Ukuqonda indlela imithetho engenziwa ngayo kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umvoti ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho ingase ibonakale inzima ekuqaleni, kodwa ukuyihlela phansi ezinyathelweni ezicacile kwembula isimiso esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucubungula, ukufakwa komphakathi, nokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuba noma isiphi isiphakamiso sibe umthetho obophayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulandela umthetho othile, ukhuthaza izinguquko zenqubo, noma umane nje ufune ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi ngokwengeziwe, ukwazi indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo embonweni wokuqala wokusebenzisa umthetho owenziwa umphakathi ukukunika amandla okusebenza ngokuphumelela ngokwengeziwe nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe nenqubo yedemokrasi ngokwayo.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uhamba ngesigaba ngasinye senqubo yokwenza umthetho, kusukela entunjeni yomqondo kuya kusayinwa umongameli, engachazi nje ukuthi kwenzekani kodwa ukuthi kungani kuthatha inyathelo ngalinye. Ngokuqonda lenqubo, abavoti bangawazisa kangcono amasheke nezilinganiso ezakhelwe esimisweni sethu, baqaphele amathuba okwenza amazwi abo ezwe, futhi babeke abameleli babo ukuba balandise ngemithetho abayisekelayo noma abayiphikisayo.

Lapho Kuqala Khona Imithetho: Ukuzalwa Kwemibono Yomthetho

Noma yiliphi ilungu leSigele − noma kusuka eNdlu yabameleli − onomgomo womthetho angakhipha umthetho, futhi lemibono ivela kumalungu oMkhandlu ngokwawo noma ezakhamuzini zansuku zonke nasemaqenjini okuphatha izigebengu. Leli iphuzu elibalulekile abavoti abaningi abangaliqapheli: akudingeki ukuba ube yisikhulu esikhethiwe ukuze usungule umthetho. Izakhamuzi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, amabhizinisi, amabhizinisi, amaqembu obuchwepheshe, namaqembu azimele avamile asondelela abameleli babo njalo ngezicelo ezintsha noma ngezinguquko.

Imali iyisiphakamiso somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe umthetho osemthethweni, umsebenzi omkhulu uyenzeka kaningi ngaphandle kwezenzakalo. Amalungu oKhongolo-mfuyo nezisebenzi zabo bangachitha amasonto noma izinyanga becwaninga ngendaba ethile, bebuza ochwepheshe, beqoqa ukwaziswa, futhi bebhala ngolimi oluzofeza imigomo yabo yezimiso. Izishayamthetho eziningi zisebenza ne Office of Legislative Counse, ihhovisi elingaphathisi esisiza ukuguqula imiqondo ibe ngolimi oluqondile lwemithetho.

Ilungu eliyinhloko leKhongolokazi elisekela lesi sivumelwano libizwa ngokuthi "isibambiso," kuyilapho amanye amalungu asekela lesi sikweletu ebizwa ngokuthi "i-co-sponsors" ukuphatha i-odolasssssss. Ukuba nenqwaba yamalungu kungabonisa ukusekela okukhulu kokuhlongozwa futhi kungandisa amathuba ayo okuqhubekela phambili ngenqubo yomthetho. Ezinye izikweleti zidonsa amaningi noma amakhulu abaxhasi abakanye kuwo womabili amaqembu, kuyilapho amanye angase abe nomxhasi oyedwa kuphela.

Ukwethula Ibhilidi: Iqophelo Legunya Lokuqala

Uma isikweleti sesiqalisiwe, kumelwe siqaliswe (-* uma ummeleli ewumxhasi, isambathi se-account siqala eNdlu, futhi uma iSenator ingumxhasi, isambathi siyasungulwa eSigeqeni. Inqubo yokuqalisa ilula kodwa iphawula ingqopha - mlando ebalulekile. Endlini yabameleli, amalungu afaka izikweleti zawo ebhokisini lokhuni elibizwa ngokuthi i "Inteer" elisesitezini. ESiteshini, abakhandi bamashende bethula izikwele phakathi nehora lasekuseni noma ngokwenza isaziso esiphansi seSihlalo.

Umabhalane wabela inombolo yentela yefa lika-Adrections (umz., H.R. 1001) futhi umphathi weSigele wabela inombolo yemithetho yezindleko ezaziswa eSigeqeni (umz. 1002). Lesi simiso sokubala sisiza ukumiswa kwemikhondo phakathi nohambo lwaso futhi sikwenza kube lula ngomphakathi ukuba ulandele iziphakamiso ezithile.

Uma isikweleti sesethuliwe, singatholakala eKhomishane.gov, eyiwebhusayithi kahulumeni esemthethweni ekhipha umthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kubona ngalé kuvumela abameleli ukuba babheke ukuthi yini ehlongoza futhi isekelani. UKhongolo lunikeza umbhalo ogcwele wemali, isimo samanje, amarekhodi okuvota, kanye nezincwadi ezihlobene nayo ngokukhululekile kubantu.

Isabelo Sekomiti: Lapho Umsebenzi Wangempela Uqala Khona

Uma nje isikweleti sesethuliwe, kubhekiselwa ekomitini. Le komiti ayiyona into engakhethi. Indlu neSigele zinamakomiti ahlukahlukene akhiwa amalungu oKhongolo-kanye anesithakazelo esikhulu ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene njengezempilo noma zezizwe. iSpeaker of the House noma iMajor Monity Home inquma ukuthi yiliphi ikomiti elithola igunya phezu kwesivumelwano esisekelwe endabeni yayo yendaba.

AmaKomiti asebenza njengamahhashi eSishaya - mthetho. Kunokuba wonke amalungu endlu angu-45 noma ama-Senator ayikhulu abe ochwepheshe kuzo zonke izindaba, isimiso samakomiti sivumela amaqembu amancane ukuba athuthukise ulwazi olukhethekile ezindaweni ezithile ezingokomthetho. Kunamakomiti akhona asingatha izindawo eziqhubekayo zomthetho (njenge-Agriculture, Inkonzo Yezimo, noma Imfundo), kanye nokukhetha amakomiti asungulwe ngenjongo ethile kanye namakomiti ahlangene ahlanganisa amalungu awo womabili amagumbi.

Amakomiti angaphansi kwekomiti ahlelwe ngaphansi kwamakomiti futhi aphinde ahlonyiswe ngesihloko esithile, futhi ngokuvamile, amakomiti athumela izikweleti ekomitini engaphansi ukuze atadishe futhi azwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Committee on Energy and Commerce inezibopho eziningi ezigxile ezindaweni ezinjengempilo, indawo ezungezile nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuxhumana nobuchwepheshe, kanye nesivikelo sabathengi. Longwengwengwezi olungaphezulu lokuzilungisa luvumela ngisho nokubhekisisa ngokwengeziwe izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Indima Ebucayi Yokubukeza Kwekomiti

Uma isambati sisezandleni zekomiti, sihlolwa ngokucophelela futhi amathuba ayo okudlula yiyo yonke i-Congress anqunyiwe. Lokhu kuhlola kuphelele futhi kunezici eziningi. Amalungu amakomiti ahlaziya ulimi lwemali, acwaninge imiphumela yayo engenzeka, alinganisele izindleko zayo, futhi aphawule noma yikuphi ukungezwani nomthetho okhona. Bangase bacele ukufakwa ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezihlangene, amaqembu enzalo, kanye nochwepheshe bezindaba.

Ikomiti ingase ikhethe ngisho nokuba nokuqulwa kwecala ukuze iqonde kangcono okushiwo yilesi sikweletu, futhi ukuqulwa kwecala kuvumela imibono yegatsha eliphethe, ochwepheshe, ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi nabasekeli, kanye nabaphikisi bomthetho ozoqoshwa. Lamacala afeza izinjongo eziningi: afundisa amalungu amakomiti ngalendaba, akha umlando womphakathi wemibono ehlukile, futhi anikeze ababambi bemigoqo ithuba lokuveza ukusekela noma ukukhathazeka kwawo.

Ukuqulwa kwamacala amakomiti kungaba yizikhathi ezinamandla enqubweni yomthetho. OFakazi bangahlanganisa onobhala bamakhabethe, abaphathi bezezinkampani, abacwaningi bezemfundo, abameleli bezemboni, abaholi beqembu lezempakatho, nabantu abathinteka ngokuqondile ngomthetho ohlongozwayo. Ubufakazi babo, obunikezwa ngaphansi kwesifungo, buba yingxenye yomlando wemithetho yemithetho engokomthetho futhi bungathonya indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo umthetho kamuva uma usungulwe.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi amakomiti anamandla aphawulekayo ekwakheni umthetho. Uma ikomiti ingathathi nxaxheba emthethweni, isambathiso sithathwa njengo "sifile" Eqinisweni, izikweleti eziningi ezifakwe eKhompisweni azizenzi ziphume ekomitini. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango uvumela amakomiti ukuba ahluze iziphakamiso ezingasekelwe ngokwanele, ezingabuthiwe kahle, ezilandela imithetho ekhona, noma izindaba zekheli ezingabalulekile ngokwemithetho.

Inqubo Yokuphawula: Ukuphambukisa Imithetho

Uma ikomiti inquma ukukhokha isikweleti kufanelwe ukufaneleka futhi kufanele iqhubeke phambili, ingena kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "isigaba sokubhakathisa". Inqubo lapho ikomiti ye-conomilia ye-U.S. inqubo izimpikiswano zesimiso somthetho, ukulungisa, nokubhala kabusha okuhlongozwayo umthetho. Kulapho umsebenzi oningiliziwe wokwenza umthetho wezobuciko wenzeka khona, nalapho amalungu ekomiti engaphinda khona ngokuphawulekayo abhale okuqukethwe yikhokhwa nobubanzi.

Lemihlangano ibizwa ngokuthi amabhawundi ngoba amalungu ekomiti amisa umthetho phambi kwawo njengoba enquma ukuthi iziphi izinguquko ezizohlongozwa eMkhayeni. Phakathi nezikhathi zokubhalisa, amalungu ekomiti angahlongoza izinguquko kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomthetho (ukufaka amalungiselelo amasha), ukucisha izingxenye, ukulungisa ulimi, noma ngisho nokufaka indawo yawo wonke umbhalo ngenguqulo ethathelwa indawo.

Indlela Izikhathi Zokuphawula Ezisebenza Ngayo

Ekuqaleni kophawu, amalungu ekomiti avame ukwenza izinkulumo zokuvula, ngokuvamile engadluli ngemizuzu emihlanu ngewashi, futhi ukufundwa kokuqala kombhalo wemali okuzobekwa uphawu kungasuswa, kungaba ngemvume evumelanayo noma ngokuthatha isinyathelo esingaphikiswa. Lamazwi okuqala avumela amalungu ukuba achaze ukuma kwawo emthetho kanye nezinguquko ahlela ukuzenza.

Khona - ke izindleko zifundwa ukuze kulungiswe, ingxenye eyodwa ngesikhathi, namalungu ekomiti enikeza izinguquko zawo engxenyeni ngayinye ngemva kokuba ifundiwe kodwa ngaphambi kokuba kufundwe ingxenye elandelayo. Lendlela yendlela iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izingxenye zemali zithola ukunakekela nokuthi amalungu anethuba lokuhloba ushintsho kumalungiselelo akhethekile. Nokho, ngokuvumelanayo, ikomiti ingavuma ukukhipha ngokufundwa kwengxenye ngayinye, noma ukucabangela incwadi yokuqeda ngezihloko noma izahluko esikhundleni sengxenye.

Inqubo yokulungisa phakathi nokunyusa ingaba yinkimbinkimbi. Amalungu anganikeza izinguquko zokuqala (ukushintshela emalini yokuqala) kanye nokulungisa okusesibili (inguquko yokususa okuhlongozwayo). Isihlalo sekomiti silawula lenqubo, siqaphela amalungu okukhuluma, sibusa ngemibuzo eyimfihlo, futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi leyo mpikiswano ihlala ihlelekile futhi ibalulekile.

Iphuzu elibalulekile: AmaKomiti awawashintshi amagama entela abhaliwe qha, kodwa amakomiti avotela ekulungisweni okufuna ukuba amalungu awo afune ukutusa ukuba iNdlu ithole uma icabangela isikhwama esiphansi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umsebenzi wekomiti usebenza ngokwezobuchwepheshe, nakuba kusetshenziswa, ikamelo eligcwele ngokuvamile lamukela ukutusa okuningi kwekomiti.

Ukubika Iphepha Elingaphandle Kwekomiti

Ikomiti ingabika isikweleti esibuyela eNdlu ngaphandle kokulungisa, ngokulungisa okuningi, noma ngokulungisa isimo somthatheli ohlongoza ukuthatha wonke umbhalo wemali. Ukulungisa isimo somthatheli kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ivumela ikomiti ukuba inikeze uhlelo olubhalwe kabusha lomthetho olubonisa isahlulelo sekomiti esihlangene ngokuphathelene nendlela engcono kakhulu yokusingatha lendaba.

Ikomiti iphetha ukuvota hhayi ngokuvota isambatimende sisonke, kodwa ngokuvota ukuthunyelwa kwemvume yokuyaleza ukuba kubikwe isaziso eMgungwini ngokulungisa okuvunyelwe yikomiti, futhi iningi lekomiti kumelwe libe khona lapho levoti yokugcina iqhubeka. Levoti yokubika ibaluleke kakhulu, imelela ukutusa okungokomthetho kwekomiti ukuthi igumbi eligcwele kufanele licabangele umthetho.

Ngemva kokuvota ukuze babike isikhokhelo, izisebenzi zekomiti zilungiselela umbiko obhaliwe wekomiti. Izisebenzi zesihlalo sekomiti zibhala umbiko wecala, zichaza injongo yomthetho, umlando wemithetho (njengokuzwa kwemithetho ekomitini), ithonya emithethweni nasezinhleloni ezikhona, kanye nesikhundla seningi lamalungu ekomiti. Lo mbiko uba yincwadi ebalulekile yokuqonda izinhloso zekomiti futhi ungakhonjwa izinkantolo, izinhlangano, namaKhongolo ama-condresstues lapho kuhunyushwa umthetho.

Ukucabangela Ubuhle: Impikiswano Esigungwini Esigcwele

Uma ikomiti isibika isikhwama esilungile, ingena phansi egumbini lapho yaqala khona ukucatshangelwa yiwo wonke amalungu. USithethi wendlu noMholi weMajoria weSigele unquma ukuthi isikhokhelo sifika nini futhi nini phambi kwendikimba egcwele yendlu neSigele, ngokulandelana, ukuze kuxoxiswe futhi kulungiswe futhi kufakwe isikhala sokugcina. Lobu bukhoma beqembu bunikeza ithonya elikhulu ekutheni izindleko zithola isikhathi esiphezulu nalapho zicatshangelwa.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwezindlu Nezigele

Amagumbi amabili ngokuyisisekelo alingana ezindima zawo zomthetho kanye nemisebenzi − kuphela iNdlu ingasungula umthetho wenzuzo, futhi yiSigele kuphela esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ezivumelanayo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokuhlukana nencwadi efanayo ngaphambi kokuba ayinike uMongameli. Naphezu kwalokhu kulingana, lamakamu amabili asebenza ngendlela ehlukile.

Imithetho nemikhuba yendlu ivumela inani elikhulu ukuba lilungise umthetho ngokushesha. Indlu, enamalungu ayo angu-435, idinga izinqubo ezihlelwe kahle ukuze isebenze. I House Rules Committee ifeza indima enamandla ngokukhipha "imithetho ekhethekile" elawula indlela izikweleti ezikhethekile ezizophikiswa ngayo, ukunquma ukuthi iziphi izilungisi ezingase zikhishwe, futhi imise uhlelo lokucabangela.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yeSigele nezimiso, ukuhlobana ngokuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo, njengoba kunikeza abaPhathi-kanti abasebenzi ababalulekile inzuzo ephawulekayo. Ubuncane (amalungu ayikhulu) namasiko empikiswano engeziwe kusho ukuthi abasizi ngabanye banamandla engeziwe okuthonya noma ukubambezela umthetho. Inqubo evumela abaxhasi ukuba bandise impikiswano ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba ama-senea angu-60 avota ukuyiqeda.

Inqubo Yempikiswano Nesichibiyelo

Phakathi nokuhlola iphansi, amalungu aphikisana ngenzuzo yomthetho. Abasekeli bachaza ukuthi kungani izindleko zidingeka, ukuthi zixazulula ziphi izinkinga, nokuthi zisiza ngani. Abaphikisi baveza ukukhathazeka kwabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indlela yokuthatha isibalo, izindleko, imiphumela yaso engalindelekile, noma imigomo yaso eyisisekelo. Lengxoxo yasobala ifeza izinjongo eziningi: ifundisa amalungu ngemithetho, yenza umbhalo wenhloso yokuhlela, futhi ivumela umphakathi ukuba ubone izikhundla zabameleli bawo.

Amalungu angase anikeze izinguquko phakathi nokucatshangelwa kwegumbi, nakuba imithetho elawula ukulungiswa kwemidanti ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi. Endlu, umthetho okhethekile wesivumelwano uchaza ukuthi yikuphi ukubuyiselwa okufanelekile. ESigeqeni, abasizi ngokuvamile banamalungelo amabanzi okunikeza ukubuyiselwa, nakuba lezo zinguquko kumelwe ziphazamise umthetho ongaphansi.

If the bill passes by simple majority (218 of 435), the bill moves to the Senate. In the Senate, most legislation requires a simple majority (51 votes) to pass, though some matters require supermajorities. The Vice President of the United States serves as President of the Senate and can cast a tie-breaking vote if the Senate is evenly divided.

Ukuthutha Phakathi Kwezikhungo: Inqubo Ye - baobamaral

Uma isamba semali sidlula kwenye indikimba yeSishaya-mthetho, siya komunye umzimba ukuba sidlule ngenqubo efanayo yokucwaninga, ingxoxo, izinguquko, nokuvota. Lesimiso se-bimaral (ukuvunywa kwazo zombili) kuyisici esiyinhloko senqubo yemithetho yase-U.S., eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kucatshangelwa kahle futhi kuvinjelwe ukufakwa komthetho ngamawala.

Uma kufika isikhokhelo egumbini lesibili, asimane sihambele ngqo evotini. Kunalokho, silandela indlela efanayo nasegumbini lokuqala: i-athoral ekomitini, ukuzwa, ukuvota, umbiko wekomiti, nokuhlola iphansi. Igumbi lesibili lingase lamukele imali kanye njengoba idluliswa ngegumbi lokuqala, kodwa ngokuvamile yenza izinguquko ezithikancane, ngezinye izikhathi ukulungiswa kwenqubo eqinile.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani: IKomiti Yomhlangano

Uma izindikimba zombili sezivotelwe ukuze zamukele isikweleti, kumelwe zilungise noma yikuphi ukungafani phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili. Uma umehluko uncane, igumbi elidlulise imvume kuqala lingamane livote ukwamukela izinguquko zegumbi lesibili. Nokho, uma izinguqulo ezimbili zihluka kakhulu, kudingeka inqubo ehleleke kakhulu.

Uma izinguqulo zeNdlu neSigele zalencwadi zinemibono eminingi ephawulekayo futhi noma ehlukene, ikomiti yengqungquthela imiswa ngokomthetho ukuze ivumelanise umehluko phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili ngomthetho owodwa. Amakomiti engqungquthela angamakomiti ahlangene esikhashana akhiwa amalungu asemagumbini womabili, ikakhulukazi kuhlanganise namalungu ayinhloko amakomiti ayecabangela umthetho ekuqaleni.

Uma abanikeli bengakwazi ukufinyelela isivumelwano, umthetho uyafa, kodwa uma isivumelwano sifinyelelwa, umbiko wengqungquthela ulungiselelwa ukuchaza ukutusa kwamalungu amakomiti ngezinguquko, futhi kokubili indlu neSigele kumelwe bavumele umbiko wengqungquthela. Umbiko wengqungquthela umelela ukuhlehla phakathi kwezikhundla zamagumbi amabili futhi angeke alungiswe futhi amalungu kumelwe ayivote noma phansi njengephakesha.

Ukuvumelana kokugcina kuhlanganiswe eMkhandlwini weNgqungquthela okumelwe kuvunyelwene nawo womabili amakamu ngaphambi kokuba kucaciswe ukuhlolwa kobumongameli, futhi iConference Report izotusa ukuhlelwa kwesilinganiso esivamile sokuvunyelwa kwemvume futhi izohlanganisa nezinkulumo zenhloso yomthetho ngokuphathelene namalungiselelo eMithetho yeQembu LoMhlangano. Lamazwi enhloso angabaluleke ekuqondeni lokho iSishaya-Mkhandlu esasikusho ngamalungiselelo athile futhi singakhonjwa ezincazelweni ezingokomthetho zesikhathi esizayo.

Isinyathelo Sobumongameli: Isinyathelo Sokugcina

Ngemva kokuba umbiko wengqungquthela ugunyazwe yiyo yomibili indlu neSigele, umthetho wokugcina uthunyelwa kuMongameli, futhi uma uMongameli evumela umthetho, uwuphawula abe ngumthetho. Isigqebhezana sikaMongameli siyisinyathelo sokugcina enqubweni evamile yokushaya umthetho, siguqule isimemezelo sibe umthetho ophoqelelwe.

Nokho, uMongameli unezindlela eziningana angakhetha kuzo lapho enikezwa isikweletu, futhi akuzona zonke eziphumela ekubeni kube umthetho.

Izinketho zomongameli

Ukuphawula uBill: Uma uMongameli evuma umthetho, uyasayinwa futhi ube umthetho. UMongameli uphawula umthetho obalulekile emikhosini yomphakathi, ngokuvamile ezungezwe amalungu oMkhandlu asekela isikhokhelo kanye nabagcinisi bazothinteka yiso. Lemikhosi yokusayina iqokomisa umthetho wesimiso sokuphatha futhi iboleka labo abasebenza emkhosini.

Uthatha Okungathathi nyathelo: Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho kuseqenjini, umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo uba umthetho. Lokhu kuvumela umthetho ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokugunyazwa nguMongameli ngokuqondile."Okungenzeka ngoba uMongameli akavumelani nomthetho kodwa akawuphikisi ngokwaneleyo ukuba ungene kuwo, noma ngenxa yokuthi uMongameli ufuna ukuvumela umthetho ube umthetho ngaphandle kokuwunikeza ukusakazwa kwenkonzo yesivumelwano sokusayinwa.

Ukukhomba iBhili: Uma uMongameli ephikisa isikweleti, bangakhokha umthetho. Aveto ukwenqaba umthetho okungokomthetho. Uma uMongameli ekhipha incwadi, ibuyiselwa eSivumelwaneni nesigijimi esichaza ukuphikisa. Amandla eveto anikeza uMongameli ithonya elibalulekile phezu komthetho futhi asebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile emandleni omthetho.

i-Pocket Veto: Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kungekho sinyathelo esithatha izinsuku eziyishumi noKhongolose eselunqunyiwe, kukhona u-"puket". Lesisenzo sibizwa ngokuthi iveto ekhukhwini, futhi ngeke ingagcwali ngeKhomishane. Iphakethe iveto luhlobo olukhethekile lweveto oluthi uma uKhongolo luthumela isigebengu kuMongameli ngasekupheleni kwesimiso bese kudlula izintambo zosuku oluyishumi. Ngenxa yokuthi umhlangano awukho esihlanganeni ukuze uthole umyalezo oya ku-veto, umthetho awukwazi ukuba umthetho.

Ukumisa I - Veto Engumongameli

I-veto ewumongameli ayisona isiphelo sohambo lwesivumelwano. Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungazama ukudlulisa i-veto, futhi uma kokubili iSigele nendlu kudlulisa isigebengu ngenani eliphindwe kathathu, i-veto iyalwa, futhi umthetho uba umthetho. Lemithetho ifuna i-majority eSihlalweni futhi amavoti angu-290 adlulise i-veto ayivelakancane kakhulu, kodwa kwenzeka uma umthetho ukhona usekela kakhulu.

Inqubo yokunqanda iveza isimiso esibalulekile somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika: nakuba uMongameli enamandla aphawulekayo, ekugcineni uMkhandlu unegunya lokumisa umthetho phezu kokuphikisa kukamongameli uma ungaqoqa ukusekela okwanele. Lokhu kuhlola amandla kamongameli kusiza ukuba kulondoloze ukulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu.

Indima KaMongameli Enqubweni Yomthetho

Nakuba iSishaya - mthetho sinegunya lomthetho - sisekelo lokwenza imithetho, uMongameli ufeza indima ebalulekile kuyo yonke inqubo yemithetho, hhayi ekugcineni nje.

Abaholi banikeza izinqumo zemithetho njalo, besho izinqubo zabo eziza kuqala eSifundeni samakheli e-Union nezinye izinkulumo. Izikhulu zezombuso zisebenza namalungu oMkhandlu ukuze zifake izikweletu ezibonisa imigomo kaMongameli. Umholi weqembu likaMongameli eSishaya isoshayeni uvame ukusebenza ukuze aqhubekisele phambili iziphakamiso zemithetho ye-jenali, nakuba uMkhandlu ulondoloza ukuzibusa kwawo futhi ungalungisa, ulahle, noma ungazishalaleli iziphakamiso zomongameli.

Mhlawumbe ngokubaluleke kakhulu, amandla okukhipha umthetho angathinta okuqukethwe yizindleko ezidluliswa yi-Congress, futhi njengoba kungavamile ukuba umthetho umiswe phezu kwe-veto, uMkhandlu kufanele uvumelane nesikhundla sikamongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nangaphambi kokuba isimemezelo semali sifike edeskini likaMongameli, abaholi bobungqungquthela ngokuvamile baxoxa neNdlu emhlophe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uyokwamukeleka kuMongameli, noma okungenani ukuthi awuyivumi inselele.

Izinto Ezicatshangelwa Ngokukhethekile: Ukusikisela Nezincwadi Zohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Nakuba umthetho omningi ulandela inqubo echazwe ngenhla, izindleko zokushaya izicelo zenza kube nokuxhasa ngezimali imisebenzi kahulumeni nezinhlelo − zinezici ezithile eziyingqayizivele. Ukukhokha izikweletu kubhaliswa amaKomiti endlu neSishaya-mthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba izindleko zemali zivele e House of Declarations, zenza leyo ndawo ibe yingxenye ekhethekile esemthethweni wemithetho yezezimali.

Kuleliqophelo, izindleko zokushaya indiva zivame ukuhlanganiswa zibe yizikweleti ezinkulu, ezibizwa ngokuthi i- "amnibus". Kunokuba idlulise izikweleti ezihlukene eziyishumi nambili zezindawo ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni, iSivumelwano sivame ukuhlanganisa izikweletu eziningi ezichithwayo zibe umthetho owodwa omkhulu. Lezizindleko zebhuzi zingaba izinkulungwane zephepha ubude futhi zixhase wonke uhulumeni wombuso unyaka wonke.

Uma iSishaya-mthetho singenakukwazi ukudlulisa iziphakamiso noma izikweleti zebhusi, bangadlulisa isilinganiso sesikhashana sokuxhasa imali, "Isinqumo esinqandayo", ukunweba amazinga okuxhasa imali kahulumeni ukuze kuvinjwe. Izinqumo eziqhubekayo zimisa izilinganiso ezigcina uhulumeni esebenza lapho uMkhandlu ungaqedanga inqubo evamile yokuhlola unyaka (October 1). Nakuba zihloselwe ukuxazulula okwesikhashana, izinqumo eziqhubekayo ziye zanda kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva.

Ukungabikezeli Kwenqubo Yokushaya Indiva

Nakuba lesi sihloko sichaza indlela ejwayelekile ibhayisekili elithathayo ukuba libe umthetho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo yangempela iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ayiqondakali. Inqubo lapho isigwebo siba umthetho ayivamile ukutshelwa futhi ingahluka kakhulu kusuka ku-all-rectory, futhi eqinisweni, ezikweletini eziningi, lenqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwamasigaba esilandelanayo ngokuvamile esiqondwayo ukwenza inqubo yomthetho-mthetho.

Amabhuleki angalungiswa kakhulu noma kusiphi isigaba, kuhlanganiswe nezinye izikweleti, kuhlukaniswe izikweletu eziningi, noma kuxhunyaniswa njengezinto zokulungisa umthetho ongahlobene. Abaholi beqembu bangaxoxa ngokuyekethisa ngemva kweminyango evalekile ngaphambi kokuletha umthetho phansi. Izindlela zokuhlela zingasheshisa noma zinciphise ukucabangela. Izenzakalo zangaphandle `Ugesi, izinhlekelele, ukucindezela komphakathi, [1] kungazenyusa noma kuqede amathemba emalini.

Ezinye izikweleti zihamba ngenqubo ngezinsuku ezimbalwa, ikakhulukazi uma kusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo noma lapho kuvunyelane izimvume. Ezinye zihlupheka iminyaka eminingi, zibuyiselwa futhi emaBhonsel ngaphambi kokuba ekugcineni zibe umthetho. Kanti ezinye zidlula ngokuphindaphindiwe enye indawo kodwa zingaqhubeki phambili kwenye indawo. Inkokhelo enkulu eqalwayo eSishaya-mthetho ayize ibe ngumthetho nakancane.

Okwenza Kubaluleke Ukuba Abasebenza Ngemishini Baqonde Le Nkathi

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo inike amandla abavoti ngezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, kukusiza ukuba ubhale umthetho onendaba kuwe. Ngokukwazi ukuthi ikwenziwa kuphi izindleko, ungalindela ukuthi kwenzekani ngokulandelayo futhi ubone amathuba okuthonya umphumela. Ingabe imvume ikhona ekomitini? Yisikhathi saleso sokuthinta amalungu amakomiti. Ingabe iqonde phansi? Lungela kummeleli wakho noma umphathi phambi kokuvota.

Okwesibili, ukuqonda lenqubo kukusiza ukuba uhlole umsebenzi wezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Uma ummeleli ethi unconywe ngecala elithile, ungahlola ukuthi zazingumxhasi, ikhophi, noma zimane nje zivotelwe. Uma umphathi we-seneti ethi bamelene nomthetho, ungabona ukuthi zazivota yini ekomitini, zicela ukulishintsha, noma zikhulume ngokumelene nalo. Lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuba uhlole ukuthi abameleli bakho bathuthukisa ngokuphumelelayo yini izinto zakho eziza kuqala.

Okwesithathu, ukwazi ukuthi imithetho yenziwa kanjani kwembula amaphuzu amaningi lapho izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela khona. Ungathintana nabameleli bakho ukuze basikisele umthetho, bafaka ubufakazi enkantolo, banikeze ukukhulumela okubhaliwe, bahlangane namalungu ezisebenzi, bajoyine izinhlangano zezokuzingelela, noma bahlanganyele emikhankasweni yotshani. Idemokhrasi ayikona nje ukuvota njalo eminyakeni embalwa.

Okwesine, ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho kukusiza ukuba uqonde ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa. Kulula ukukhungatheka uma uMkhandlu ubonakala uhamba kancane noma uvalwa, kodwa ijubane elisheshayo libonisa indlela eklanywe ngayo isimiso. Izigaba eziningi, imfuneko yokuvunyelwa kwe-bidamal, amathuba okuthi umongameli aveto qha zonke lezizici ahloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ithathwa ngokucophelela, ukuthi imibono ehlukahlukene iyazwakala, futhi lezo ziphazamiso eziphindiwe noma ezingathandeki azilona umthetho obophakele.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Enqubweni Yomthetho

Nazi ezinye zezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuzwa izwi lakho:

Amalungu e-Asterements Zakho: Alalela ukuxhumana okuhlangeneyo. Izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, izincwadi, kanye nemihlangano e-personal nabameleli noma izisebenzi zabo zingathonya indlela abavoteli bemithetho naziphi izimpikiswano ezizibeka kuqala. Yisho ngokuqondile ukuthi ufuna benzeni.

I-uinsensenti e-Wears:[ amakomiti e-Congregational aqula amacala emithetho elindile futhi amemele ofakazi ukuba bafakaze. Nakuba ukuzwa kwe-panel ye-compate eveza omabhalane kanye nabameleli be-professor, izimemezelo eziningi zihlanganisa ubufakazi obuvela kubantu abavamile abathonywe umthetho. Xhumana nekomiti ukuba ibuze ngamathuba okunikeza ubufakazi obulotshiwe.

Izinhlangano zokuphatha: izinhlangano zagxila ezicini ezithile zezentengiselwano ezikhethekile", isivikelo sezesayensi yesizwe, amalungelo omphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, izithakazelo zezebhizinisi, ukuqoqa abasekeli, ne-part congress. Ukuhlanganyela kulezinhlangano kukwenza uzizwe futhi kukugcina wazi ngentuthuko yemithetho ehlobene.

AmaHholo oMhlaba:[ Amalungu amaningi oMkhandlu aqhuba imihlangano yehholo ledolobha ezifundeni zawo lapho abameleli bengabuza khona imibuzo futhi baveze imibono yabo. Lezizenzakalo zinikeza ukufinyelela okuqondile kubameleli bakho futhi zibonise isithakazelo somphakathi ezindabeni ezithile.

[[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa i-social Media: Amalungu oKhongolo-mkhandlu alondoloza ukuma kwezenhlalo yezokuxhumana futhi abheke umzwelo ohlangene kuyi-inthanethi. Izinkulumo zomphakathi ezisezikhungweni zawo, iziteshi ezikhuluma ngazo, nemikhankaso ehleliwe yezokuxhumana ingadonsela ukunakekela ezinkingeni futhi ibonise ukusekela komphakathi noma ukuphikiswa.

Abanye: Abelane ngokwaziswa ngokuphathelene nomthetho osele ukhona nabangane, umkhaya, namalungu omphakathi. Lapho abantu abaningi beqonda indaba futhi bethintana nabameleli babo, uMkhandlu uthatha isinyathelo.

Izinhlelo Zezwe Nezemithetho Yendawo

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila enqubweni yomthetho kahulumeni, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni nohulumeni bendawo benza imithetho ethinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilandela izinqubo ezifana nezikaKhongolo-Congress(_bills zikhona, zibhekiswe kumakomiti, ziphikiswane, futhi zivotelwe ngo-$ kodwa izinqubo ezithile ziyahluka ngokwezwe.

Ezinye izigodlo zinezishaya-mthetho ezihlangene unyaka wonke, kuyilapho ezinye zinezindlu zomthetho zesikhashana ezihlangana izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela unyaka ngamunye. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze imithetho ngokuqondile ngezindlela zokuthatha izinyathelo, zidlulise i-pasworth ngokuphelele. Ezinye zinemingcele enqunyiweyo yezishaya-mthetho, kanti ezinye azinayo. Ukuqonda inqubo eqondile kahulumeni wakho kubalulekile njengokuqonda inqubo kahulumeni.

Ohulumeni bendawo .(maculo, iziqu, izikole, ibhodi zesikole , zenza futhi imithetho nezimiso ezikuthinta ngokuqondile, kusukela ekwakheni imithetho kuya ezifundweni zesikole kuya ezingeni lentela yendawo. Le mikhakha ngokuvamile inezinqubo ezifinyeleleka kakhulu kunezindawo zombuso noma izishaya-mthetho zomphakathi, ezineziphetho zomphakathi emihlanganweni namathuba okuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ezakhamuzini. Ukuhileleka ezingeni lendawo kungaba indlela enhle kakhulu yokufunda ngenqubo yomthetho futhi wenze umehluko osobala emphakathini wakini.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngenqubo Yokushaya Indiva

Ukuhlanganisa: Umthetho uba umthetho ngokushesha lapho udlula uMkhandlu. Iqiniso: Ngemva kokudlula zombili izintambo, umthetho kumelwe usayinwe nguMongameli (noma ube umthetho ngenye yezinqubo ezichazwe ngenhla). UMongameli angawuthumela umthetho, awubuyisele emuva eSishayamthetho.

Ukuvota: Wonke amalungu oKhongolo-bumba kuzo zonke izikweletu. Iqiniso: Izindleko eziningi azizenzi ziphume ekomitini futhi azilokothi zivote iphansi. Ngisho nezikweleti ezifikayo phansi zingase zingayitholi imivoti kuwo wonke amalungu . Amalungu athile angase angabikho, futhi eNdlu, amavoti athile aqhutshwa ngezwi noma ngeqembu kunokuba afakwe ekushayeleni.

Ukuzifihla: Inqubo yomthetho ishesha. Iqiniso: Umthetho omningi uthatha izinyanga noma iminyaka ukuba ube umthetho, uma uba umthetho. Ngisho nezikweletu ezisekela kakhulu zidinga ukuxoxisana okukhulu nokuhlehliswa ngaphambi kokuba zidlule zombili izitobhi futhi zithole imvume kamongameli.

Ukuhlelwa kwe-Misc: Izakhamuzi ngazinye azinakuyithonya inqubo. Iqiniso: Amalungu oMkhandlu asabela ekutholweni okuhlangeneyo, ikakhulukazi uma ama-commental eveza imibono efanayo. Imikhankaso yokulawula ehleliwe iye yathonya ngokuphumelelayo imiphumela eminingi yemithetho.

Ukuhlelwa kwe-Misc: Uma umthetho udluliswa, uhlala njalo. Iqiniso: Imithetho ingalungiswa noma ilungiswe amaKhongolo alandelayo. Inqubo yomthetho iyaqhubeka, uma iziKhongolo ziphinde zibuye zibuye zibuye zibuye zihlole imithetho ekhona esabelayo ezimweni ezishintshayo nasezintweni eziza kuqala.

Imithombo Yokulandelela Imithetho

Kunemithombo eminingana emihle etholakalayo yezakhamuzi ezifuna ukulandelela umthetho futhi zihlale zinolwazi ngenqubo yomthetho:

.Gov.gov: Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-U.S. inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi mayelana nomthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nombhalo wesibhaka-sombululo, isimo, amarekhodi ovota, imibiko yekomiti, neCongregational Record. Imithombo enegunya kakhulu ekulandeleni umthetho kahulumeni. Ukuhambela .

[ I-website yeKomiti yoMnyango: Ikomiti ngayinye yendlu neSigele igcina ingosi yayo inokwaziswa okuphathelene nokuzwa, ukubhapathiza, nomthetho olawulwa yiyo. Lezi zindawo zivame zihlanganisa ama-rekhodi okuzwa, ukufakaza, nemibiko yamakomiti.

C-SPAN:[ Inethiwekhi yezindaba zomphakathi yeCIT inikeza ukuhlanganisa okuphilayo kwemicikilisho yendlu nendlu yeSigele, ukuqulwa kwamakomiti, nezinye izenzakalo zomhlangano. Iwebhusayithi ye-C-SPAN ibuye igcine izinqolobane zezincwadi zakudala, yenza kube lula ukubuka izenzakalo ongazikhombanga.

Imibiko yenkonzo yokucwaninga ye-CRT iveza imibiko engaphakeleyo ngezindaba zezimiso nangezimiso zemithetho yamalungu e-Congress. Nakuba lemibiko ilungiselelwe uKhongolo, eminingi itholakala obala ngamawebhusayithi anjenge [[FLT:] i-CRSS.com

Govtrack: Le webhusayithi ezimele ihlela umthetho kahulumeni futhi yenza kube lula ukuqonda ngemishwana, izibalo, namathuluzi okulandelela. Kuwusizo kakhulu ekubekeni izingqapheli ngezikweletu ezithile noma izihloko.

Amalungu ommeleli Website: Amalungu oMkhandlu agcina amawebhusayithi asemthethweni anokwaziswa okuphathelene nezikhundla zawo, amarekhodi okuvota, kanye nezinqumo eziphambili zomthetho. Lezi zindawo zivame zihlanganisa amathuluzi okuthinta ihhovisi nokusayina amapheshana.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Isivumelwano Sesigqi

Ukuqonda inqubo yokwenza umthetho kungaphezu kokuzivivinya kwezemfundo − kuyisici esiyinhloko sempumelelo yesizwe. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kudinga ulwazi, kuhilela izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela uhulumeni wazo osebenza ngayo futhi zihlanganyele enqubweni yokwenza umthetho. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda indlela imithetho ehlelwa ngayo, zingasekela izithakazelo zazo ngokuphumelelayo, zigcine abameleli bazo benecala, futhi zinikele enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Inqubo yomthetho, kanye nakho konke ukuyinkimbinkimbi nokucubungula kwayo, ibonisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi eziyisisekelo: ukumelela, ukuhluzeka, ukuvumelana, nokuhlola nokulinganisela. Nakuba lenqubo ingakhungathekisa("iphansi, iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibonakale ingenamandla) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imibono ehlukahlukene iyazwakala, lezozihlongozo zicatshangelwa ngokucophelela, futhi ukuthi imithetho iveza ukuvumelana okukhulu kunokubonisa izifiso ezilinganiselwe.

Wonke umvoti unesigxobo enqubweni yemithetho. Imithetho idlula cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwethu cishe emoyeni esiwuphefumulayo kanye nokudla esikudlayo kuze kukhokhe izintela kanye namalungelo esiwajabulelayo. Ngokuqonda indlela lemithetho eyenziwa ngayo, ungahlanganyela ngokuphumelela kakhulu ekuzilolongeni.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthanda ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, inkambiso yezomnotho, amalungelo omphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma enye impikiswano, ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho kukusiza ukuba uthuthukise izinto zakho eziza kuqala. Uzokwazi ukuthi ungathintana nini nabameleli bakho, ukuthi yini ozoyicela ukuba bayenze, nokuthi uzokuhlola kanjani ukusebenza kwabo. Uzokwazi ukubona abasizi nabaphikisi, ukuqonda izithiyo, nokuqaphela amathuba okuthuthuka.

Isiphetho: Ukuba izakhamuzi Kunikezwa Amandla Ngokuqonda

Uhambo lokuya emendweni luyinkimbinkimbi, luhlanganisa izigaba eziningi, abadlali abaningi, namathuba amaningi okufaka, ukubukeza, nokucabanga. UBills kumele ahlole ikomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, ukuvunyelwa kwe-bimameral, nesenzo somongameli ngaphambi kokuba abe umthetho. Esiteji ngasinye, isihlongozo singalungiswa, sithathelwe isikhathi, noma sinqotshwe. Le nqubo ebanzi ibonisa inhloso yabasunguli yokwakha idemokrati lapho imithetho icatshangelwa futhi isekelwe khona ngokucophelela.

Kuvota, ukuqonda lenqubo kubalulekile. Kwembula indlela abameleli bakho abasebenzisa ngayo isikhathi sabo futhi basebenzise amandla abo. Kukubonisa ukuthi ungenza ngayo izwi lakho lizweke ngokuphumelelayo. Kukusiza ukuba uhlukanise phakathi kwezimpawu ezingokomfanekiso nezenzo ezilula. Kukusiza ukuba uhlole ukuthi abameleli bakho bathuthukisa ngokuphumelelayo yini izinto eziza kuqala noma bamane banikeze izaba zokungenzi lutho.

Inqubo yomthetho ayiwona umdlalo oyisibukeli − iyisimiso sokubeka ihlangothi esixhomeke ekuthembiseni kwezakhamuzi. Amalungu oMkhandlu asabela ekufakweni okuhlangene ngoba afuna ukuphinde akhethwe, futhi ayazi ukuthi amaqembu ahlome, ahlome, ayazi ukuthi ayazinaka amavoti nezenzo zawo. Ngokuqonda indlela imithetho enziwa ngayo, uba ummeleli ophumelelayo wezithakazelo zakho kanye nomhlanganyeli onolwazi kakhulu ekubuthweni kwentando yeningi.

Njengoba ulandela umthetho okubalulekile kuwe, khumbula ukuthi le nqubo iklanyelwe ukuba ibe ngamabomu kunokuba isheshe, ithande ukuvumelana ngezizathu ezimcabango, futhi inikeze amathuba amaningi okufakwa nokubukeza. Nakuba lokhu kungakhungathekisa uma uthanda impikiswano, futhi kunikeza izivikelo zokungasheshi umthetho ocatshangelwe kahle. Isimiso sisebenza kangcono kakhulu uma izakhamuzi ziyiqonda futhi zihlanganyela kuyo.

Zinike isikhathi sokubhala umthetho ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo. Xhumana nabameleli bakho futhi ubazise imibono yakho. Hlanganisa ekulaleleni nasemahholo edolobha. Hlanganisani nezinhlangano zezemfundo. Fundisa abanye ngezindaba ezibalulekile. Qonda kuzo zonke izinqumo, hhayi kuphela ngokhetho lukamongameli, futhi nokhetho oluyinhloko ngokuvamile luba nokwehla kwethuba kodwa kungaba yimiphumela efanayo yenqubo.

Intando yeningi ayisona isimiso sokuzimela lapho izakhamuzi zimane zikhethe abaholi bese zilinda ukubona ukuthi kwenzekani. Yinqubo esebenzayo edinga ukuthembisana ngokuqhubekayo, ukuthatha isinyathelo ngolwazi, nokuzibandakanya ngokuphikelela. Ngokuqonda indlela imithetho ebekwe ngayo, uzihlomisela ukuba ube isakhamuzi esiphumelela ngokwengeziwe futhi ufeze ingxenye yakho ekulolongeni imithetho ebusa umphakathi wethu. Lokho kuqonda akusizi ngalutho kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthatha iqhaza elibalulekile ekuzithatheleni isigaba sobudemokrasi.