Umbono WobuFederalism: Ukuhlanganyela Embusweni Wamandla

I-Federalism ingenye yezimiso ezinethonya kakhulu neziqinile zokubusa ezweni lanamuhla. Ekujuleni kwayo, uhulumeni uyilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo elihlukanisa amandla ezombangazwe phakathi kwe-pakati, uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni abahlukene abaningi. Kunokuba igxilise lonke igunya eqenjini elilodwa, elihlangene, i-conosticism idala ubuhlobo obuhlanganisa isigaba ngasinye lapho i-hulumeni inezisekelo zayo, imithwalo yemfanelo, ne-sobuconstrust. Lamandla ahlukanisayo avumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezwe kanye kanye kanye nezimiso zesizwe, avumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zesizwe nokubekwa kwazo kanye kanye, okwenza ukuba zifaneleke kahle, itshe elilingana kahle, i-herogegeonsgeon. Le Nhlangano ayilona nje isakhiwo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho, iveza ukuzinikela okujulile kwefilosofi kwefilosofi, ukuzikhulula, ukuvikela imibuso ehlangene nezimiso zemibuso ehlangene-akanye nemibuso emikhulu yezwe, imibuso emikhulu yezwe, imibuso emikhulu yemibuso ehlangene, imibuso ehlangene, i - orgorg, i - org, iveza imibuso ezindaweni ezikhona emhlabeni, i

Ukuqonda Umbango

UFederalism umane nje uyilungiselelo lezombangazwe; kuyindlela yokuhlela umphakathi oqaphela ubunye nokuhlukahluka kwesizwe. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, ubukhosi buhlukaniswa ngokomthetho-mthetho phakathi kwegunya eliphetheyo nezinhlangano zezombangazwe eziyinhloko (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi amazwe, ama-cantons, noma i-Länder. Lengxenye ihlangene igcwele enqubeni ebhalwe phansi engenakushintshwa ngokungakho ngesilinganiso esithile sohulumeni. Isisekelo sombuso wezwe sisekhono lokunakekela inhlalakahle yezithakazelo, amasiko, nezimiso zezomnotho phakathi kwesimiso esisodwa sezwe, kuyilapho futhi igcina isimiso somthetho-sisekelo wezwe esingaphezu kwemingcele. Ngokungafani nezimiso zezifunda zomhlaba, lapho uhulumeni wesifunda, unikeza khona izinhlelo ezihlala njalo, isivikelo esiwumbuso wezwe esiqinile. Lezindawo ezingokobuzwe jikelele ezivikelwe kalula ukuthi izifunda zezombangazwe zezombangazwe zezwe zingavinjezwangagodli.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zobuzwe

Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni indlela amandla ahlanganyelwa ngayo futhi asetshenziswa ngayo.

  • Umbuso we-Foctus: UFederalism uhlukanisa ngokuqondile imibuso phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. Le mibuso ivame ukubalwa kumthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe, osebenza njengomthetho ophakeme. Uhulumeni ophethe izindaba zezwe zokwenza izinto njengesivikelo, izindaba zangaphandle, nezentengiselwano zezifunda ezilawula izindawo ezinjengemfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo, nokusetshenziswa kwezwe.
  • Isigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni sisebenza ngokwaso ngokwezimo zomthetho-mthetho. Izwe noma izifundazwe zingamisa imithetho yazo, intela ye-levy, futhi zinikeze izinkonzo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa uhulumeni ophakathi, uma nje zihlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuzikhethela kuyikhohlo kombuso.
  • I-Intergovernmental Relations: Naphezu kwenkululeko yazo, amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni avame ukusebenzelana. Izimiso ze-Federal zivame ukuhlanganisa izimiso ezihleliwe nezingahleliwe zokubambisana, ukuxoxisana, nesinqumo sengxabano. Lokhu kubambisana kohulumeni kungasuka ekubambisana kwemikhankaso yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi ehlukene ukuvimbela izimpi zasenkantolo ezifundeni ezisemingceleni.
  • I-Constigal Supremacy: Umthetho-sisekelo ophakeme ohlanganisa womabili amazinga kahulumeni ubalulekile. Awungashintshwa yinani elivamile lemithetho; izinguquko zidinga izibalo ezinkulu noma ukuvunyelwa yinani elikhulu lohulumeni bezifunda.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane: UFederalism kungavikela amaqembu amancane ngokuwavumela ukuba asebenzise amandla anele okuzilawula ezindaweni zawo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emazweni anolimi oluhlukile, uhlanga, noma imiphakathi engokwesiko, njengeCanada (Quebec) noma iNdiya (izifunda ezisekelwe emigqeni yolimi).
  • `Bicameral Legislature: Amazwe amaningi ahlangene anesishaya-mthetho sesizwe se-bimameral lapho igumbi elilodwa limelela abantu ngokwesilinganiso (umz., iNdlu yabameleli) nelinye limelela izifunda ngokulinganayo (umz., iSigebengu sase-U.S.). leligumbi lesibili linikeza ohulumeni besifunda iphimbo eliqondile lesimiso sesizwe.

IUnitary neConfederal System

Ukuyithatha ngokugcwele i-constancial, kusiza ukuyiqhathanisa nezinye izinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu zesimiso sikahulumeni. esimisweni sokuhlangana , konke ubukhosi obungokomthetho buhlala kuhulumeni ophakathi. Izigaba (izingxenye, izifundazwe, izifundazwe) zikhona kuphela ngokunenjabulo yegunya eliphakathi futhi zingenziwa, noma zihlelwe kabusha ngomthetho wezwe. Amazwe amaningi emhlabeni, kuhlanganise neFrance, iJapan, neUnited Kingdom, asebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso zombatho. Ngokungafani, i-emperencess [FOLD] iwundlu] idedengu ekhululekileyo ezindaweni ezizimeleyo ezindaweni eziphetheyo ephakathi, futhi ezinamandla kakhulu. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezivamile ziveza amandla anamandla futhi akhona emhlabeni wonke, kanti izakhamuzi ezihlangeneyo ezihlangene kanye nezinkulu kakhulu. I-Contenceston ziveza amandla ngaphansi kwenani elikhulu kakhulu.

Umlando Wesimo SobuFederali

Nakuba umqondo wokwahlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni unezimpande zasendulo ._Izimo zesizwe kanye nezinhlangano zedolobha kwakukhona enkathini yasendulo − umqondo wanamuhla wobuzwe wasungulwa kakhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka, ngokuphawulekayo phakathi nokusungulwa kwe-United States. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. babekhathazeke kakhulu ngenkinga yobushiqela. Ukulwa nje nokuvukela umbuso waseBrithani ophakathi, babesaba ukugxilisa amandla amakhulu kunoma yisiphi isiphi isikhungo esisodwa. Ngasikhathi esifanayo, baqaphela ukuthi ukuhlangana okubuthakathaka ngaphansi kwezihloko ze-Confederation kwakuhluleka ukunikeza ukuvikela kwesizwe, ukulondeka kwezomnotho, nokubusa okuphumelelayo. Icebo labo laliyinhlangano embusweni: izwezwe ngalinye, imibuso ehlangene, kanye namandla alo.

Uhulumeni E - United States

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owamiswa ngo-1788, wamisa isimiso sikahulumeni esisalokhu siwuhlobo oluyinhloko lwe-construnist. UMthetho-sisekelo ubeka amandla kahulumeni wezwe eSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8, udweba imibuso eqondile [[ ebekwe phansi [ njengangokokusungula imali, ukumisa impi, ukuhlanganisa ibhizinisi, nokuqondisa izikhungo zamazwe. ISimende seSinyuko sifaka ngokuqondile wonke amandla angawaphathi imibuso kahulumeni kahulumeni noma abantu. Lesi sakhiwo sadala imibuso ecacile, nakuba ibambene, imingcele. Ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, isilinganiso samandla phakathi kukahulumeni nombuso ombuso ombuso nemibuso ephakeme, izimpi, izinhlekelele zezomnotho, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, isibonelo semibuso yezenhlalo, i-Newkingsmosmosmentmentments, ihlelwe kakhulu imibuso ewumbuso kahulumeni omisiwe ngaphansi kukahulumeni ohulumeni ohlukene ka-1960666. [i, ihlelwe kakhulu, i-1961],

  • Amandla anombolo: Amandla anikezwa ngokuqondile iSishaya-mthetho eMthethweni, kuhlanganise namandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezentengiselwano, ukumemezela impi, nokugcina ibutho lezempi.
  • Amandla agciniwe:[ Amandla angenikwa uhulumeni kahulumeni noma enqatshelwe ezindaweni agcinelwe izifundazwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi. Lezi zivame ukuhlanganisa amandla amaphoyisa (empilweni, ephephile, ekuziphatha), imfundo, nohulumeni wendawo.
  • Amandla akhona: Amandla ahlanganyelwa yizo zombili amazinga, njengamandla entela, ukwakha imigwaqo, nokuphoqelela imithetho. Uma kuvela izingxabano, umthetho kahulumeni uvame ukulawulwa yiSupremacy Claus.
  • Amandla ePhithibited Powers: Amandla aphiwa noma ngaluphi uhlobo, njengokudlula imithetho yeposi ye-codo noma ukunika iziqu zodumo.

Ubumbano Ngaphandle Kwe - United States

Nakuba i-United States yasungula ubuzwe banamuhla, amanye amazwe amaningi aye amukela futhi avumelanisa uhlobo lwe-mongo yawo siqu. SSWItzland ingenye yezifunda zakudala kakhulu zikahulumeni, enesimiso sama-canton angu-26 ajabulela i-demokratistiki ekhethekile. i-Canada[FLT][FLT] [[FLT]] [i-P] yamukela isimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekeni [i-simosla] sawonke] ngo-1967, ihlukanisa amandla phakathi kwephalamende nezifundazwe, i-palmende yemithetho ehlukene, ifaka imingcele nezimiso zezombangazwe phakathi kwe-RGOS.[6] [inani elihlukene] [inani elingu-FLFLGUM] kanye nehlelo lombuso wesizwe elingu-ose.[enye elingu-uni likhipha isigaba esingu-senyu sisekelo sezweyodwayodwa kakhulu, i-Ezinye i

Izinhlobo ZobuFenisi

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izazi ziye zaveza izindlela ezihlukile ezichaza indlela amandla asakazwa futhi asetshenziswe ngayo ezikhathini ezihlukene nasemazweni. Izinhlobo ezimbili ezivelele inqubo yombuso wombuso womphakathi nenhlangano yenhlangano, kodwa ukuhlukahluka kwanamuhla njengokubusa kwezwe elisha nesimiso sombuso kubaluleke ngokufanayo.

Ubumbano Lwama - Dual

Dual unitalism, ngokuvamile ebonwa njenge "layer khekhe," ihlukanisa ngokucacile nangokuqinile phakathi kwamagunya kahulumeni wezwe nalawo ezwe. Izinga ngalinye lisebenza endaweni yalo, ngokulingana okuncane. Lesibonelo sasilawula e-United States kusukela ekusungulweni kwenkathi e-New Deal. Ngaphansi kwe-conicism, uhulumeni wezwe wawulinganiselwe emagunyeni awo ahlukene, futhi imibuso yayenza imithetho eminingi yasekhaya. INkanto Ephakeme ivame ukushaya imithetho kabanzi ephazamisayo egunyeni. Isibonelo, ku-United States. E. C.[FLD] [1:95], iNkakhulu yeNkanto elinganiselwe yeNkanto emelene nokukhiqikelelwa kwesizwe. [1895], iNkanto ehlukanisa amandla ahlukanisayo yonke imithetho yezentengo.

Ukubambisana

I-conomicism, ifaniswa ne- "makeyd," ifiphaza imikhakha yegunya phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Kulesisibonelo, amazinga womabili asebenza ndawonye ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlanganyela imithwalo yemfanelo, ukuxhasa izimali, nemisebenzi yokuphatha. Izinhlelo zeNew Deal ye-1930 zaphawula ukushintshwa okukhulu kokubambisana kwe-guantism ye-United States, njengoba uhulumeni wezwe wanikela ngemvume yokusebenzisa izifundazwe ukuba kusebenzise izinhlelo zezwe ezindaweni ezinjengokuqesha kwemisebenzi, izisekelo, izenhlalakahle, nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Lokhu kuqhubekela phambili izinhlelo zeNhlangano eGreat Society ka-Lyndonsus, okuhlanganisa ukuxhasa kwezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yezempilo (Medica), nokuthuthukisa umphakathi. Umbuso wombuso uhlanganisa izimo zesizwe ukunikeza inzuzo yesizwe, nakuba lokhu kuthuthukisa izinhlelo ze-Cynvolution, i-Brence.

Ubumbano Olusha

Kusukela ngawo-1970 futhi kuvuselelwa uMongameli uNixon noReagan, uhulumeni omusha (noma "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo") wafuna ukubuyisela amandla nomthwalo ezifundazweni. Umgomo wawuwukunciphisa ubukhulu bukahulumeni kahulumeni nokuvuselela isimo. Izimiso eziyinhloko zazihlanganisa iziphakamiso, ezanikeza izimemezelo ezibanzi zokunquma indlela yokusebenzisa imali ezweni ezindaweni ezinjengezenhlalakahle nentuthuko yomphakathi, kunokuba zilawulelwe kakhulu. Umbuso omusha wabona futhi iNkanto ePhakathi Ephakeme (ngaphansi kweSishaya- Justice Rehnst) futhi i-fullsting Reast) imingcele yamandla kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Cecomplast Clausle ne-Hentith Reult, njengoba abanye abagxeki benzile ukuvuse, beye bavuse ukuvuselela izinkonzo ezikadelela ekulungiseni izinkonzo ezinjengayeni ze-[FLD.[FFFoctive", futhi beshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshovu i-od izinkonzo ezingaphezulu.

UbuFederalism

I-Fiscalism ihlola ubuhlobo bezimali phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. Kunoma isiphi isimiso sikahulumeni, ukwabiwa kwezindawo zokukhokha nokuthenga kubalulekile. Uhulumeni ophethe intela ephambili uqoqa izintela eziningi zemali (ezikhokhelwayo, izintela zenkampani) kuyilapho amazwe ephethe izimali ezinkulu ezisebenzisa imali (imfundo, impilo, isisekelo). Lokhu kungalingani okuthezekile okubangelwa ukuthunyelwa kwezezimali zezwe elingaphandle (izindawo ezihlukene), ukwabelana, ukuboleka kwemali, nokuboleka kwemali emali ekhokhwabanisiwe. Izinga ezithengwa kakhulu phakathi kwemibuso ecebile nempofu nazo zivamile. I-Fiscalism ingaba umthombo wempikiswano, njengoba amazwe angacasukela izimo zikahulumeni ezihlangeneyo ekunikezeni imali ezindaweni ezihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya eNdiya, i-Phosbondssionation ishoption, futhi i-Fogn.[5]

Izinzuzo ZobuFentshi

Lezinzuzo ziwusizo futhi ziyifilosofi, zinengxenye ekusimameni kwentando yeningi, ekusungulweni kwesimiso sezimiso, nasekuvikelweni kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

  • Ukuthatha Ingxenye kwezombangazwe: Ngokudala izingqimba eziningi zikahulumeni, uhulumeni unikeza izakhamuzi amathuba engeziwe okuhlanganyela nenqubo yezombangazwe. Ukhetho lwendawo nombuso ngokuvamile lunemigoqo ephansi yokungena, ukuvumela amalungu omphakathi ukuba angenele isikhundla noma athonye inqubo ezindabeni ezithinta ukuphila kwawo kwansuku zonke. Lokhu kusondelana kungandisa ukuvota nokuhlangana kwesizwe.
  • Inguquko: AmaZwe nezifundazwe zingasebenza njenge "imishini yedemokrasi," ukuzama izimiso ezintsha ngaphandle kokubeka engozini isizwe sonke. Ucwaningo oluphumelelayo "njengenguquko yezenhlalakahle eWisconsin, inguquko yezempilo eMassachusetts, noma izindlela zendawo ezungezile kamuva zenziwa ngokwezinga lesizwe. Lendlela ehloniphekile yokuzama-nezentando yeningi," ivumela ukuvumelana nezimo zezwe lonke.
  • Izishopi zendawo elawulayo: Ohulumeni bezifunda ngokuvamile basesimweni esingcono sokuqonda nokusabela ezidingweni ezikhethekile zemiphakathi yabo. Indlela eyodwa yokulungisa isuka enhloko - dolobha ekude ingawanaki amaqiniso endawo angokwesiko, ezomnotho, noma engokwezwe. I-Federalism inika abaholi bendawo amandla okulungisa izixazululo, kusukela ezifundweni zemfundo kuya ekuhleleni izinto zokuhamba, ukuvumelana nokhetho lomphakathi.
  • Prevents Paration of Power: Ngokukhipha igunya phakathi kwezikhungo eziningi ezincintisanayo, uhulumeni uyisivikelo esinamandla ekubuseni uhulumeni. Akukho muntu ongabusa zonke izici zokubusa. Lokhu kwahlukana kwemibuso kuqiniswa iqiniso lokuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni nezikhulu zikahulumeni zikhethwa ngokwehlukana futhi zinemibono ehlukile. Isimiso sikwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba iningi lifake icebo ekufuneni intando yalo kubantu abambalwa, njengamandla ahlukene.
  • Acmodays Ukuhlukahluka: Emiphakathini enezigaba eziningi, izilimi eziningi, noma izinkolo eziningi, uhulumeni ungahlanganisa. Ivumela amaqembu ahlukene ukuba agcine imithetho yawo, izilimi, nemikhuba yamasiko ezindaweni zawo, kuyilapho iseyisizwe esikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo sombuso waseNdiya, siqaphela ukuhlukahlukahluka kwezifunda zawo, nesimiso sombuso saseCanada sihlalisa isimiso somthetho wesizwe esihlukile saseQuebec nolimi lwesiFulentshi.
  • Idala iRedundancy ne Resilience: Isimiso sikahulumeni siye sakha i-reuncincy. Uma elinye izinga likahulumeni lihluleka ukusabela ngokuphumelelayo, ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenhlekelele engokwemvelo, lelinye izinga lingangena. Lokhu kubusa okunesiphepho kungandisa ukuqina ezinkingeni, njengoba kubonakala lapho uhulumeni nendawo bethatha umthofu ekusabeleni okuwumqedazwe ezindaweni eziseceleni kwemizamo kahulumeni.

Izinselele Zobuzwe

Naphezu kwezici eziningi eziqinile, uhulumeni unezingqinamba ezinkulu. Lezi zinselele zingasicindezela isimiso futhi zidinge ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo, ukufushaniswa okungokomthetho, nokushintshwa kwezinhlangano.

  • . Ukungavumelani phakathi kweMiphakamo yoHulumeni: akugwemeki esimisweni sikahulumeni. Izwe lingase libeke inselele imithetho kahulumeni enkantolo, futhi uhulumeni ophakathi angamangalela izifundazwe ngokungaguquguquki. Lokhu kulwa kungaholela ekubekeni i-proplock ngokomthetho, izinqubo zibambezeli, nokudideka komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, eUnited States, ezwe nasehulumenini kuye kwaphikisana ngokugcinwa kwezindawo zokufuduka, ukugcinwa kwensangu, nokubekwa kwemithetho esemthethweni yezemvelo.
  • Ukungaguquguquki nokungalingani: Ngenxa yokuthi umbuso ngamunye ungamisa imithetho yawo, imiphumela yenqubo ingahluka kakhulu. Lokhu kungaba usizo ekuzivumelaneni kodwa kube yinkinga ye-quvery. Izifunda ze-Wizisterier zingathenga izikole ezingcono, ukunakekela impilo, nesisekelo sesisekelo, nakuba amazwe ampofu elwa kanzima. Izakhamuzi ezisezindaweni ezihlukene zingaba namalungelo nesivikelo esihluke kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, ukufinyelela ekukhipheni isisu, izinqubo zokuvota, noma amazinga amancane eholo. Lokhu kungadala ukudideleka kwezama amabhizinisi nabantu abasebenza emigqele yombuso.
  • Imithombo: Akuzona zonke izifunda ezinemithombo elinganayo yezomnotho. I-Federalism ingaziveza lezizinto ezihlukene uma amazwe acebile ekwazi ukunikeza izinkonzo ezingcono futhi ahehelele imali eyengeziwe, kuyilapho amazwe ampofu ehluleka kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwezimiso zokulingana eziqinile, igebe lingakhula. Lena impikiswano eqhubekayo emazweni anjengeNdiya neBrazil, lapho amanye amazwe echuma kakhulu kunamanye.
  • Ukufakelwa nokuntuleka komlando: Izingqimba ezibekwe kahulumeni esimisweni sikahulumeni kungenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukuqonda ukuthi ubani onecala lani. Uma kuphakama izinkinga cishe njengesimiso sesikole esingaphumeleli, amanzi angcolile, noma ukungalungisi kwemigwaqo okungazenzisi. Le nkinga inganciphisa ukubonakala futhi ivumele izikhulu ukuba zifake icala, inciphe icala lentando yeningi.
  • Izimiso ze-Federal zivame ukudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwabadlali abaningi `izifundazwe', izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinkantolo, nezishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukwenza izinqumo, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zenhlekelele. Isidingo sokuvumelana noma ukuhlahlela kungaphazamisa izinguquko eziphuthumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, u-U.S. isimiso sombuso silwela ukuveza impendulo ehlangeneyo ebucayi ekuqaleni kwe-COVOVID-19 yenkinga ngenxa yezinkinga zezinkinga zezwe neziphathimandla zikahulumeni.
  • I-Parochialism neZithakazelo zendawo: Ohulumeni bezifunda bangabeka izithakazelo ezimbalwa zendawo phezu kwenhlalakahle yesizwe. Izwe lingancintisana ngebhizinisi ngokuhlisa imithetho noma izintela, okuholela "ekugcineni phansi" ezindaweni ezinjengezindinganiso zesivikelo sendawo ezungezile noma zezisebenzi. Bangamelana futhi nezindlela zombuso ezithi (kanye ngenzuzo) zifake izindleko esizweni sabo, ziholele ekuhlwisaneni noma ekuvimbeleni.

Ubumbano Ekhulwini Lama - 21: Iziyisimo Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Contemporary federalism is evolving in response to globalization, technological change, and shifting political dynamics. Several trends are reshaping how federal systems operate. First, intergovernmental relations have become more institutionalized, with regular meetings between state and federal leaders, as well as formal councils like the Council of Australian Governments or the German Bundesrat. Second, the rise of asymmetric federalism recognizes that not all constituent units need have the same powers. Special status is granted to some regions (e.g., Quebec in Canada, Jammu and Kashmir in India before its reorganization) to accommodate unique historical or cultural circumstances. Third, fiscal pressures from aging populations,Izindleko zokunakekela impilo, futhi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuphoqelela izimiso zikahulumeni ukuba ziphinde zihlole ukwabiwa kwemithombo yemali nemithwalo yemfanelo. Okwesine, uhulumeni wezwe uye waba ngovelele kakhulu njengoba izinkantolo ziqhubeka ziphikisana ngamandla aphakeme, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengesimiso sokufuduka nesendawo ezungezile. Ekugcineni, i-European Union inikeza isimiso sezwe esifana ne-somhlaba esifiphaza umugqa phakathi kwenhlangano yezizwe nombuso wezwe lonke, iphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nobukhosi nentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

I-Federalism ihlala iyisimiso esibalulekile nesinamandla sokubusa ekhulwini lama-21. Ukuhlakanipha kwayo kuxhomeke ekuzivumelaneni kwayo: ikhono lokuzivumelanisa nezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu emlandweni, ngokwesiko, nangezombangazwe kuyilapho ilondoloza isibopho esiyinhloko sokuhlanganyela amandla. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nobesifunda, i-guvernism ivikela ekubekeni amandla, ikhuthaza ukuba abantu bahlanganyele, futhi ivumele izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ukuba zihlale ndawonye ngaphansi kohlelo olufanayo lwemithetho-mthetho. Nakuba iveza izinselele zangempela, ukungalingani, nokuyinkimbinkimbi okukhona okuyingozi kodwa okuqhubekayo okudinga ukulawulwa okucophelelayo. Njengoba amazwe asemhlabeni wonke eqhubeka enikeza amathuba okuhloniphekile, ukumanyana okuhloniphekile, ukuvumelana nokwenzuzo, ukuvumelana nokwembukwakheka kwezimiso zemvelo, icebo elibalulekile lemisebenzi ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu, izakhamuzi ezinhlalweni zezindawo ezisekubusayo, futhi ezinkonke, izikhulu ezisekuhlosekuhloseni komthetho, ingeye nje, isilinganiso sobuzwe eliphansi, inzuzo, iyaqhubeka kunikeza amathuba okunye nje: [FF]