Uma ugudluza indlu yangasese, ugibela ibhasi lomphakathi, noma uthola isheke leNtlango, uthinta umsebenzi kahulumeni ngamazinga amaningi. Abafundi abaningi nothisha baqonda umqondo obanzi wamagatsha amathathu (awunqunyiwe, awezomthetho, owezomthetho), owenqabile (owesizwe) kodwa abambalwa abaqonda indlela [ owezingqimba ezithe ukuphakama [[FLD]], uhulumeni, nohulumeni wendawo] ohlanganisa ngayo ukuze bahlele cishe wonke amathuba okuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Kusukela emithethweni kahulumeni ehlelweni yemithetho yedolobha kuya eMikhandlwini yezomthetho, izinga ngalinye lithwala ngayo igunya elihlukile, ukusekelana kwemibhosholo. Lesi sihloko sibonisa indlela izinqumo zabo ezihlukanisa ngayo phakathi kwezindawo zakho, futhi zinikeza izindlela eziwusizo ukuze wenze izwi lakho eqenjinini ngalinye.

Isakhiwo Sikahulumeni WaseMelika Esinezintambo Ezintathu

I-United States iyisimiso sombuso , okusho amandla kuhlukaniswa phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe. Bobabili bathola igunya kumthetho-sisekelo, futhi bobabili bathintana ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi. Phakathi kwezifundazwe, ohulumeni bendawo , amadolobha, namadolobha, nezifunda ezikhethekile, kusebenza njengezidalwa zikahulumeni, ukusebenzisa amandla anikezwa imithetho-mthetho nemithetho. Ukuqonda lesakhiwo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokubona ukuthi kungani imbobo yomgwaqo wakho ingaba yinkinga kamasipala, kuyilapho ukulibala kokuvusemzisweni kwakho weposi kunguhulumeni.

Uhulumeni Ophethe: Isikhulu EWashington

Uhulumeni uphethe izindaba ezithinta lonke izwe noma lezo ezidlula imingcele yombuso. Ingalo yakhe yokushaya umthetho, iSishayamthetho, yakhiwa amagumbi amabili: Indlu yabameleli (435 amalungu ovota, yahlukaniswa abantu) neSigele (amalungu ayikhulu, amabili azimele). Bobabili banikeza imithetho ezindaba ezifana nokufuduka, ukuvikela izwe, ezohwebo, namalungelo omphakathi. Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa umongameli, umthetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho igebe ichaza.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Yama - Federal

  • Ukuzivikela kwesizwe nenkambiso yangaphandle [ — ukulondoloza amabutho ahlomile, ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano, nokumelela i-U.S.
  • Intengiselwano nezwe lonke — ukuqondisa ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezwe kanye namanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nokunqanda ukuphepha, ukuvikela kwemikhiqizo, nemithetho emelene nokuthembana.
  • Ukubhalisa nokubhangi — ukunyathelisa imali, ukumisa inzalo phakathi kweFederal Reserve, nokufaka izimali emabhange (FDIC).
  • [ Izinhlelo zomshuwalense we-'FLT' — Ukulondeka kwe-social Security, Medicare, kanye nombuso wezezimali zokunakekela impilo (Izimo zokunakekela ukuhlalisana).
  • Ukugcinwa kwamalungelo e-Custitution [ — ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota, inqubo efanele, nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Ngoba imithetho kahulumeni iphakeme kakhulu phezu kwemithetho kahulumeni lapho iphikisana (kunye noSupremacy Claus eSiphakamisweni VI soMthetho-sisekelo), uMkhandlu ungamisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe okumelwe zilandelwe yizwe. Nokho uhulumeni ushiya futhi indawo enkulu kahulumeni wezwe nokwehlukahluka kwendawo.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso: Amahlelo Entando Yeningi

Umbuso ngamunye usebenza ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho wawo, ovame ukuveza isakhiwo sikahulumeni ngesikhulu (i-governor), isishaya-mthetho (kaningi esibizwa ngokuthi ingqungquthela kahulumeni noma ingqungquthela), kanye nejaji. Ohulumeni boMbuso banomthwalo wemfanelo ngezimiso zasekhaya eziningi ezithinta izakhamuzi ngokuqondile: imfundo, impilo yomphakathi, izisekelo zezezokuhamba, umthetho wobugebengu, nezimiso eziningi zendawo ezungezile. INkantolo Ephakeme ibiza amazwe ngokuthi “imisebenzi yentando yentando yeningi” ngenxa yokuthi angazama ngezimiso ezihlukahlukene .

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko KaHulumeni

  • K-12 kanye nemfundo ephakeme — ukuxhasa izikole zomphakathi, ukumisa izindinganiso zohlelo lwezifundo, ukumisa izimfuneko zokufundisa.
  • I-transport — ukwakha nokulungisa imigwaqo kahulumeni, imigwaqo, namabhuloho; ukuqondisa ukubhalisa nokubhalisa imoto.
  • Ukunakekela kobukhazikhazi nempilo yomphakathi — ukunikeza iMedicaid (ixhaswe ngokwezimo zikahulumeni), ukuqondisa izibhedlela, nokusabela ekuqubukeni kwezifo.
  • Ukwahlulela kobugebengu — ukuchaza ubugebengu obuningi (ukuphanga, ukuhlasela, ukubulala) kanye nokusebenza kwamaphoyisa kahulumeni, amajele, nezimiso zenkantolo.
  • [ umthetho we-Environry command — ukumisa izinga lomoya nelezinga lamanzi, ngokuvamile ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-California Air Resources Board.

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zisingatha futhi izindaba eziningi ezingezokuqala njengemithetho yomshado, ukugunyaza (odokotela, abameli, abagundi bezinwele), nemithetho yokudayisa utshwala. Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho kahulumeni ingahlukahluka kakhulu, lapho uhlala khona ithinta kakhulu izindlela zakho zokunakekela impilo, lokho okukhokhayo ngentela, ngisho nalokho ongakuthenga ngeSonto.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Lapho Imali Eyifa Ihlangana Khona Nabantu

Ohulumeni bendawo − amazwe, amadolobha, amadolobha, amadolobha, nezigodi ezikhethekile (njengezikole noma izikhulu zamanzi) − banikeza ungqimba oluseduze kakhulu lwenkonzo yomphakathi. Badalwa umbuso futhi bangahlelwa noma bancishiswe yizenzo zikahulumeni, kodwa banenkululeko yangempela ekuphileni komphakathi kwansuku zonke. Ezizweni eziningi, ohulumeni bendawo bathola amandla “kukukubusa kwezindawo zasekhaya” amalungiselelo esimiso sombuso noma emithethweni evamile.

Isihluthulelo Semithwalo Yemfanelo Yasendaweni

  • Ukuphepha kwe-Public — iminyango yamaphoyisa, izinkonzo zomlilo, izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo, kanye nokugcinwa kwemithetho.
  • isisekelo sendawo ezungezile — imigwaqo, imizila, izibani zasemgwaqweni, iziphepho, amanzi, nezimiso zendle.
  • Ukuziphilisa nezwe kusetshenziswa[ — ukunquma ukuthi kungakhiwaphi, kusukela emakhaya omkhaya wodwa we666 kuya emafekthri, nokukhipha imvume yokwakha.
  • [ Izikole zendawo [ — nakuba ngokwengxenye zixhaswe nguhulumeni nohulumeni, amabhodi esikole endawo enza ukuqashwa, uhlelo, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo.
  • Izindawo zokuzilibazisa kanye nokuzilibazisa — ukulondoloza amapaki omphakathi, imitapo yezincwadi, izikhungo zomphakathi, namachibi okubhukuda.
  • [ Izintela ezisendaweni ezungezile kanye nentela [ — intela yempahla, izintela zokuthengisa (ngokuvamile zihlanganyela nombuso), kanye nenkokhelo yemvume noma izinkonzo.

Umkhandlu wedolobha noma ikhomishane yesifundazwe indikimba yomthetho ongangena kuyo kalula, futhi izinqumo zayo zingathinta izindinganiso zempahla yakho, isikhathi esithene, ngisho nalokho ongakuthenga (uma umkhandlu uvimbela izitolo ezilandelanayo noma izikhwama zepulasitiki). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukusondelana kunguhulumeni wendawo ngokuvamile kuyizinga elilula kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ukuba zithonye.

Indlela Izinqumo EziwuFederal, Umbuso, Nezindawo Ezikuyo Ezikusongela Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Abantu abaningi ababoni “uhulumeni” njengenhlangano eyodwa. Kunalokho, basebenzelana nemisebenzi exubile ephazamisayo yezinhlangano, imithetho, nezinhlelo. Cabangela impela isonto ekuseni:

  • Iwashi le - alamu lingase libekwe esilinganisweni sesikhathi esilondolozwe i - National Institute of Standards and Technology kahulumeni.
  • Ukuhamba ngompompi kudonsa amanzi esizalweni sikamasipala sendawo esilandela kokubili amazinga okungalingani angaphansi kukahulumeni kanye nomthetho kahulumeni we - Safed Water Act.
  • Ushayela imoto yakho emigwaqweni enakekelwa idolobha (endaweni yakhona), uhulumeni (osemgwaqweni osenyakatho), noma uhulumeni kahulumeni (ongaphakathi).
  • Ibhasi lesikole lengane yakho lilandela imithetho yokuphepha ebekwe yizwe (ukuhlola) nohulumeni kahulumeni (Izindinganiso ze - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration).
  • Lesi sikole ngokwaso sisebenza ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zikahulumeni zezifundo, izimiso zeqembu lesikole lendawo, nemithetho kahulumeni elwa nokuhlukana (isihloko IX, i - IEA).

Lemithwalo yemfanelo evimbelayo isho ukuthi inqubo eyodwa yesikole futhi ihlanganisa imfundo yomphakathi . inikeza abafundi abathola imali ephansi kakhulu (Isihloko I) futhi ivikela abafundi abakhubazekile (Inani labantu abakhubazekile eMthethweni wemfundo). Umbuso umisa izindinganiso zesikole futhi unika ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yemali yesikole ngezindlela zohlelo. Isikole siqasha othisha, ikhetha izincwadi, futhi ibaphathi bezakhiwo. Uma umzali efuna ukushintsha indlela isikole somntwana wakhe esihamba ngayo, ngokuvamile kufanele aqhube wonke amabhodi esikoleni: ukudlulisa izikole, ukuthintana nomnyango wemfundo kahulumeni, futhi mhlawumbe ufaka isicelo sokushintsha umthetho wezwe.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zokuxhumana Nohulumeni

Ukutholakala Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo

Umthetho kahulumeni, iAffordicuble Care Act (ACA), wenza imishuwalense yempilo futhi wandisa uMedicaid e-align. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sango-2012 senza ukwanda kweMedicaid kwazenza ukuba kuvele ngesihle ezifundazweni. Ngenxa yalokho, i-projekthi ephansi ebizwayo ebizwa ngokuthi umuntu omdala eNew York (onwetshwe) ikhululeke noma i-ase-andled compation, kuyilapho yena lowo muntu wase-Texas (ongazange) ehlelwa yigebeyisi. Ezweni, iminyango yezempilo yomphakathi inganikeza imitholampilo yamahhalalo yamahhalalo noma izinkonzo ezithilo, iphinde ibeke imoto ukuze ithole usizo lokudla (SPAP).

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Izindinganiso ze-asemoyeni ezihlelwe yi-guidemental Protection Agency kazwelonke (EPA) ifuna ukuba amazwe anikeze amasu asetshenziswayo. ICalifornia, nenhlangano yayo yezwe ehlobana nokungalingani (CARB), ibeke izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha umsila we-paperpipeper kunemvume kahulumeni enikezwa yiKhongolo. Khona - ke ohulumeni bendawo bagunyaza ukuhlelwa kwendawo okunganciphisa imoto ehamba ibanga elide, ngokwesibonelo ngokuvumela intuthuko eqinile, ehambayo. Umuntu ohlala ePortland, e-Oregon, uphefumula umoya ohlanzekile kunomuntu othile edolobheni elingamukelangavumelanga imithetho enjalo ehlangene, ngenxa yazo zonke izigaba ezintathu.

Ukwahlulela Kobugebengu Nezenzo Zobuphostoli

Imithetho eminingi yobugebengu ingumthetho kahulumeni. Iphoyisa ledolobha limisa imithetho engokomthetho ngokumelene nokweba noma ukuhlasela, kodwa umnyango walo usebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho yendawo ngokuphathelene nokusebenzisa izimiso zendikimba, amakhamera, nokuqondisa umphakathi. Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kaMalume kungangenela ngenxa yobugebengu obungasese, ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, noma izindaba ezweni likahulumeni (izindawo zokuhlala, izisekelo zezempi). Uhulumeni unikeza futhi iminyango yamaphoyisa endawo ngezinhlelo ezifana ne-Edwarrne Memorial Justice Active Grant. Ngakho, ummeli wenguquko angaphoqesha kanyekanye ngenxa yezinguquko emkhandlwini wedolobha, embusweni wesizwe, e-parselment, nase-U.

Amasheke, Ukulinganisela, Nokwehla Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni

Esinye isizathu esenza uhulumeni uzwele ukuthi amazinga awasebenzi ngokuzehlukanisa. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unika imibuso ethile kuphela kuhulumeni kahulumeni (imali, ukumemezela impi) futhi ugcine eminye ezindaweni (indlela yokukhetha, ukulawula impilo nokuphepha). Kodwa imibuso eminingi iyahlanganyelwa: kokubili ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni bangakhokha intela, baboleke, futhi bakhe imigwaqo. Uma kuphakama izingxabano, iNkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukuzimisa − uma kubhekiselwa ekutholeni ngokomthetho wensangubo, lapho imithetho kahulumeni evumela ukuyisebenzisa ngokuzilibazisa i-Puted Substances Acts.

Umphumela ongokoqobo uwukungafinyelelwa komthwalo wemfanelo. Uma amanzi edolobha lakini engcolile, ubani okufanele asolwe? i-odation yasendaweni ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuyelapha? Isikhungo sendawo ezungezile sobungameli obuyekelelayo? i-EPA kahulumeni yokubeka izindinganiso ezibuthakathaka? Bonke bangahlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo, okwenza ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi kube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu (nesidingo esikhulu).

Izindlela Zokuhlanganyela Kuwo Wonke Amakhono

Isithembiso somshado asikona nje ukuvota njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili noma emine, kodwa siphathelene nokwakha ubuhlobo nabantu abenza izinqumo nokuqonda ukuthi bangaphoqelela kuphi. Nasi isiqondiso esiwusizo sokuxhumana nongwengwengwe ngalunye.

Ukuzihlanganisa Nohulumeni Ophethe

  • Ukuhlangana namalungu akho eSishaya-mthetho. Zonke izakhamuzi zinezifene ezimbili kanye nommeleli oyedwa. Ungabiza, i-imeyili, noma ubhale emahhovisi azo esigodi. I-Legislative digitations zibiza izingcingo eziqondile ezikweletini; ucingo oluphambili lungaveza ithonya elingcono. [[[FLT:]
  • Izinkulumo zomphakathi zomphakathi [ ezithintwe ngezimiso zikahulumeni ezihlotshaniswayo nge-port (Izinqumo.gov). Izimo ezinjenge-EPA noMnyango wemfundo kumelwe zibukeze ukufakwa komphakathi phambi kwemithetho yokugcina.
  • Paricipate kukhetho lukahulumeni. ukhetho lukaMongameli luthola ukunakwa okukhulu, kodwa okhetho phakathi kwesikhathi banquma ukulinganisela kweSishaya-Mkhandlu futhi kungaba yisici esilandela isimiso.
  • Ukungena noma ukusekela izinhlangano zesizwe zezembuyiselo eziqondisa umthetho kahulumeni] (amaqembu anjengeNhlangano yabesifazane Voters, i-American Civil Libereties Union, noma i-Precions prommossion.

Ukuzihlanganisa Nohulumeni

  • Izikhawu zekomiti elalelayo nesesitezi sobuso esishaya umthetho. Izindlu eziningi zikahulumeni zinikeza izinqolobane eziphilayo neziqoshiwe zezinqolobane. Ungasayina njalo ukuze ufakaze izikweletu ezithinta umphakathi wakho.
  • Ukuhlanganisa i-senator yesifunda nelungu lesifunda sezwe sakho. Ngenxa yokuthi izigodi zikahulumeni zincane kunezombuso, ungakuthola kulula ukwakha ubuhlobo nezisebenzi zazo noma ngisho nokuhlangana nomenzi wemithetho esenzakalweni sendawo. ([[FL:2] Fuma isishaya-mthetho wezwe yakho ngokwe-NCL)
  • Ukusebenzisa ama-collet kahulumeni. Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze futhi zivote imithetho ngokuqondile ngezindlela zokuthatha nokwenza i-astendum. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla lokuguqula isimiso uma izishaya-mthetho zingasabeli.
  • Sebe sebusweni noma e-comment. Amazwe engamele amabhodi amaningi aqondisayo ezindabeni ezinjengezinga lendawo ezungezile, imfundo ephakeme, nohlelo lokusebenza. Izinqumo zivame ukuvulekela umphakathi.

Ukuzihlanganisa Nohulumeni Wendawo

  • I-attend commission yedolobha noma yesifunda semihlangano. Eziningi zithatha iziphetho zasobala ezivamile. Ngisho noma umane ulalele, uzofunda indlela izinqumo ezithathwa ngayo. Imihlangano eminingi manje ixubile (nge-in Fuma uhulumeni wakho wezwe lonke nge-National League of Cities[])
  • Sekusetshenziswa ebhodini yendawo noma ekhomishini. amabhodi okuhlela, amabhodi okudlulisa izingcingo, amabhodi esikole, amakhompathimenti epaki, namabhodi ezincwadi ahlala efuna izisebenzi zokuzithandela. Lezizikhundla ezingakhokhelwanga zikunikeza ithonya eliqondile esimisweni sendawo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuvota kokhetho lwendawo. I-Turmout yokhetho lwendawo kuyaziwa kakhulu − ngokuvamile ingaphansi kwe 20% ngisho nasemadolobheni amakhulu. ivoti yakho inesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu kunasekukhethweni kukamongameli.
  • hlela ububanzi bezindaba zomakhelwane. Umgwaqo ophukile, imigwaqo ehamba ngemigwaqo eyingozi, noma intuthuko ehlongozwayo ingasingathwa ngokuhlanganisa inhlangano yomakhelwane noma ukuqoqa izigqwithela zesicelo kumkhandlu wedolobha.
  • Sebenzisa imithetho evulekile (inguquko yezwe lakho yenkululeko yolwazi Act) ukucela amabhukwana avela ezinhlanganweni zendawo. Lokhu kungaveza ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani nokuthi imithetho ilandelwe yini.

Umkhuba Wokusebenza: Isizathu Sokuba Ubaluleke

One of the most dispiriting forces in modernidemokrasi iwumuzwa wokuthi uhulumeni ukude futhi awufinyeleli. Iqiniso liwukuthi uhulumeni awuyona iqoqo lezimbulunga ezinamacala ahlukene kodwa eziningi zazo zitholakala kalula. Umhlangano wedolobha uqhele ngehora ngobusuku bangoLwesibili; i-imeyili kahulumeni isebenza kuyi-inthanethi; ummisi womthetho uthatha imizuzu eyi-15 ukuba ungene. Isithiyo asisona isici esingokomzimba kodwa esingokwengqondo, kodwa sinomuzwa wokuthi isimiso sikhulu kakhulu ukuba singathonywa umuntu oyedwa.

Kodwa umlando ubonisa okuhlukile: Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu, inhlangano yendawo ezungezile, kanye nokulwela ukulingana komshado konke kwaphumelela ngenxa yokuthi abantu abavamile bahlanganyela ngokuphikelelayo emazingeni amaningi: izinselele zemithetho yokuhlukanisa ngokwendawo, ukuphoqelela izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ukuba zidlulise imithetho emelene nobandlululo, futhi ekugcineni zicindezela uMkhandlu ukuba ushintshe isizwe. Uma usemhlanganweni wesikole noma ubhalela ummeleli wesifunda, uyaqhubeka nalelosiko.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda indlela izishaya-mthetho, izishaya-mthetho zesifunda, namahholo edolobha okuthinta ngayo ukuphila kwakho akuyona indlela engabonakali ewulwazi lwakho oluwusizo. Uhulumeni wezwe uhlela uhlelo olubanzi lwamalungelo, ukulondeka, nezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene. Ohulumeni bagcwalisa imininingwane yemfundo, impilo, nesisekelo sesisekelo. Ohulumeni bendawo banikeza izinkonzo zansuku zonke ezenza ukuba imiphakathi iphephe futhi ikwazi ukumelana nezimiso zayo, futhi izinga ngalinye lisabela, ngokungaphelele kodwa ngobuqotho, ekucindezeleni isakhamuzi. Ngokufunda ukuthi isiphi isibopho sokudonsa futhi nini, ungasiza ekulungiseni izinqumo ezibusa umkhaya wakho, indawo ohlala kuyo, nekusasa lakho.