Isingeniso

Umqondo wokuvuma umi njengenye yemibono eqinile kakhulu nephikiswanayo kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe. Ibuza umbuzo olula ngokukhohlisayo: kungani sivuma ukubuswa, futhi yini eyenza leso sivumelwano sibe ngokomthetho? Kusukela emihlanganweni yasendulo kuya ku-mendendis yanamuhla yentando yeningi, imvume iye yasebenza njengemvume yokulunga kwegunya nethuluzi lokulisebenzisa kabi. Impela, ivumelana nohlobo ngalunye lokuphila kwezombangazwe, kusukela ekukhetheni abaholi ekuhlolweni kwezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Kodwa kukho konke ukuvumelana kwayo, icebo lihlala linemvume enganakelelekile. Yini engathiwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokungalingani namandla? Futhi yini eyenzekayo uma kuvunyelwa noma kukhishwa endaweni yokuqala? Lesi sihloko siveza ushintsho noma ukuvukelwa kwemvume yokwamukela izivumelwano sokuvumelana kwezivumelwano zezivumelwano zezombangazwe, ukucubuswa kwayo, nokuhlola ukulinganiselwa kwayo, nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezesayensi, futhi nokubusa kwezesayensi.

Isizinda Esingokomlando

Umqondo wokuvuma uye washintsha kakhulu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. umsuka wawo usekelwe emikhubeni yasendulo yokwenza izinqumo ndawonye, kodwa isimo sawo sanamuhla savela ngokucabanga kokukhanyiselwa.

Izenzakalo Zasendulo NezangeNkathi Ephakathi

EGrisi yasendulo, ikakhulukazi e-Athene, umqondo wokuba izakhamuzi wawuhlanganisa ukuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ekubuseni. Izakhamuzi zahlangana e eekklesia ukuvota imithetho nezimiso, ukuhlanganisa uhlobo lwemvume ecacile ngokuhlela ngokuhlangene. Nokho, lokhu kwakulinganiselwe ekutheni inani elincane labantu abawuzweli(abesifazane), izigqila, kanye nongebona abangekho-buzwe bahlukene kwakhishwa. IRoma yasendulo yanikela ngesilinganiso esingokomthetho i-omne bt ambus aubbus. kodwa, lokhu kwalinganiselwa ku-mncincane kwenani eliphakathi kwenani labantu ([FLT]] [FLT]], isimiso semithetho yasendulo nesomthetho.

IYurophu yaNkathi Ephakathi yayisekela kakhulu igunya lokulandelana kwaphezulu nokulandelana kwefa. Omakhosi athi ayabusa ngokwentando kaNkulunkulu, enza ukuvuma kungabi namsebenzi ekubuseni. Kodwa ngisho nakule nkathi, imvume esebenzayo yavela ngezinhlangano ezinjengeMagna Carta (1215), lapho iNkosi uJohn yavuma khona ukulinganisela amandla ayo ukuze isekele i-baronal. Lokhu kwakungesona imvume ethandwayo, kodwa kwamisa ukuthi ababusi bangaboshelwa ezivumelweni nezikhonzi.

Inguquko Yokukhanyiselwa

Ikhulu le-17 nele-18 laphawula ukushintshwa kokuzamazama komhlaba. Abacabangi baqala ukuphikisa ngokuthi igunya elingokomthetho lezombangazwe kumelwe lithathwe ekuvumeni kwababuswayo, hhayi ekuyaleni kwaphezulu noma amandla obulwane. Inkolelo-mbono yesivumelwano sezenhlalo yaba isisekelo esiyinhloko sokuvuma ukuqonda. Izinombolo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Thomas Hobbes (158-1679): Ku .Leviathan[, Hobbes wachaza "isimo semvelo" lapho ukuphila kwakunesikhala esingesodwa, esibi, esinesithukuthezi, esifinyele, nesifushane. Ukubalekela lesiyaluyaluyalu, abantu bavuma ukudlulisela amalungelo abo kumbusi (=umbusi we-*] umbusi ophelele. Imvume ye Hobbes, yayiyisivumelwano sesikhathi esisodwa esithethelela cishe igunya eliphelele.
  • uJohn Locke (1632-1704): Locke wanikeza umbono okhululekile. Waphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, enkululeko, nasempahleni. Uhulumeni uvela ngesivumelwano sezenhlalo, kodwa imvume ixhomeke. Uma umbusi ephula lamalungelo, abantu banelungelo lokuvukela. Imibono ka-Locte yathonya ngokuqondile iSimemezelo saseMelika senkululeko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Joan-Jacques Rousseau (1712-171778): i-Rousseau i-Contract yezeNkathi ye-social yasungula umqondo "intando""""""iqembu elifuna abantu abahlongoza okuhle. , waphikisa, ukhona evumeni kwezakhamuzi ezihlangene. Umsebenzi wakhe ophefumlelwe isigaba sentando yeningi nenguquko, nakuba abagxeki beqaphela amandla aso embusweni wobushiqela lapho uhulumeni wezwe umisiwe.

Lezizihlakaniphi zashintsha isisekelo sokufaneleka kwezombangazwe esisekelwe esikweni zaba isivumelwano somuntu siqu, zamisa isigaba sentando yeningi yanamuhla.

Izindlela Zokuhlobisa Eziwubuphili

Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano zezenhlalo, kamuva izazi zefilosofi zathuthukisa futhi zabekela umqondo wokuvuma izinkolelo - ze inselele.

Umculo KaDavid

David Hume (1711-1776) wanikeza umbono wokungabaza. Ku-"Omthelela Wokuqala," waphikisa ngokuthi ohulumeni abaningi basekelwe ekunqobeni noma ekuthatheni, abavumi. Waphawula ukuthi bambalwa abantu abaye bavuma ngokuqondile kuhulumeni wabo; kunalokho, bavele bathathe umkhuba noma ukwesaba. u-hume ohlukanisiwe phakathi [[FLT:]] ukuvuma [isivumelwano esiyimfihlo] kanye nemvume [[FLT] [FLT] (inciswe ngokuqhubeka nokuhlala noma ngokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi), kodwa wabuza ukuthi abangenze abantu babophe abantu ngempela yini.

U - Immanuel Kant no - Autonomy

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) imvume esekelwe emqondweni wokuzibusa. UKant, amanxusa okuziphatha ayakwazi ukuzilawula ngesizathu. Uhulumeni okuwukuphela kwawo ongokomthetho uphatha izakhamuzi njengeziphela kuzo ngokwazo, hhayi njengendlela nje. Lokhu kuholela embonweni wokuthi imithetho kumelwe ibe yileyo ukuba zonke izingqondo zivume kuzo.

UJohn Swlps Nesivumelwano Sokuvuleka Kwesikhumba

Ekhulwini lama-20, uJohn Rawls (1921-2002) wavuselela inkolelo-mfantu ngokusontwa okusha. ITheory of Justice, wasikisela ukuthi yizimiso nje lezo ezithi abantu abakhululekileyo nabanengqondo bavumelane ngokulandela "ukungazi" , phela ukwazi isikhundla sabo siqu somphakathi, amathalenta, noma izinkolelo. Lokhu [[FLT:]] imvume engokwesiko : akusona isivumelwano esingokoqobo kodwa umcabango oklanyelwe ukuvivinya ukulunga. Indlela ka-Gables ibinethonya kakhulu empikiswaneni emelene nempikiswano ephikisanayo.

Ukuzitika Ngabesifazane Nemibono Ebucayi

Izazi zefilosofi zabesifazane njengoCarole Pateman ( i-Sexual Contract) ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi inkolelo-mfantu engokwenhlalo yakudala yafihla isivumelwano sobulili esingaphansi kwabesifazane. Le mvume, iyaphikisana, iye yasetshenziselwa ngokomlando ukugunyaza amandla agunyaziwe. Ngokufanayo, abaculi besayensi baveza ukuthi ukuvuma okugxekayo ngokuvamile kusebenza njengethuluzi lokususa, namaqembu ancikile amandla okunikeza noma ukugoma imvume enengqondo. La ma-criques aye ajulisa ukuqonda kwethu indlela yokuvuma kwezinqubo ezisebenza phakathi kokungalingani.

Izicelo Zanamuhla Zokuvuma

Ekubuseni kwamanje, ukuvuma kuseyisimiso esiyinhloko sokuhlela, nakuba sinezici ezihlukahlukene.

Ukukhetha Kwentando Yeningi

Isibonakaliso esibonakalayo kakhulu semvume emazweni anamuhla singokhetho. Izakhamuzi zivotela abameleli abalindeleke ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngenxa yezithakazelo zabo. Nokho, imfanelo yalemvume ixhomeke ezicini ezinjengobuqotho obukhethiweyo, ukukwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa, nochungechunge lwezinqumo ezikhona. Ukhetho oluphansi, ukuvota, ukukhomba, kanye nokungalingani kwezelelwa kwezezimali okulindelekile kungalulaza konke ukufaneleka kwemvume yabakhethi.

Imibuthano Yomphakathi Nokubusa

Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu, i-authoring Spring noma i-Black Live Matter ibuza ukuthi ohulumeni abakhona basekela imvume yalabo abathinteke kakhulu yini ngempela. Lezinhlangano zisekela ukubuyiselwa kwesivumelwano sezenhlalo, zifuna ukuba imvume ibaluleke futhi ingabi nanjongo.

Umthetho Neziphakamiso Zomhlaba Wonke

Embulungeni yonke, isho ukuthi izivumelwano, imihlangano, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezinjengeZizwe Ezihlangene. Isimiso se i-sunnat servanda [izivumelwano kumelwe zigcinwe] sisekelwe embonweni wokuthi imibuso ephethe iboshwe ngokuzithandela. Nokho izimpikiswano zamandla anzima zingenza lokhu kube nzima: imibuso emincane noma ebuthakathaka kakhulu ingavuma ngaphansi kokucindezela kwezomnotho noma kwemizwa, kuphakamise imibuzo mayelana nemvume yaleyo mithetho.

Imithombo yangaphandle endima yanamuhla yemvume ihlanganisa i-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ukungenisa imvume kanye nokucubungula kwemvume emfundisweni yezombangazwe[.

Izinselele Ezivivinya Umqondo Wokuvumelana Nezitho Zokuhle

Naphezu kwendima yayo eyisisekelo, umqondo wokuvuma ubhekene nezinselele eziphawulekayo ezicatshangelwayo neziwusizo.

Izindawo Eziyindilinga Nezakhiwo

Ukuvuma kumelwe kuvunyelwe ngokukhululekile ukuze kube okusebenzayo. Nokho ezimweni eziningi, abantu baphoqelelwa ukuba baxhaswe (izinsongo zobudlova) noma izakhiwo (isidingo sezomnotho, ukuntuleka kokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela). Ngokwesibonelo, isisebenzi esivumelayo "ukusebenzisa kabi izimo zemisebenzi ngenxa yokuthi okuwukuphela kwendlala akunakushiwo ukuthi siye savunyelwa ngempela. Lenkinga idlulela ekuvumeni kwezombangazwe: uma ukushiya izwe kunzima ngokwenqatshelwe, indawo yokuhlala eqhubekayo akubonisi ukuvumelana okuyiqiniso nohulumeni.

Ukuvuma Okunolwazi

Ukuvuma okuphumelelayo kudinga ukwaziswa okwanele. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde ukuthi zivumelana nani nezimiso zezentengiselwano, ukudayisa, nemiphumela yezinqumo zezombangazwe. Esikhathini sokudukiswa, umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi, nobuchwepheshe obukhethekile, inhloso yemvume yolwazi iba nzima ukufinyelela. Ngokuvamile abaqondisi bancika kubantu abafuna ukwazi ukuthi imvume yabo isekelwe kuphi, befaka ukungabaza ngokuthi imvume yabo iyaziwa ngempela yini.

Ukudangala Nokuqeda

Ukuvuma ukuthi bonke abantu bathonyelwe ithuba lokuveza isivumelwano sabo noma ukungavumelani. Nokho ukudideka − noma ngabe kuvela ngemingcele engokomthetho, ukucindezelwa komvoti, noma ukubekwa imingcele kwesimiso somthetho (nemikhakha ethile esukela enqubweni yemvume.) Imibuzo ephathelene ngokomthetho wohulumeni ababusa phezu kwabantu abangavunyelwe (njengezakhamuzi zasemasimini ngaphandle kokuvota) ayikaphenduli.

Tacit v. Express Isivumelwano

Bambalwa abantu abake bavuma ngokuqondile kuhulumeni wabo. Abaningi bathembela ekuvumeni ngezwi eliyimfihlo, okusetshenziswa ngezenzo ezinjengokuvota, ukukhokha izintela, noma ukuhlala nje ngaphakathi kwezwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvuma ngezwi linye kubuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba kubekwe igunya elingokomthetho, njengoba kuvumelana nesivumelwano. Lokhu kucindezela kukhulu kakhulu kubantu abazalelwa esizweni futhi abangenakuhamba kalula.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuqondeni

Imfundo inendima ebalulekile ekuhlakuleleni izimo zokuvuma okunenjongo.

Imfundo Efakwa Embizeni

Ukufundisa abafundi ngezinqubo zikahulumeni − indlela imithetho engenziwa ngayo, indlela yokwenza ukhetho, nendlela asebenza ngayo, kanye namalungelo anawo ukuze bahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo. Imfundo yama-Cvic ikhuthaza ukuqonda ngemizabalazo engokomlando yokufakwa, njengokunwetshwa kwe-scheme. Amazwe anezakhamuzi eziqinile ezisemuva kwezwe athambekele ekuboneni ukubolekisa nokuthemba okukhulu ezikhungweni zentando yeningi.

Ukucabanga Okubucayi Nokufunda Ngemithombo Yezindaba

Kusukela enkathini yemishini, imvume idinga ikhono lokuhlola ukwaziswa ngokucubungula. Izinhlelo zezokuxhumana zokwaziswa zisiza abantu ukuba baqaphele ubandlululo, ukudukiswa kwezindaba nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokusebenzisa izinto − izihluthulelo ezidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe izinqumo zezombangazwe ezinolwazi. Izikole nezinhlangano zomphakathi zingakhuthaza lemincintiswano ngokufunda nokuhlaziya izenzakalo zamanje ezisekelwe ezisekelwe ezingxoxweni.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngokukhuthele Nenkululeko

Ukuvuma akusona isenzo esithatha indawo. Izifundo ezikhuthaza uhulumeni wabafundi, ama-plugin, nenkonzo yomphakathi zinikeza okuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo ekwenzeni izinqumo zomphakathi. Imisebenzi yentando yeningi esemthethweni, njengemisebenzi yezakhamuzi engokomthetho noma yokuhlela imali, ivumela abantu ukuba basebenzise imvume ngokuxoxa. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kungaguqula ukuhlanganyela komphakathi okunengxenye kakhulu ekuphileni kamuva.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngendlela imfundo esekela ngayo imvume yentando yeningi, bheka umsebenzi we-Carnegie Corporation yemfundo yomphakathi.

Ukuvumelana Nenkathi Yezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe buye basungula izindlela ezintsha zokuvumelana. Ama - Internet platform, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nendlela yokuvuma okutholakala ngayo nokuthi kusho ukuthini.

Ukuvunyelwa Okunolwazi ECyberspace

Abasebenzisi abaningi "baglee" ekusebenziseni inkonzo ngokuchofoza kanye, kodwa bambalwa abafunda ukuphrintwa okuhle. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi inkundla yememo egunyaziwe yenkundla ye-: ukubonakala kokuzikhethela ngaphandle kokuqonda okuqotho. Umklamo wezimo zemvume (ngokuvamile zinde, umthetho, futhi zidingeka ezinkonzweni ezidingekile"awufiphaza lowo abasebenzisi abavumelana naye ngempela. Ukucwaninga kwezezezomnotho kubonisa ukuthi amaphutha nokufaka ithonya elikhulu ezinqumweni, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka nge-IPHPH.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinombolo Nokuvumelana Kwezombangazwe

Ohulumeni baqoqa kakhulu ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwemvume eqondile noma ngemvume etholakala ngaphansi kokucindezela. Ukusetshenziswa kokuqashelwa kobuso, ukuqashelwa kwezokuxhumana, nokubukiswa kwamaphoyisa okubikezela kungadala ithonya elishaqisayo ekuthatheni isinyathelo sezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi zingayeka ukukhuluma noma ukuhlangana uma zesaba ukuqashelwa, zicunule zona kanye izimo lapho kunganikezwa khona noma kususwe imvume eqotho. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nemvume kuhlala kuyimpikiswano eyinhloko emiphakathini yentando yeningi.

Ukufaneleka Kwentando Yeningi Yezinombolo

Ngohlangothi oluluhle, amathuluzi emishini anikeza izindlela ezintsha zokuvuma. Ukuxhumana nge-inthanethi, ukuhlola i-inthanethi, kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo zobuchwepheshe kungenza ukuhlanganyela kube lula futhi kube lula kakhulu. Isimiso se-Estonia sokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa i-ovaltic sinikeza isibonelo esisodwa sendlela ubuchwepheshe obungathuthukisa ngayo imvume. Nokho, ukuhlukanisa kwezibalo, izingozi ze-inthanethi ye-inthanethi, futhi amathuba okusebenzisa i-aldersecure kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imvume ye-alturectal ingokomthetho ifanelekile njenge-epharectory yayo.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukuvuma Ukusebenza

Izibonelo ezingokomlando nezanamuhla zibonisa indlela ukuvuma kwayo — noma ukungabe isahamba — okushintshayo kwezombangazwe.

Inguquko YaseMelika

Abenzi bamakoloni baseMelika balilahla ngokuqondile igunya laseBrithani ngokumemezela ukuzimela, bephikisa ngokuthi babengavumelani nentela ngaphandle kokumelelwa. ISimemezelo senkululeko sinxusa uLockean: ohulumeni bathola "amandla abo alungile ngokuvuma kwababuswayo." Lokhu kwakuwukusho kwefilosofi kanye nokunxusa okuwusizo. Inguquko eyalandelayo yayenza ukuhoxa okukhulu kwemvume, okwaholela ekusungulweni kukahulumeni omusha osekelwe ebukhosini obuthandwayo.

Ukushintshela KwaseNingizimu Afrika Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Isiphelo sobandlululo sasihlanganisa ukuvuselelwa kwemvume okuphawulekayo. Ngaphansi kombuso wobandlululo, inani labamnyama abaningi lalingenazwi lezombangazwe (_imvume yabo) (_ayizange ifunwe futhi ayinikezwanga. Ngokuxoxa, ukhetho luka 1994 lwavumela bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ukuba babonise imvume okokuqala. IQiniso ne-Conciliation Commission yaqhubeka izama ukuphinde yethembeke ngokuvuma ukuphulwa kwemvume esikhathini esidlule. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi imvume ingakhiwa ngemva kokukhishwa okudlule, nakuba lenqubo ingaba iphelile futhi ingaphelele.

INtwasahlobo Yama - Arabhu (2010 - 2012)

Impi enkulu yabangela ukuba ababusi bempoqo banciphe iMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika bashaye indiva, bephikisa ngokuthi amashumi eminyaka okubusa ayengekho emthethweni ngaphandle kwemvume yabantu. Emazweni anjenge Tunisia, ukuvukela kwaholela ekushintsheni kwentando yeningi. Kwamanye amazwe, njenge-Siriya, ukuhoxa kwemvume kwaphumela empini yombango. I-Arabia Spring yabonisa ukuthi imvume ingasuswa ngokulinganayo, kodwa ukuthi umphumela awulindelekile, ikakhulukazi uma izinhlangano zokuhumusha imvume yokubusa okungaguquguquki zibuthakathaka.

Uhlanga Nemingcele Yokuvumelana

Imibono yezinhlanga ezihlukene neyagxekayo iye yadalula indlela ukuvumelana kwezinhlanga okuye kwasetshenziswa ngayo ngokukhetha. Ngokomlando, abesifazane babhekwa njengabangakwazi ukunikeza imvume yezombangazwe; ngisho nangemva kokuvuma kwabo ngokuvamile kwabekwa ngaphansi kwezinhloko zabesilisa zekhaya. Ngokufanayo, izinhlanga ezincane ziye zaphikwa, zibhekene nokuhlolwa kokufunda, futhi ngandlela-nye zikhishwe ngaphandle kwenqubo yokuvuma. Umqondo wemvume yokuthatha icala [[ uqaphela ukuthi imvume yesizwe iklanywe ngezimbawu eziningi zezimpawu namandla. Uhulumeni ojabulela ukuvuma kwamanye amaqembu ungase ungabi nakho ukufaneleka uma ingekho ngokwezimiso noma inqubo yokuhlukanisa abanye.

Njengoba isazi sefilosofi uSusan Okin saphikisa, ukungazinaki ubulili nohlanga ngenkolelo - mbono yokuvuma kushiya ukungalingani okukhona kunganqandwa.

Isiphetho

Ukuvuma akuwona umqondo ongenakulinganiswa kodwa isimiso esiphilayo esiqhubeka siguquka. Kusukela emihlanganweni yasendulo kuya kuma-digic plat, kusukela ezivumelwaneni zezenhlalo kuya ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, umqondo wokuvuma uhlala ubalulekile ekuphikisaneni ngokwamukelwa, igunya, nobulungisa. Inikeza kokubili indinganiso yokuhlola ohulumeni kanye nethuluzi lokuzihlela ngokuzibeka ngokunye lapho zihluleka. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ngokuqondile: ifuna inkululeko ekuphoqeleleni, ukufinyelela ulwazi, nekhono eliqotho lokungavumelani. Enkathini yokushintsha kobunkimbinkimbinkimbini, i-intellia, ukuncintisana kwembulunga yonke, kanye nokungalingani okuqhubekayo kokucabanga okungalawulekiyo, kukhulu kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Imfundo, ukuvumelana, futhi izinhlangano ezihlanganisayo akubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvumela okunenjongo. Njengoba izakhamuzi ziwugunyaza ekusebenziseni ukuqonda okubusayo nokubusayo kokubili esikhathini esizayo.