Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Anegunya

Umongameli we-United States uchazwa nguMthetho-sisekelo, omisa igatsha eliphetheyo futhi unika ihhovisi amandla athile. ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo sihlela indima kamongameli njengenhloko kahulumeni nohulumeni, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni, oyala amabutho ahlomile, oqhuba inqubo yakwelinye izwe, nongamele igatsha eliphethe. Abahleli baklama i-starchy ukuba ibe namandla futhi iphoqelelwe, bayibeke ngaphakathi kwesimiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso ezihlanganisa i-Congresssion ne-judiary. Lo sisekelo sesisekelo siye savumela ihhovisi ukuba lizivumela ukuba lizivumelanise emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, futhi lilungise indlela umongameli ngamunye achaza ngayo igunya futhi asebenzisa ngayo.

Amagunya kamongameli awalinganiselwe; angaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuphathwa kwe-coconration. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba umongameli ekwazi ukukhipha umthetho weveto, uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa lowo mthetho ngevoti eyisithathu sesithathu. Ngokufanayo, umongameli angaxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa adinga ukuhlaziywa ngezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla alawulayo ahlala enecala kwamanye amagatsha nakubantu baseMelika. Ukuqonda lesisekelo somthetho-mthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni i-Pélissacium.

Amandla KaMongameli

UMthetho-sisekelo unika umongameli amandla amaningana adwetshwe, asebenza njengesisekelo sesenzo sokubusa. La mandla anwetshwa ngokuchaza, ngesibonelo, nangomthetho. Ngezansi yimibuso eyinhloko echaza umongameli.

Umkhuzi-kakhulu-i-Chief

Njengenhloko-nhloko ye-United States Armed Forces, umongameli unegunya eliphelele ekulweni nempi. Lombuso uhlanganisa ukunquma ukulwa kwamabutho, ukuyala impi, nokumisa amaqhinga okuvikela. Nakuba uMkhandlu unamandla okumemezela impi, umongameli uvame ukuqala impi ngaphansi kwegunya lakhe njengesikhulu sokulawula, ngaphansi kweSigqi samabutho eMpini, okudinga ukutshelwa nokuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano. Omongameli abavela eGeorge Washington baye basebenzisa la mandla ezimpini kusukela eQuasi-iear eFrance ukuya ezimpini e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan.

Amandla Okunqumelana

Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, amalungu ekhabethe, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu ezibekwa esikhundleni esiphakeme. Lokhu kumisa kudinga ukuqinisekiswa yiSigele, kunikeze ishekethiso ngokukhethwa kwezikhulu. Amandla okumisa abumba igatsha lejaji likahulumeni nesikhulu se-athoric abumba i-gas jaji lamashumi eminyaka, njengoba ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuyizindawo zokuphila konke. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wazama ukuqoqa iNkanto ePhakakhulu neMongameli Ronald Reona Reonarion's's's ukumisa kukaSan Day O’Connor njengokwahlulela kokuqala kwabesifazane.

Amandla E - Veto

Umongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yiKhongolose, awuphindisele ngokuphikisa. ISishaya-mthetho singawudlulisa umnyango ngengxenye ephindwe kabili-mithathu ezindaweni zombili, kodwa lokhu kuyivelakancane ngenxa yemfuneko enkulu. Iveto inikeza umongameli amandla abalulekile enqubweni yemithetho, ivumela ukuba avimbele izikweletu abazibona zingavumelani nemithetho ye-catom noma ukungahlakani. Omongameli baye basebenzisa inqubo ehleliwe, kusukela ku-Andrew Jackson's devieto yeBhange lesibili le-United States ukuya kumthetho wanamuhla wezemali yemali yemali yemali nezokwelapha.

Isivumelwano Sokunqanda Ukungahambi Kwegazi

Umongameli uxoxa nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe, ezifuna ukuhlawuliswa ngezigaba ezimbili-ntathu zeSigele. Lo mbuso uvumela umongameli ukuba athuthukise ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke, kusukela ezivumelwaneni zezohwebo kuya emavumelwaneni okulawula izikhali. Izivumelwano ezifana ne-North Atlantic Treaty (1949) neSivumelwano saseParis (20) zibonisa izinga laleligunya. Nokho, amongameli basebenzisa izivumelwano zezikhulu, ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kwegebeseBhishobhi, ukuvala izithiyo zemithetho ezindaweni ezinjengezentengiselwano nezohwebo.

Iziqondiso Zokuba Umongameli Neziqondiso

Iziqondiso zezikhulu zingenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu asetshenziswa umongameli. Leziziqondiso zilawula imisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni futhi zinamandla omthetho, nakuba zingaphansi kokuhlola nokwenza ingqungquthela. Abaholi basebenzisa iziyalo zezikhulu ukuze basebenzise isimiso ngaphandle kokulinda i-Congress, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezifana nokufuduka, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nokulondeka kwesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uHarry Truman wakhipha umthetho olawulayo okhulula amabutho ngo-1948, futhi uMongameli u-Barck Obama wasebenzisa iziyalezo zesikhulu sokusebenzisa i-Deferevers Active for Childenvations (DACA). Nokho, iziyalezo zezikhulu zingagumbulwa ngumongameli olandelayo noma inkantolo, njengoba kuboniswe ngokuvinjelwa kwe-presidential Donalden Cruen's Trump.

Ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso kuye kwakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kubonakalisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi okukhulayo kokubusa kukahulumeni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kwanda kuyingozi yokuphamba izikhulu, kuyilapho abasekeli bephikisa ngokuthi kudingekile lapho iSishaya - mthetho simiswa. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwemingcele yokubusa ephumelelayo nomthetho - sisekelo kuseyimpikiswano eyinhloko kwezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kamongameli

Ngaphandle kwemibuso engokomthetho - sisekelo, umongameli unemithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu elawula isimiso sezwe nokuma kwembulunga yonke.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokuzivikela

Umongameli unomthwalo wokuvikela izwe ekusongelelweni okungaphandle, abaphathi bezinhlangano zokuhlakanipha njenge-CIA ne-NSA, futhi enze izinqumo ezibucayi phakathi nezinhlekelele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugunyaza ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, ukusabela ekulawuleni igunya lenuzi. Umongameli usebenza futhi noMnyango we-Homeland Security ukusingatha izinsongo ezinjengokuhlaselwa nge-inthanetha nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Umthwalo wemfanelo mkhulu, njengoba kuboniswa kuyiCuban Missile Crisis ngaphansi kukaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy kanye nokusabela ku-9/11 ngaphansi kukaMongameli George W. Bush.

Ukuhola Kwezomnotho

Umongameli uthinta isimiso sezomnotho ngeziphakamiso ze-Congress, izenzo zezikhulu zezohwebo, nokuphathwa kwemithetho. Imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukumisa uhlelo lwemali, ukusayina umthetho wentela, nokuxoxa ngezivumelwano zokuhwebelana. Omongameli bavame ukubeka izinto eziza kuqala kwezomnotho, njengokudala umsebenzi, ukulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali, nomthwalo wemfanelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Rooselt's New Deal ikhulume ngezinhlelo zokuZazulu Zokwehla Kwezomnotho, kanti uMongameli Ronald Reagan's winca intela ehloselwe ukuvuselela ukukhula. Umongameli umisa futhi amalungu eFederal Reserve Valeant, nakuba ihamba yedwa ukuze ikwazi ukulawula isimiso semali.

Umthetho Wasekhaya Nezinkinga Zezenhlalo

Umongameli ukhuluma ngezindaba zezenhlalo ngezikhulu zezikhulu, iziphakamiso zomthetho, nokuphatha umphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, amalungelo omphakathi, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Omongameli baye basebenzisa iqophelo labo ukuze bathuthukise izinguquko ezinkulu, njenge-Civil Rights Act ngaphansi kwe-Lyndon B. Johnson (igatsha elisayinwe yiSishaya-Mnyango somthetho) kanye noMthetho we-Afford Care Care ngaphansi kwe-Barack Obama. Ikhono likamongameli lokuguqula umbono womphakathi ngezinkulumo nangezimemezelo zezindaba lingathonya imiphumela yezenhlalakahle nezinhlangano zezenhlalo.

Ukumelelwa kwe - Diplomatic

Njengomphathi omkhulu wombuso, umongameli umelela i-United States phesheya, ehlangana nabaholi bakwamanye amazwe, ehlanganyela ezingqungquthela zamazwe ngamazwe, futhi ekhuthaza isimiso samazwe angaphandle. Lendima ihlanganisa ukulawula izivumelwano, ukusakaza izingxabano, nokuthuthukisa izindinganiso zaseMelika. Omongameli abasuka kuThomas Jefferson Purchase kuya kuRichard Nixon basebenzisa izinxulumano zokuthuthukisa izithakazelo zesizwe. Umongameli umisa amanxusa futhi uqaphele ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, enze ukumiswa kwezimiso ze-Provings u-Pianaston ku-Louisiana Purchase ku-Richard Nixon u-Richard Nixon, umsebenzi oyinhloko we-thenwa.

Ukulinganisela Kwamandla: Amagobolondo Nokulinganisela

Umongameli usebenza esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lingabuswa. UMthetho-sisekelo usakaza amandla phakathi kwesikhulu, izikhulu zemithetho, namagatsha okwahlulela, udala ukucindezeleka okunamandla okudinga ukubambisana nokuhlehla.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

Congress uhlola amandla kamongameli ngokuqulwa kwamacala, ukulawulwa kwemali, nokumiswa kwemithetho. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa nokumiswa kwezivumelwano, kuyilapho iNdlu iqala izinhlelo zokujezisa. ISishaya-mthetho ingamisa imithetho yokulinganisela igunya lokuphatha, njenge-War Powers Resolution neCongregational Department Control and Impoundment Control Act. Uphentions zithatha izivumelwano zempatho-malisa, kusukela ehlazweni leWatergate ukuya ekomitini le-Januware 6, ibonisa indima yeKhomishane ekubekeni amongameli.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

I-jadiary inhlolopho yamandla kamongameli ngokuchaza umthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezenzo zobuphathi. Izinkantolo zingashaya iziyalo zabaqondisi, zivimbele izenzo zikahulumeni, futhi zivikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Amacala e-Landmark anjenge Intsha ehamba phambili Pheeta & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952] [1952] ukuxhashazwa komongameli uTruman izinsimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, [[FLT] United States v. Nixon [17]) Presidentia uNixon [17])) ukukhulula amakhasethi eWatergate. Ukubukeza kuqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli usebenza phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Ukulandisa Komphakathi

Izinhlelo zokukhetha, ukuhlola imithombo yezindaba, nombono womphakathi kuyimfuneko ekuhloleni amandla omongameli. Umongameli kumelwe abhekane nabavoti njalo eminyakeni emine, futhi izilinganiso ezigunyaziwe zingathonya izinqumo zezimiso. Imithombo yezindaba isebenza njenge-ward, ihlola izenzo zokuqondisa futhi yazisa umphakathi. Imithombo yezindaba yezenhlala-khaya iye yayikhulisa le nkinga enamandla, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlele futhi zikhulume ngokuqondile. Izenzakalo ezingokomlando ezinjenge-Vietnam War ne-Iran Contrate zibonisa indlela ukucindezela komphakathi okungacindezela ngayo umongameli.

Ukuguquka Okungokomlando Kobubonisi

Umongameli uye wavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekusungulweni, wakhula ngesikhundla nangegunya. Omongameli bokuqala njengoGeorge Washington bamisa izandulela zokubekwa kwegunya elilinganiselwe, kuyilapho abaholi abanjengo Abraham Lincoln noTheodore Roosevelt kamuva bachaza ihhovisi ngezinkinga nangezinguquko eziqhubekayo. Ikhulu lama-20 labona ukunyuka kobumongameli banamuhla ngaphansi kukaFranklin D. Roosevelt, owasebenzisa iNew Deal ukuze andise amandla kahulumeni futhi amise indima yegatsha eliphethe kwezomnotho.

Inkathi yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II yaphinde yabekwa amandla ayinhloko kumongameli, ngeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, izikhali zenuzi, kanye nobuholi bembulunga yonke. Abameli abanjengoDwight Eisenhower, uJohn F. Kennedy, noRonald Reagan balungisa inqubo yangaphandle ngezenzo zokubusa kwezikhulu. Nokho, iMpi yaseVietnam nehlazo leWatergate yaholela ekuguquleni imingcele yegunya lobuphathi, njenge-War Powerssions Resolution ne-Ethictics ku-Rhulumend Act. Ikhulu lama-21 lama-21 liye laletha izinselele ezintsha, kuhlanganise nobuphekula, ukuncishwa kwemithetho kamongameli, kanye ne-Riphabliki, ukuhlola imingcele yamandla e-Roperation.

Umongameli Oyisekela Nekhabethe

Isekela likamongameli lingumphathi ophethe ongowesibili ophakeme kakhulu, onendima ekwangameleni iSigele futhi elandela umongameli. Isekela likamongameli livame ukululeka umongameli futhi lithathe izikhundla ezithile zenkambiso, njengomsebenzi kaJoe Biden's omayelana nenkambiso yezizwe ngaphansi kukaBarack Obama noma Kamara Harris ukugxila elungelweni lokuvota nasekuthutheleni kwelinye izwe. Ikhathena, elihlanganisa izinhloko zesebe njengoNobhala-Hulumeni noNobhala-Defense, liluleka umongameli nomthetho wamathuluzi. Amakhathe agcwaliswa ngesinqumo esingaphansi seSishayamthetho ukuze agunya, futhi inkampani yawo iveza izinto eziphambili zikamongameli.

Ukuziphendulela Nokulandisa

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukujeziswa njengendlela yokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi komongameli. Indlu yabameli ingamtshela umongameli "ngomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma obunye ubugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha," futhi iSigele siqu siqunga icala lokunquma ukususwa. Omongameli abathathu baye balahlwa: uAndrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1999) noDonald Trump (209 no-2021). Akukho kwalahlwa, nakuba uJohnson afika eduze. Inqubo yokungagunyazi ingumthetho nethuluzi lezombangazwe, iqokomisa ukulandisa kobucala phakathi kwezombangazwe.

Izinselele Ababhekene Nazo Abaholi

Omongameli banamuhla babhekana nezinselele eziningi ezibangela ukuba ukubusa kube nzima, kusukela ekuhlukaneni okuhlukanisayo kuya ezinkingeni zomhlaba wonke.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukuhlukana kwesigaba esiphakathi kuvame ukuphazamisa uhlelo lukamongameli, okuholela ekusebenziseni i-rockbock kanye nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kweziqondiso eziphethe. Ukukhula kwemibono ehlukene kuye kwenza ukuyekethisa kwaba nzima, njengoba amongameli bencike kumavoti eqembu kanye nesenzo esingathathi muntu. Lendawo ingaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi futhi inciphise impumelelo yesimiso sesikhathi eside, njengoba kubonakala nge-Afford - Care Act's act ephikisayo nezinselele eziqhubekayo.

Ukuthandwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nomphakathi

Umjikelezo wamahora angu-24 wezindaba nezokuxhumana kuye kwaguqula indlela abaholi bezokuxhumana futhi baqashelwa ngayo. Ukugxeka kungalimaza isilinganiso sokuvunyelwa kwemvume nesimiso, kuyilapho ukuhlanganisa okuhle kungathuthukisa ukusekela. Omongameli kumelwe bavule izivuzi, uphengululo, nokusabela komphakathi okusheshayo. Izikhulu ze-Clinton zabhekana nokuhlolwa okukhulu kwezezindaba ngamahlazo omuntu siqu, kuyilapho izikhulu ze-Obama zisingathwe ukugxekwa kwezempilo nenqubo yangaphandle. Ukulawula ukulandisa manje sekuyikhono eliyinhloko lomongameli.

Izenzakalo Nezinhlekelele Zembulunga Yonke

Omongameli kumelwe bathathe isinyathelo ezimpilweni zembulunga yonke ezingalindelekile, kusukela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo kuya ekuhlaseleni kwamaphekula. Ukuhlasela okungu-9/11 kwabuye kwachaza isimiso sokuphepha kwesizwe, kanti umqedazwe we-COVID-19 wawudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo nobudlelwane obunye nombuso. I-Crisrises ivame ukwandisa igunya lomongameli okwesikhashana, kodwa futhi iveza ukuhlasela nokuhlola ukuhola. Ikhono lokwenza izinqumo ezinengqondo ngaphansi kokucindezela liyimfanelo ephawulekayo yezikhulu eziphumelelayo.

Ububonisi Banamuhla Nekusasa

Umongameli uyaqhubeka evumelana namaqiniso amasha, kuhlanganise nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, nokusongela okungalawuleki. Ukwanda kwamandla okulawula ngeziqondiso, izinhlangano ezilawulayo, kanye nezinyathelo zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe kuphakamisa imibuzo ngemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuphikisana ngemingcele yeminyaka, ukulondeka kokhetho, ne-Electoral College inesimo senkulumo yomphakathi. Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele ezinjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukulingana kwemali, nomncintiswano wezesayensi yezwe, i-presicision ihlala ikhona phambili ekubusweni kwesizwe.

Ukuqonda imibuso, imithwalo yemfanelo, nemingcele yobumongameli kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Ihhovisi libonisa kokubili amandla nezingxabano zentando yeningi yaseMelika, lilinganisela ukuvelela nokulandisa. Ngokuhlola izenzakalo zomlando nezindaba zanamuhla, izakhamuzi zingabuqonda kangcono ubunkimbinkimbi begunya eliphethe.

Isiphetho

Umongameli we-United States uyisikhundla esinamandla kodwa esilawulwa kakhulu, esichazwa nguMthetho-sisekelo futhi esibunjwe umlando. Amandla aphethe anomthwalo omkhulu, ukuvikela isizwe ukuthuthukisa ukuchuma nokusekela umthetho. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuhlanganise nokuqondisa kwe-communion kunye nokuhlola kokwahlulela, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mongameli oba namandla kakhulu. Nokho, izinselele ezifana nokuhlelwa kwezindawo ezihlukene, ukuhloliswa kwemithombo yezindaba, nokuvivinywa kwembulunga yonke. Ngokufunda i-precience, sizuza ukuqonda indlela ukubusa nokulawula nezindlela zokuhola okuthinta ngayo izigidi zabantu. U-Cententenisi uhlala uyinhlangano enamandla, uvumelanisa inkathi ngayinye lapho ulondoloza izimiso zesisekelo se-Riphabliki yaseMelika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola ukucubungula kwegatsha eliphethe , [[FLT:] i-Anstigational i-Ansupediotal i-Atigtion II[, kanye izinqolobane zezwe ezisemthethweni . Lemithombo inikeza ukuqonda okujule kakhulu ezisekelweni ezingokomthetho nasemlandweni zamandla kamongameli.