Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni e-United States buwukusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi nokunamandla kwegunya. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa amandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, ephoqelelwa, futhi echazwa ngayo kulo lonke izwe. Lengxenye, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-constarianism, ayiyona ekhona; iye yaqala ngokuchaza okungokomthetho-sisekelo, umthetho ongokomthetho wesimemezelo, kanye nokusebenza kwezombangazwe. Kubafundisi abafundisa izakhamuzi noma umlando, ukuqondisisa okucacile kombuso kubalulekile ekuchazeni kokubili isimo sokubusa kwaseMelika kanye nezingxabano ezibangela izimpikiswano zesimiso somthetho namuhla.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo SobuFederalism

I-Federalism e-United States isuka eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo, wabunjwa ngo-1787. Abakhi be-flamers babehlose ukwakha isimiso esilinganiselayo phakathi kwegunya eliyinhloko nezwe ngalinye, ukugwema ubuthakathaka bawo womabili uhulumeni ohlangene kanye nokuhlangana okungenamthetho. Izihloko zeConfederation, ezandulela uMthetho-sisekelo, zazimise uhulumeni obuthakathaka onamandla ongenakulawula ngokuphumelelayo ezentengiselwano, intela ye-levy, noma imithetho ephoqelelwe. Umthetho walungisa lokhu hluleka ngokudala uhulumeni wezwe onamandla ahlukene, kuyilapho ulondoloza ubukhosi bombuso kuzo zonke izindawo ezingagunyaselwanganikezwanga ku-Union.

Izimiso eziyinhloko zomthetho ngokomthetho ezichaza ubuzwe zihlanganisa iSupremacy Claus (Umdwebi wesi - VI, u-Claus 2), eveza ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uphakeme kakhulu ezweni; i-Muedict neSed Claus (ISiqesha se-I, iSiqeshana 8, u-Claus 18), enikeza uMkhandlu ushintsho lokufeza amandla awo ahlukanisayo; neSimemezelo seSiphendulo seshumi, okunganikezwanga i-United States ezifundazweni noma kubantu. Lezizigaba zihlangene zakha uhlelo oluvumelanayo futhi luncintisa.

Phakathi nezimpikiswano zokuhlukanisa, iFederalist Papers − ikakhulukazi Federalist No. 10 no Fucedalist No. 51[ [isho ukulunga kwefilosofi kokuhlukanisa amandla. UJames Madison waphikisa ngokuthi irepublic enkulu enamaqembu amaningi ivimbela iqembu elilodwa ekulawuleni, kuyilapho ukwahlukana kwemibuso nemithetho emisha kunganikeza "ukulondeka kabili" amalungelo ngamanye. Isakhiwo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo sasiklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko ngokususa igunya.

Izihloko Zokuhlanganisa Nesivumelwano SoMthetho - sisekelo

Izihloko ze-Confederation, ezagunyazwa ngo-1781, zaveza "impicabadala yobungane" phakathi kwezifundazwe ezine-un - meyal Congress ezazinegunya elilinganiselwe. Uhulumeni ophethe i-Confederal wakwazi ukukhokha intela, ukuphakamisa ibutho, noma ukulawula ibhizinisi lamazwe ahlukene ngokuqondile. Shays ’ Regiverse (1786 –1787) yadalula ubuthakathaka beZihlomelo, inxusa uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla kakhulu. I-Constitutionalal ePhiladelphia yamisa uhlelo olushayo olusakheka kakhulu olusakaziswe kakhulu lapho ilondoloza ukufaneleka kwezwe.

Ukuyekelela eMhlanganweni, njengoMhlangano Omkhulu wokuhlehla nokweHlakulela oku-Faths, kwabonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwezithakazelo zikahulumeni nobunye besizwe. UMthetho-sisekelo owavelayo wawuyincwadi ehlelwe ngokucophelela eyanika uhulumeni amandla athile ngesikhathi ugcina wonke asele ezifundazweni. Lengxenye yegunya ibiyindaba yengxoxo nempikiswano kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Ukuqonda Ukwehlukana Kwamandla

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa amagunya ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bezwe, ukudala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukuhleleka nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Imibuso egunyazweyo (igunya) / labo abanikezwa ngokuqondile iSishaya-mthetho eSiphakathweni I, Ingxenye 8(inani elilawula isifundazwe nesezohwebo zangaphandle, ukukhokha imali, ukumemezela impi, nokumisa amahhovisi eposi. Umthetho oMfanele uvumela uMkhandlu "odingekile nofanele" ukuba usebenzise lamandla, aye achazwa kabanzi emacaleni anjengaye [[FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT]. [FLT]

Izwe linemithetho ebekelwe imingcele ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi. Lezi zihlanganisa igunya phezu kwenqubo yemfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo, izimiso zokuhamba, izimiso zempilo yomphakathi, umshado nomthetho womkhaya, kanye nezentengiselwano zamazwe. Amazwe futhi asebenzisa amandla akhona afanayo − njengokugcinwa kwentela nomthetho − okuhlanganyelwa nohulumeni. Lesimiso sobukhosi obumbaxambili sisho ukuthi womabili amazinga kahulumeni angasebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa izingxabano zivame ukuphakama phezu kwemingcele ngayinye.

Ukusetshenziswa, Ukusetshenziswa, Namandla Emvelo

Ngaphandle kokubalwa kwemibuso, uhulumeni kahulumeni unezigunya elisikiselwe elithathwe ku-Fanect ne Meditation Claus. Lawa asekelwa Mcloch v. Maryland, lapho uMahluleli Omkhulu John Marshall asho khona ngokudume ukuthi "amandla entela ahilela amandla okubhubhisa" nokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe uchazwe ngokuqondiswe ngokwethukuhle ukuze ufeze izinjongo zawo. Uhulumeni wezwe ubuye ube namandla ayisisekelo (‘amandla aso sonke isizwe, njengamandla okulawula ukufuduka nokuphatha izindaba zakwamanye amazwe ).

Imibuso yoMbuso ibanzi ngokufanayo kodwa ingaphansi kokuphakama kukahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seshumi leminyaka siye sachazwa njengesivikelo esinenzuzo sokuzimela kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi emashumini eminyaka amuva, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme ilinganiselwe amandla eNkantolo yombuso omthetho noma isikhulu (bona uPrequez v. United States, 1997; Murphy v. NACA, 2018]). Le "Ayayalela-yaleza" iqinisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe uhloniphe ubukhosi.

Amandla Amanje Nokwehliswa Kwezikhungo

Imibuso ehlangene ihlanganisa igunya lentela, ukwakha imigwaqo, izinkantolo eziphethe, nokulawula ezohwebo phakathi kwemingcele ethile. Uma imithetho kahulumeni nombuso iphikisana, i-Supremacy Claus ifuna ukuba umthetho kahulumeni ungene − kodwa kuphela uma uMkhandlu uhlose ukuthatha indawo noma uma umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana ngokuqondile nesimiso sikahulumeni. Lemfundiso yokuhlengwa iwumthombo ovamile we-ligitation, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengemithetho yendawo ezungezile, izindinganiso zezisebenzi, kanye nokufuduka.

Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iArizona v. United States (202) yabulala amalungiselelo amaningana omthetho we-Arizona wokufuduka ngoba ayephikisana nomthetho womthetho womthetho wokugcina i-medica okhona kahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, ku- National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLT] [20:3], iNkantolo yathi uhulumeni akakwazi ukuncisha zonke izinkongozeli zemali zeMedicaid ezikhona eziseminisweni ezikhethe ukunganwebi kwemithetho engaphezulu ngaphansi kwe-Affordcable Careal Act, imingcele eqinile emandla kahulumeni.

Ukuziphendukela Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi

I-Federalism e-United States iye yadlula ezigabeni eziningi ezihlukene. Izazi zivame ukuchaza ukushintshwa kwe-palimanisism (layer kherogoliation) uhulumeni wobuzwe [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [i-propatialgistism eqinileyo) bese ichaza umbango omusha wezwelo noma i-devolution. Ukuqonda le nkolelo-mfalkism kuyisihluthulelo sokwazisa izimpikiswano zamanje ngesikhundla segunya likahulumeni.

Dual Federalism (1789-1930)

Ngaphansi kwemithetho yombuso emibili, uhulumeni wezwe nemibuso esetshenziswa kakhulu ngokwehlukene. Uhulumeni kahulumeni wagxila ezindabeni zokukhathazeka kwesizwe − njengezindaba zangaphandle, amajaji, kanye nezentengiselwano yezwe eliphakathi kwezwe − ngesikhathi esifanayo amazwe asingatha izindaba zendawo njengemfundo, amandla amaphoyisa, nempahla. INkantolo Ephakeme ezimweni ezinjenge United States v. C. [1895]) achaza kancane amandla ezentengiselwano zikahulumeni, ahlukanisa ukuhileleka kwezentengiselwano yezomnotho.

Lenkathi yaphela ngeNew Deal, lapho uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt esabela ngokuphawulekayo ekuwohlokeni okukhulu kwezomnotho kwandisa amandla kahulumeni. Izinhlelo ze-New Deal njenge-Social Security, i-National Labor Relations Act, ne-Agricultural Service Act idinga ukubambisana kukahulumeni nesifundazwe futhi ishintshe ukulinganisela kombuso.

Ubumbano (1930s1670)

Kuhulumeni obambisana, ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni basebenza ndawonye ukuxazulula izinkinga zesizwe, ngokuvamile ngezinhlelo nezimiso ezidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Uhulumeni wahlela imigomo ebanzi yesimiso, kuyilapho imibuso inikeza izinhlelo phakathi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni. Lenkathi yathola ukunyuka kwezikhokhelo eziphelele, ezazinikeza imali yezinjongo ezithile ezihlobene nezimo.

Nokho, ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwemithetho kahulumeni nemibandela yokusebenzisa imali kwaholela ezingxabanweni.

I - New Federalism ne - Dvolution (1980s\Presente)

Kusukela ekuqondiseni kwe-Reagan, ukuphoqelela kwaqala ukubuyisela amandla ezifundazweni. Le "i-construct" efuna ukunciphisa ukuxhaswa kwemali nokushintshwa kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni ukuze izwe ngezipho nangemvume yokulawula. Umthetho omkhulu wawuhlanganisa i-Hulumeni ye-Cresant and Work Procement Reconciliation Act (1996), eyathatha indawo yenhlala- kahle kahulumeni ngokuhlela izinhlelo zikahulumeni ze-ornoted Mandates Reformation Act (1995), eyayizama ukuvimbela ukunqandwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ephethe amazwe.

INkantolo Ephakeme yaphinde yabeka imingcele ekwakheni amandla kahulumeni. United States v. Lopez (1995]), iNkantolo yabulala iGun-Free School Zone Act njengegunya elidlulayo lezentengiselwano leKhongolo, eliphawula okokuqala kusukela ku-New Deal eyathi iNkantolo yazehlisa umthetho kazwelonke ezifundeni zezentengiselwano. Ukulandela amacala anjenge United States v.Morionton [2] [2000] na [[FLT:] County] ne[FL:] i-Devity. Baker[FL:5] (203]) yaqhubeka ukugunyaza umthetho wezwe wezwe.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme Ekulweni Nempi

INkantolo Ephakeme inendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni uMthetho - sisekelo nasekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nohulumeni. Amacala aphawulayo aye athonya ukuqonda kwesimiso sombuso, ngokuvamile ebonisa izinguquko zezombangazwe nezenhlalo zesikhathi sabo.

Amacala Ayinhloko Enkantolo

Amacala amaningana abalulekile aye achaza imingcele yamandla ombuso nombuso:

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (11819) – – yamisa ukuphakama komthetho kahulumeni phezu komthetho kazwelonke futhi yasekela ubukho bemithetho-siseko weBank yesibili yase-United States. Ukufundwa kweNkantolo ka-Esibili okubanzi kwe-Ediact ne-Fanet Claus e-mentiwe ngokomthetho.
  • GEBBON v. Ogden (11824) – amandla kahulumeni anwetshiwe okulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe, achaza ezohwebo ngokubanzi ukuze kuhlanganise nokuhamba ngemikhumbi. Lendaba yabeka isisekelo segunya likahulumeni phezu kwezomnotho.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995] - - Imingcele eqiniswe egunyeni likahulumeni ngokuwisa umthetho owehlayo wokuphatha izibhamu eduze nezikole, uphethe ukuthi umsebenzi wawungahlobene ngokwanele nezentengiselwano zamazwe.
  • Inani lesizwe le-Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) - Universa i-Affordal Care Act njengomthetho wentela, kodwa igebe elilinganiselwe lokusebenzisa amandla ngokubusa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ngeke uphoqe amazwe ukuba andise iMedicaid ngokusongela ukususa yonke izimali ekhona.
  • Shelby County v. Hoker (2013) – Inqanda inqubo yokuhlanganisa i-Voting Rights Act, iphikisa ngokuthi yayibeka imithwalo ezizweni ezingasathethelelwa yizimo zamanje. Lesisinqumo sanciphisa kakhulu ukuqondisa kukahulumeni imithetho yokuvota.

Lemithetho iqokomisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kombuso kahulumeni kanye nokulingana kwamandla e-United States. Indima yeNkantolo njengommeli wegunya likahulumeni nombuso ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komthetho-mthetho.

Izinkinga Zangesikhathi Esidlule Ezimpini Zokulwela Uhulumeni

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, ukuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni ngokuvamile kuvivinywa yizindaba ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kwempilo, imfundo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, ukugunyazwa ngokomthetho kwensangu, ukufuduka, namalungelo okuvota. Lezi zingxabano zibonisa imiphumela engokoqobo yokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kanye nokulwela ukuchaza izinga elifanele lohulumeni ngamunye.

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) iyisibonelo sokungezwani phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nezwe ekunakekeleni impilo. Amazwe aye anezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusabela e-ACA, kuhlanganise nokwandisa iMedicaid ngaphansi komthetho okhethwe, usebenzise izimvume zempilo ezisekelwe kuhulumeni, noma imibandela enzima enkantolo. Kusukela ngo-2024, amazwe ayishumi awakayandiswanga uMdicaid naphezu kwezisusa zikahulumeni, okuholela ekuhlanganiseni izikhala zezakhamuzi ezithola imali ephansi. FIB v. Sebelius[FL:1]

Ngalé kwe-ACA, kusho futhi ukulawula izimakethe zomshuwalense, i-insensurence yabanakekela impilo, kanye nezinyathelo zempilo yomphakathi. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, uhulumeni wafeza indima evelele njengoba imibuso yakhipha iziyalezo zokuhlala ekhaya, iziphakamiso zokufihla imbobo, nezinto eziza kuqala zokugoma, ngezinye izikhathi eziphikisana nesiqondiso sikahulumeni. Lo mqedazwe wagcizelela kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka bokusabela okuhloniphekile.

Imfundo

Isimiso semfundo singesinye isici lapho imibuso yombuso nohulumeni ihlangana khona. I-The All Students Fueveeds Act (ESA), eyasayinwa ngo- 2015, yasusa igunya elibalulekile emuva ezweni, yavumela ukuba bahlele izindinganiso zabo zemfundo, banqume izindlela zokuhlola, futhi banike imali esetshenziswayo endaweni yaleyo ndawo. Lokhu kwathatha indawo yemvume engcono kakhulu ethi ama-bipartisan avumelane ukuthi amazwe kufanele abe nemithetho evumelanayo.

Nokho, imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi kahulumeni − njengesihloko VI (race), i-Title IX (x), kanye no-Antess oGuide Act (IDEA) iyaqhubeka ibeka izimfuneko ezizweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhasa izikole kwezwe kuvame ukuhambisana nemibandela, njengokuvumelana nezindinganiso zokuhlola nokuziphendulela. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulawula nokuqondisa kwezwe kuhlala kuphikiswa, ikakhulukazi uma amazwe encintisana nezici ezinjengezifundo zemfundo, izikole, ukukhetha isikole, nothisha.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile sivame ukubona ukungqubuzana phakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni nezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Izwe lingamisa imithetho eqinile yendawo ezungezile kunezindinganiso zikahulumeni, iholele ekuhlukaneni kwezindawo ezizungezile kulo lonke izwe kanye nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zokulawula negunya. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia sekuyisikhathi eside isebenzisa igunya layo ngaphansi kwe-Ceac Air Act ukumisa izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha izimoto, ezinye izifundazwe ezingazithatha. Uhulumeni wezwe ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene uye wazama ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuqeda ukulahla i-California, okuphumela ekuthatheni i-ligiver.

Ngokufanayo, imithombo iye yahola esimisweni sokushintsha isimo sezulu, imisa izinhlelo, imigangatho evuselelwayo, kanye nezisulu zokwehla kokukhishwa. INkantolo Ephakeme [ku-. Amashachusetts v. I-EPA [2007] (2007]) ikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ungayilawula igesi efudumalayo ngaphansi komthetho we-Ceaoc Air Act, kodwa ngokulandelayo i-Religitaral baspects ziye zashiya izifunda izifunda zezindlela zazo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuhlahlela amandla okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

Esinye sezibonelo ezivelele zamanje zokucindezeleka kukahulumeni wezwe ukugunyazwa ngokomthetho kwensangu ukuze isetshenziswe kwezokwelapha noma ekuzijabuliseni ezizweni eziningi, naphezu kokubekwa kwayo ngokuqhubekayo njengento elawula iShedyuli engaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Ngo-2024, amazwe angaphezu kuka-2024 aye agunyaza ukuzilibazisa okusemthethweni kwe-cannabis, futhi acishe abe ngu-40 avumela ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Nokho, umthetho kahulumeni usakuvimbela ukuba ube nokusetshenziswa nokusakazwa, kubangele izingozi ezingokomthetho emabhizinisini, emabhange, nabathengi.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ubekezele kakhulu ukugcinwa kwamandla emithetho ngezincwadi zesiqondiso ezinjengeCole Memory (2013) kanye ne-SAFE Banking Act (2023), kodwa ingxabano eyisisekelo ayikaxazululeki. Lesisimo sibonisa imingcele yamandla kahulumeni uma umthetho kahulumeni uhlala ezincwadini, futhi siphakamisa imibuzo ngokufaneleka kobuzwe bubhekene nokuhlolwa kwezinga likahulumeni.

Ukufuduka Namadolobha Angcwele

Isimiso sokuhlanganisa izakhiwo singumthetho oyinhloko kahulumeni, kodwa imibuso iye yaqinisa indima ngokuqhubekayo ngokuqondisa imisebenzi, amalayisense okushayela, nokubambisana komthetho. Umqondo "wamadolobha anezigwegwegwe" ``izigwebo ezilinganisela ukubambisana nokugcinwa kwezokufuduka kukahulumeni] / kwaye yabangela izimpi ezingokomthetho. Arizona v. United States [20], iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya izinhlelo ze-SB 1070 zokulwa nomthetho kazwelonke, kodwa yashiya umnyango uvulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe imithetho yokufuduka ngezindlela ezilinganiselwe.

Imizamo kahulumeni yokugodla imali ezikhundleni ezingcwele iye yabekelwa inselele, njengoba ngokuvamile izinkantolo zinquma ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ngeke aphoqelele izimo ezintsha ezifundazweni ngaphandle kolimi olucacile noma i-nexus enengqondo esimisweni sezimali. Lamacala ayaqhubeka echaza umngcele phakathi kokuhlengwa kwamaphoyisa kahulumeni namaphoyisa kahulumeni.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

IVoting Rights Act ka-1965 iwumthetho ophawulayo kahulumeni owenqabela ubandlululo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Kodwa ngemva Shelby County v. Horer (2013) yalahla uhlelo lokuhlanganisa olusetshenziswayo ukuze kubonwe ukuthi yiziphi izifundazwe okumelwe zithole ukuguqulwa kwemithetho yokuvota, amazwe amaningi amisa imithetho emisha ye-ID, ahlola indawo evalayo, kanye namacebo okuvuselela agxekwayo abagxeki abathi bathinta idlanzana. Uhulumeni wezwe uye wazama ukubuyisela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho enjenge-John R. Vowinteng Acrection Active Act, kodwa awukadluli.

Lendawo iyisibonelo esiqhubekayo sombango phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni lokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi nokulawula uhulumeni ekuqondiseni ukhetho. Imithetho kahulumeni yokuvota idala umehluko ekungeneni futhi iye yaba impikiswano eyinhloko kwezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Ama - United States Njengezisebenzi Zombuso Wentando Yeningi

UMahluleli uLouis Brandeis wabhala ngokudume kakhulu ukuthi "izwe lingase lithandwe, uma izakhamuzi zalo zikhetha, zisebenze njengendawo yokucwaninga; futhi zama ukuhlola okuqanjiwe kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho ngaphandle kobungozi kulo lonke izwe." Lomqondo ungathatha inzuzo eyinhloko ye-athonsist: ungayifaka phambili futhi uvivinye imithetho ekwazi ukuthatha i-computer uma iphumelela. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha imoto yase California, ezaholela ekuhleleni imithetho ehlanzekile yemoto; ukuhlinza kwempilo ye-Massachusetts's' (6), eyasebenza njengesibonelo se-ACA; ne-Oregon's spictive decrialtial is, eziye zahlolwa kakhulu ezinye izizwe.

Izwe futhi linikeza amathuba okuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi nokusabela. Izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe zivame ukufinyeleleka futhi zilandise kakhulu kubantu bazo kunabameleli bakahulumeni. Ukulinganisa ukuphumelela kokucwaninga kukahulumeni kungazisa inqubo kahulumeni ngaphandle kokumisa ikhambi elilodwa eliphelele. Lo msebenzi wokucwaninga ubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, inguquko yomthetho womthetho womthetho, nenqubo yezenhlalakahle.

Nokho, akuyona yonke imizamo ephumelelayo, futhi ukuhlukahluka kwemibuso kungaholela ekungalinganini kokungena noma ithuba. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthembela ekuhloleni kukahulumeni kungabambezela amakhambi ezwe ezinkingeni ezicindezelayo, njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma ukugujwa kwempilo. Impikiswano yokuthi kufanele kuhole nini imibuso futhi nini ukubeka izindinganiso zikahulumeni kuyisici esihlala njalo sokubusa kwaseMelika.

Ikusasa LobuFande

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, kanjalo ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Izinkinga ezinjengobuchwepheshe, ukufuduka, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ziyoqhubeka zibekela inselele izakhiwo zegunya ezikhona. Ukukhula okusheshayo kwe-intanethi, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye nendawo yokusebenza yemininingwane kuye kwadala igebe elikhulu lezo zombili amazinga kahulumeni agijima ukugcwalisa. Ngokwesibonelo, iConsumer Inficial Act yeCalifornia (CPA) ibeka isisekelo sesizwe sesivikelo solwazi, kuyilapho uhulumeni ungenamthetho we-mgada owe-intanethi eyimfihlo. Le-ccune imema umsebenzi wemithetho kahulumeni onzima ongase ube umthwalo emabhizinisini futhi ubangele ukudidelwa kwabathengi.

Isimiso sokuhlanganisa siyodinga ukubambisana phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nombuso, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezombangazwe kuye kwenza ukubambisana kwaba nzima. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyofuna ukubambisana ekubuseni, njengoba izinkinga eziningi zendawo ezungezile zidlula emigqeni kahulumeni futhi zidinga amakhambi esifunda noma esizwe. Ikusasa likahulumeni liyoxhomeka ekhonweni lawo womabili amazinga ohulumeni lokusebenza ndawonye kuyilapho zihlonipha izindima zawo ezihlukene.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintshana kombono womphakathi, ukulawulwa kweqembu leWhite House ne-Congress, nokumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuzoqhubeka kuthonya ukulinganisela kwegunya. Ukwanda kwamaqembu amabili amakhulu kuye kwaholela emaphusheni aphikisanayo embusweni wezwe: olunye uhlangothi luthambekele ekusekeleni ukuvumelana kwesizwe ezindaweni ezinjengokulwela amalungelo esizwe nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kuyilapho olunye lugcizelela ukuqondisisa kwezwe nokulawula kwendawo. Ukuvimbela lokhu kucindezeleka kuyodinga ukuchazwa komthetho wemithetho kanye nokuvumelana kwezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Umehluko wamandla phakathi kohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni uyisici esiyisisekelo sokubusa kwaseMelika. Ngokuqonda lo thisha nabafundi abanamandla bangaqonda kangcono izinselele zomthetho, isimiso, nokuziphendukela okuqhubekayo kwentando yeningi e-United States. I-Federalism ayiwona umqondo omisiwe kodwa uhlelo oluphilayo oluvumelana nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho lulondoloza izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zenkululeko, ukumelelwa, nokuzimela, nokuzibusa kwendawo. Njengoba isizwe sibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, ingxoxo phakathi kwe-hulumeni nombuso wezwe iyohlala isemqoka ekuzameni kwaseMelika ngokwaso.

Ukuze bafunde ngokwengeziwe, othisha bangahlola uMthetho-sisekelo Anenoted’s ukuhlaziya iSichibiyelo Seshumi ne 's’eyez's icala lomthetho owe-compationismstings izinqumo ze-[. [[FLT]] Isikhungo sokucwaninga samanje sihlola izimo zomphakathi ngokuphathelene namandla kahulumeni , futhi Britingstion ichaza kakhulu izimpikiswano zanamuhla zombuso [[FLT]]