Ukuqonda Inqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho kungumsebenzi oyisisekelo kahulumeni kuzo zonke izinga. Nakuba izinqubo ezicaciwe zihlukile phakathi kukahulumeni, umbuso, nezindawo zendawo, zonke izinqubo zokwenza umthetho zifeza injongo efanayo: ukuhumushela izidingo zomphakathi emithethweni ephoqelelwe ebusa umphakathi. Ukuqonda lenqubo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekulawuleni umbuso wentando yeningi futhi kusize abafundisi ukuba bafundise ukufundela izakhamuzi ukufunda ngokuphumelelayo.

Indlela evamile yokwenza umthetho ihlanganisa izigaba eziningana eziqinisekisa umthetho ohlongozwayo uhlolwa futhi utholwe umphakathi ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho:

  • Isizukulwane kanye nokudweba — ukubona isidingo nokubhala umbhalo wemithetho
  • Ukufaka nokubhekisa — kungokomuntu kunikeza isikweleti futhi kwabelwe ikomiti
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukucabangela [ — ukubukeza okucaciswe, ukuzwa, kanye nokulungisa
  • [[UMTH:0] Ingxoxo yezesivumelwano kanye nokuvota — ingxoxo egcwele yendikimba yezishayamthetho kanye nesinqumo
  • Imvume esebenzayo [ imvume — Izimpawu eziyinhloko zesikhulu noma igwebu lokubhaka
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukwenziwa ingasebenzi nokugcinwa kwemithetho — Umthetho uthatha ukusebenza futhi uyasetshenziswa

Ngazinye zalezi zigaba zinikeza amathuba okuthembisana komphakathi, ubufakazi obunolwazi, nokuxoxa kwezombangazwe.

Inqubo Yokwakha Umthetho Wesifunda

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho kahulumeni isebenza phakathi nokwakhiwa kwesimiso somthetho-mthetho we-U.S., lowo ofaka amandla emithetho eKhongolo. UKhomishane uyinhlangano ye-bidamaral eyakhiwa yindlu yabameleli neSigele, ngayinye enezindima nezinqubo ezihlukene. Izikweleti ezingaphezu kuka-10 000 zifakwa eMkhandlwini ovamile weminyaka emibili, kodwa ingxenyana encane kuphela — ngokuvamile engaphansi kwamaphesenti amahlanu — iba umthetho.

Ukuqala Nokubuya Kwemizimba

Noma iliphi ilungu leSishaya - mthetho lingase lifake isikweleti. Endlini, ilungu limane liphonse isikweleti esisemqoka — ibhokisi lokhuni elingaphambili kwegumbi. ESigeqeni, isikhulu sesikhulu kumelwe siqashelwe ukukhipha isikhwama. Uma sethula, isimemezelo sinikezwa inani, sinyatheliswe, futhi sibhekise ekomitini elifanele elisekelwe endabeni yaso esekelwe kumphathi wephalamende.

Ukubukeza Nephawu Lobusha Bekomiti

AmaKomiti alapho umsebenzi onzima kakhulu womthetho wenziwe khona. Ikomiti ngayinye iphethe izifunda ezikhethekile zenqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Ways ne-Fract Committee iphatha umthetho wentela, kuyilapho i-General Foreign Relations Committee yengamela izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Phakathi nokuhlola, amalungu alalela lapho ochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nabagcini bezimali benikeza ubufakazi. Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti iphethe isimiso sokukhipha i-crosakha lapho amalungu efaka khona izicelo zokukhokha futhi evotela izinqunywe ngaphambi kokuba anqume ukuthi angayibika kahle yini imvume yegumbi eligcwele.

AmaKomiti angabulala futhi isikweleti ngokumane ahluleke ukwenza ngokuvumelana naso — isiphetho esifikela imithetho eminingi ehlongozwayo. Lamandla okugcina amasango enza izabelo zamakomiti zibe nethonya elikhulu enqubweni yomthetho wesishayamthetho. Ukubheka okuningiliziwe emthethweni kahulumeni osebenzayo, i- Conerfer. i-modual ye-data inikeza ukulandelela kwangempela zonke izikweletu nezenzo zamakomiti.

Impikiswano Yokuhamba Nemisebenzi Yokuthuthukisa Izindawo Ezinde

Uma isikweleti sisekhona ekomitini, kumelwe sihlelwe ukuba sihlolwe. Endluni, iKomiti yeMithetho imisa izimpikiswano ngokukhipha umthetho onquma ukuthi impikiswano izothatha isikhathi esingakanani futhi iziphi izinguquko ezivunyelwe. ESigeqeni, impikiswano ngokuvamile ayinamkhawulo ngaphandle kokuba i-gastela elibizwa yivoti eyi-35, elinganisela impikiswano eqhubekele kumahora angu-30.

Inqubo yokuvota nayo iyahluka phakathi kwamagumbi. Indlu isebenzisa ukuvota ngemishini, kuyilapho iSigele sisebenzisa kakhulu amavoti ezwi noma amavoti okuvota. Iningi lamalungu akhona kanye nokuvota kudingeka ukuze kudlule kuwo womabili amakamu, nakuba izindaba ezithile — njengokubophana kwesivumelwano nezinkolelo — zidinga ukukhokhwa okukhulu.

Ukubuyisana Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, zombili izingosi kumelwe zidlulisele izinguqulo ezifanayo. Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti yengqungquthela eyakhiwe ngamalungu asemagumbini womabili ihlangana ukuze kuhlangane ukungafani. Umbiko wengqungquthela olandelayo kumelwe uvunyelwe ngawo womabili amakamu ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa. Lenqubo yokubuyisana ingaba nengxabano, ikakhulukazi emthethweni omkhulu ofana nezikweletu zemali nezinguquko zempilo.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Ngemva kokuba zombili lezi zingxenye sezidlulisele umthetho ofanayo, lesi sikweletu sinikezwa uMongameli, onezindlela eziningana zokukhetha:

  • Uphawu lomthetho [ — Kuba umthetho ngokushesha noma ngosuku oluphumelelayo olucacisiwe
  • Ukubuyisela isikwele [ — uMongameli uyibuyisela eSishayamthetho ngempikiswano; uMkhandlu ungadlula i-veto ngevoti enkulu yama-3 amabili egumbini ngalinye
  • vumela izivumelwano ukuba zibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa [ — Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu useseqeleni, ingenzeka umthetho ngokuzenzakalela
  • i-Pocket vento — Uma iziKhomishana zihloma phakathi nenkathi yeshumi, isigwebo asiwubeki umthetho

Igunya leveto linikeza uMongameli ithonya elikhulu ekuhlelweni kwezinhlelo zomthetho. Ngokwemininingwane evela kuyi American Presidency Project, abaholi kusukela kuGeorge Washington baye bakhipha amavetoe avamile angaphezu kuka 2 500, cishe amaphesenti angu - 7 alabo abakhangwa yiSishaya-mthetho.

Uhlelo lokwakha umthetho kaHulumeni

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenza ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho wabo siqu nemithetho, ngokuvamile eveza isakhiwo sikahulumeni uma ihlanganisa izici ezihlukile. Izwe ngalinye ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska linendlu yomthetho ephansi nendlu engaphezulu. INebraska isebenza indlu yomthetho engasebenzi u-undaral, engeyoyarparta. Inqubo yomthetho ifana kakhulu nenqubo kahulumeni kodwa futhi iveza isiko lezombangazwe nesiko lombuso ngamunye namasiko abusayo.

Isinyathelo Sesingeniso Nesekomiti

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa izikweleti emagumbini azo. Umqulu womthetho uyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokombuso — iCalifornia ibona izinkulungwane zezikweleti ziqala isiqephu ngasinye, kuyilapho amazwe amancane engabheka izikhulu ezimbalwa kuphela. Njengasesimisweni sikahulumeni, amakomiti afeza indima enkulu ekubukezeni umthetho, ekuphatheni amacala, nasekutuseni. Izigodlo eziningi zidinga izimemezelo zemiphumela yezindleko ezingase zidinge imali enkulu.

Impikiswano Neziphendulo Ezivamile

Izinqubo zemithetho kahulumeni zengxoxo yasesitezi ziyehluka kakhulu. Ezinye izifunda zilandela imithetho engokomthetho efana ne-Congress, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenza ngokwethukela kakhulu. Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga izikweleti ukuze zifundwe ngezinsuku ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba kudlule ingxenye yokugcina, isiko elibuyela emuva ekuqhubeni iphalathel eNgilandi. Iziphendu zinganikezwa phansi, nakuba ezinye izifunda zivimbela ukuncitshiswa kwalabo abangakwazi ukubhalisa indaba yomthetho.

Indima yombusi

Emva kokudlula komthetho womthetho womabili amakamu, uthunyelwa kumbusi ukuba avume; bonke abameleli banamandla okusayina noma okumisayo, kepha okuqophayo kuyahlukahluka,

  • Igcwele iveto — Umbusi wenqaba yonke intengo
  • Uhlamvu-lomumusho withto — Abalawuli abaningi bangaveza iziphakamiso ezithile noma amalungiselelo ngaphakathi kwemali ngaphandle kokwenqaba isilinganiso sonke. Lamandla avamile ezifundazweni kodwa awekho ngesilinganiso sikahulumeni
  • i-Pocket vento — Abanye abalawuli bangabulala inbengo ngokungenzi lutho ngemva kwe-aviorns

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinganqoba kakhulu i-gubernaralial withrotes nge-vetoes ephindwe ka-3, noma ngesithathu se-ftifs, kuye ngomthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-State Legislatures[ inikeza imithombo ebanzi eqhathanisa izinqubo zemithetho kuzo zonke izifunda-50.

Izihlongozo Ezikhethekile ZoMbuso

Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zathatha izici ezihlukile ezihlukanisa izinqubo zazo zokwenza umthetho kuhlobo lukahulumeni:

  • I-intium kanye ne-heaterendum [izifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-20] zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze imithetho ngokuqondile ngokuthatha i-colletss, zidlulise isishaya-mthetho ngokuphelele. Le nqubo ihilela ukuqoqa inani elicaciwe lezicelo bese zifaka isilinganiso sevoti yomphakathi
  • Imishini yokubukeza [ — Ezinye izifunda zisebenzisa izikhomishane ezizimele, kunokuba izishayamthetho, ukudweba izigodi zezishayamthetho
  • ihlela amalungiselelo[ — Izifunda eziningi zidinga imithetho nezinhlangano ezithile ukuba ziphele ngemva kwenkathi ethile ngaphandle kokuba isishaya-mthetho siphinde siwagunyaze, siphoqelele ukubukezwa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni ngezikhathi ezithile
  • Imishini yomthetho yokwenza izakhiwo[ — i-United States ibambisana ngeKhomishane yoMthetho we-Uniformation Impompelo yomthetho wokuhlela ongamukelwa ngokufanayo ezingxenyeni ze-octal, ithuthukisa ukungaguquguquki ezindaweni ezinjengomthetho wezentengiselwano nomthetho womkhaya

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho wasendaweni

Ohulumeni bendawo — kuhlanganise namadolobha, izigodlo, amadolobha, nezigodi ezikhethekile — bakha imithetho eyaziwa njengemithetho. Nakuba isikali sincane kunomthetho kahulumeni noma wombuso, umthetho wendawo uthinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zansuku zonke ezindaweni ezinjengezindlu, ezokuthutha, ezomphakathi, nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo. Ukwenziwa komthetho kulula kakhulu ezakhamuzini, ngemihlangano yomphakathi neyomphakathi enikeza amathuba aqondile okungena kuyo.

Inqubo Yokushintsha Imibala

Inqubo yokumisa imithetho yendawo ngokuvamile ilandelana ngalendlela:

  • I-Protoal — Isikhulu sendawo esikhethiwe, ilungu lezisebenzi zikahulumeni, noma isakhamuzi sifaka umthetho. Izindawo eziningi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zicele imithetho ngokuqondile.
  • [ Ukubukeza okuyimfihlo — izisebenzi zikahulumeni zihlaziya umthetho ohlongozwayo wokuthobelana ngokomthetho, ithonya elisemqoka, nokuvumelana nezimiso ezikhona. Iminyango yokuhlela, iminyango yomthetho, neminyango yezezimali ivame ukunikela kule ngxoxo
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuzwa kwe-Public — Icala lomphakathi liqulwa, ngokuvamile phakathi nomhlangano wedolobha noma wesifundazwe. Izakhamuzi zingafakaza ngamehlo, zithumele iziphetho ezibhaliwe, noma zihlanganyele kumatheku olwembu lwe-inthanethi
  • Ukuqala ufundeka[ — Umthetho ufakwa futhi ufundwe ngokuzwakalayo, nakuba izindawo eziningi manje ziphazamisa ukufunda ngokugcwele ngenxa yezindaba ezivamile
  • Ukufunda nokuvota [ — Umthetho ubuyiselwa futhi ngevoti yokugcina, ngokuvamile emhlanganweni olandelayo. Izindikimba eziningi zomthetho zidinga iningi elivamile ukuze zidlulise, nakuba ezinye izindaba — njengokushintsha noma izimpikiswano zesibopho — zingadinga ukuba kube khona i-supermajour expoint.
  • Imvume ye-Mayor noma yesikhulu — Uma indawo inemeya noma umphathi wesifunda, lowomphathi uvame ukuveza izimpawu noma ukukhipha umthetho

Izinhlobo Zemithetho Yasendaweni

Izimiso zendawo zihlanganisa izihloko eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuziqhayisa kanye nokusebenza kwezwe [[[QL:1]] — ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezibusayo, ukuphakama, ukuqina, kanye nezithikamezo
  • [[Umthetho:0] impilo eqinile nokuphepha [[FT:1] — Izimpawu zokwakha, imisebe yomlilo, imithetho yokuphepha kokudla, nemithetho yomsindo
  • Ukugunyaza nokuvumela — amalayisense ebhizinisi, ilayisense yotshwala, futhi ivumela izimfuneko zokwakha nezenzakalo
  • traffic kanye nokupaka — imingcele yejubane, imingcele yokupaka, kanye nokubekwa kwezimpawu zomgwaqo
  • [ Izimiso zezemfundo — ukuphathwa kwemfucumfucu, ukulondoloza amanzi, kanye nokulawula ukungcola kwendawo
  • [[Umthetho:0] Intengo [[[QURT:1] — intela yempahla, intela yokuthengisa, kanye nentela yebhizinisi lendawo

Ukubaluleka Kokubusa Kwendawo

Uhulumeni wendawo uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinga likahulumeni oseduze kakhulu nabantu, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Imithetho yendawo ingahlotshaniswa ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo ezikhethekile nezithandwa yindawo ngayinye. Umthetho olawulayo osebenza kahle esifundeni sasemaphandleni ungase ungafaneleki ngokuphelele endaweni yasemaphandleni ebanzi, futhi ukwenza umthetho wendawo kuvumela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho evumelana nezimo zayo eziyingqayizivele.

Ukwenza umthetho endaweni kunikeza abafundi amathuba awusizo okufunda. Imihlangano eminingi kahulumeni yendawo ivulekele umphakathi futhi igeleze kulayini, yenza kube lula ngamakilasi ukugcina inqubo yomthetho esebenzayo. Izinhlelo zemfundo ze-COVIC ezihlangene nohulumeni wendawo zisiza abafundi ukuba baqonde indlela imithetho ethinta ngayo izindawo zabo siqu nendlela abangahlanganyela ngayo ekulungiseni leyo mithetho. USA.gov ukhoda kahulumeni wasendaweni. inikeza imithombo yokuthola nokuxhumana nezikhulu zendawo kanye nokuthola izinhlelo zemihlangano.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Eziyithonya Ngayo Inqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi kubalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi osebenzayo, futhi kunezici eziningi abantu nezinhlangano ezingathonya kuzo zonke izinga lohulumeni ekwenzeni umthetho.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngokuqondile Ezindleleni

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuqondile enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngezindlela eziningana:

  • Ukuhlangana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe — ukubhala, ukubiza, noma ukuthumela i-imeyili ukuze kuboniswe ukusekela noma ukuphikiswa kwezinhlamvu ezithile zemali
  • Ukuhlolwa kwezindlebe [ — Ukunikeza ubufakazi ngomlomo noma obulotshiwe phakathi nokuqulwa kwezindaba zamakomiti nemihlangano yomphakathi
  • Ihlanganyela ezinkathini zokukhulumela komphakathi — Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zimukela ukukhulumela komphakathi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo ngaphambi kokuba zigcinwe
  • Ukuvota kukhetho — Ukunaka izikhulu ezihlanganyela isimiso sakho esiza kuqala kuyindlela eyisisekelo kakhulu yokuhlanganyela
  • Ukukhonza emabhodini nasemishinini — Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo nohulumeni bendawo banezikhundla zokuzithandela eziluleka ngezindaba ezihlelelwe ukusukela ekuhleleni ukuya emapakini kuya ekulondolozweni komlando

Ukubusa Okuhleliwe

Izakhamuzi eziningi zithonya ukuhlelwa komthetho ngamaqembu ahleliwe ezisebenzi zobufundisi, amabhizinisi, nangezinzuzo. Lezinhlangano ziqondisa umthetho, zifundisa amalungu azo ngezindleko ezisele, futhi zihlobisa izimpande zotshani ukusekela noma ukuphikiswa. Ukuqasha umthetho kudinga ukuqonda indlela inqubo ephumelelayo esebenza ngayo kanye nokwakha ubuhlobo nabenzi besinqumo abayinhloko. Nakuba ukusekela kuzo zonke izimfuneko zikahulumeni kufanelwe ukuvezwa nokuziphatha, kuhlala kuyinqubo esemthethweni nesetshenziswa kakhulu yamaqembu amelela izithakazelo zawo enqubweni yenqubo yezimiso.

Ukusebenzisa Ubuchwepheshe Ekuhleleni Imithetho

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye benza kwaba lula kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ukuba zilandele umthetho futhi zihlanganyele enqubweni yokwenza umthetho. Amawebhusayithi emithetho kahulumeni ne-AP Awebh anikeza ama-data aseshwayo emali yezindleko, ama-komiti, nemibhalo yokuvota. Abaningi banikeza izinqubo zokuqaphelisa nge-imeyili ezizikhokhelo lapho izikhokhelo ezithile zisungulwa noma zihlelwe ukuba zibekwe. Ukusuka kukahulumeni kuye kwaholela ekusungulweni kwemiyalweni kwemiyalo yemiyalo yezabelo nomphakathi APis owenza ukuba imininingwane yemithetho yemithetho ifinyeleleke ngokwengeziwe kubathuthukisi nakubacwaningi. I-Platformations njenge- i-openter futhi-opentersportsss oftatementsssssss shorterrent ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele umthetho, ukubona ukuthi abameleli babo abavoli, futhi baxhumanisa ngemibhishoshosho.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho ezindaweni zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, nomphakathi iklanyelwe ukuba ibe ngenhloso, icace, futhi isabelele esivumelwaneni somphakathi. Nakuba izinqubo ezicaciwe zingafani kwezinye izindawo, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubukezwa kwamakomiti, impikiswano, ukuvota, nokuvunyelwa kweziphathimandla zihlala zingaguquguquki. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kubalulekile ekuthembiseni izakhamuzi eziphumelelayo nasekufundiseni abafundi indlela uhulumeni wabo osebenza ngayo.

Kubafundisi, inqubo yokwenza umthetho inikeza amathuba acebile okufunda ngokusekelwe emsebenzini. Abafundi bangabhala incwadi yemali ngendlu yomthetho kahulumeni, bangene emihlanganweni kahulumeni yendawo, noma benze i-passion elalelayo eqenjini. Lemisebenzi isiza abafundi ukuba bahlakulele amakhono okucabanga ahluzekile, baqonde ukubaluleka kokuyekethisa nokuxoxa, futhi baqaphele ukuthi imithetho ayiyona imithetho engekho kodwa ayiyomithetho engabonakali kodwa indalo yabantu eklanywe yimibuso yezombangazwe nezenhlalo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi ofunda ngohulumeni okokuqala, uthisha ofuna izindlela zokufundisa umphakathi, noma isakhamuzi esifuna ukwenza izwi lakho lizwe, siqonda ukuthi imithetho iklanywe kanjani iyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlanganyela okunenjongo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Lenqubo ingase ibe yinkimbinkimbi, kodwa iseyindlela ephumelela kakhulu esinayo yokuhumushela izindinganiso zomphakathi emithethweni eqondisa ukuphila kwethu ndawonye.