nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka enkantolo yomphakathi.
  • Ukuphulwa ngokwezengqondo: Inhlangano elahla udoti onobuthi ngokungemthetho ingakhokhwa nge-EPA (isijeziso) futhi isongwe ngaphansi kwe-Ceac Water Act (isigwebo esinzima), kuyilapho omakhelwane bangase bamangalele umonakalo wempahla.

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yasekela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho kwecala lomphakathi nobugebengu obufanayo, uma icala lomphakathi lingawephuli amalungelo ommangalelwa weSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuziphikisa. Inhlangano yamagebe yomthetho weMelika Bar's metal metage [ inikeza isiqondiso ngendlela lemikhondo efanayo esebenzelana ngayo.

Imiphumela Engalawuleki: Lapho Isigwebo Sezakhamuzi Sizizwa Sinjengesigwebo Seselangala

Nakuba izijeziso zomphakathi zingalimele ihlazo lomlando wobugebengu, zingaba yingozi. Isahlulelo esikhulu somphakathi singaphuca umuntu noma ibhizinisi. Izinhlawulo, njengalezo ezibekwa yi-Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) noma iFederal Trade Commission (FTC), zingafinyelela izigidi zamaRandi. Kwezinye izimo, ukulahlekelwa kwezakhamuzi kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba uthathe impahla ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yicala lecala lecala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izigijimi zomphakathi, njengokuxoshwa kwezindlebe zabantu abangezona ezezentengiselwano, zingabangela imiphumela enzima kakhulu ekuphileni kwabantu kunemigwebo eminingi yobugebengu. Umehluko phakathi "kobugebengu" no"ubugebengu" awucaci njalo, futhi ukuqonda izici ezibalulekile kunoma ubani obhekene nenkathazo engokomthetho.

Imibuzo Ewusizo: Lokho Okufanele Ukwazi

Kubantu ngabanye nabafundi abafunda umthetho, kuvela abathathi - hlangothi abaningana abawusizo kulokhu kuqhathanisa:

  1. Njalo thatha ukumangalelwa ngokungathi sína. Ngisho noma kungekho zingozi zokuvalelwa, ukwahlulela komphakathi kungaphumela ekukhokhelweni, ekubhuleni impahla, nasekubhujisweni kwezimali. Ukuvikela ilungelo lomphakathi kudinga ukumelelwa okungokomthetho njengecala lobugebengu.
  2. Ngaphansi kwe-intshi uyavuma ukuthi awunakuphoqelelwa ukuba ufakazele ecaleni lobugebengu (Isiphendulo sesihlanu), kodwa enkantolo yomphakathi, kungadingeka ukuba uphendule imibuzo(*) futhi izimpendulo zakho kamuva zingasetshenziswa ekukumangaleleni. Kuhlolwe ummeli ngaphambi kokuba ukhulume kunoma isiphi isenzakalo esingokomthetho.
  3. Yazi imithetho yokulinganiselwa. Kokubili amacala omphakathi nobugebengu anemingcele yesikhathi sokuwahlela. Ukungawutholi umsebenzi omisiwe kungavala ngokuphelele icala.
  4. Uma ubhekene necala lomphakathi nobugebengu ngesenzo esifanayo, udinga amasu ahlukene. Ukuzivikela kobugebengu okuphumelelayo akukuvikeli ekubekeni icala lomphakathi, futhi ukukhokha amacala obugebengu akukuvimbeli.

Isifundo esijulile, i-Cornell LII ikhasi elikhuluma ngesigwebo sobugebengu linikeza ukunqanyulwa okuningiliziwe kwendlela imisho enqunywa ngayo, kuhlanganise neziqondiso zikahulumeni zokugweba.

Isiphetho

Isimiso somthetho sihlukanisa kakhulu phakathi kwezijeziso zomphakathi nezigwebo zobugebengu, okubonisa izithakazelo ezihlukene ezisemqoka. Umthetho wangaphakathi uxazulula izingxabano zangasese futhi ukhokhela izisulu ngemali noma ngeziqondiso, usebenzisa indinganiso ephansi yobufakazi. Umthetho wesigebengu ujezisa izaphulamthetho emphakathini, ngokuvamile uzincisha inkululeko, futhi ufune indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi ukuze uvikele abangenacala. Nakuba lezi zimiso ezimbili ngezinye izikhathi ziphikisana, izinjongo, izinqubo, nemiphumela ihlala ihlukile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uchwepheshe, noma othile ongase abhekane nomthetho, ukuqasheka okuqinile kwalokhu kuphikisana kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo eziwulwazi namalungelo akho.