Ukuziphendukela Kwendlela Yobuchwepheshe Be - Electoral: Ukusuka Ezindaweni Ezinhle Kuya Emehlweni

Imishini yentando yeningi idala njengedemokrasi ngokwayo. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, izakhamuzi nohulumeni baye bafuna izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa, ezilondekile, nezifinyelelekayo zokuguqula umuntu ngamunye ukuba asebenze ngokubambisana. Umlando wobuchwepheshe bokuvota uyindaba yokusungulwa okusheshayo, impumelelo eqhubekayo, nezinselele eziphikelelayo eziqhubeka zilololonga ubuqotho bokhetho emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqonda le nkolelo-mbono akubalulekile nje kuphela kuzazimlando kodwa nakunoma isikhulu esisebenza ekulondolozeni izinqubo zedemokhrasi enkathini yokushintsha ngokushesha kwezobuchwepheshe.

Kusukela ekuqashelweni komphakathi kwemihlangano yasendulo kuya ekuqondiseni komdwebo wokuzivikela kwangasese namuhla, intuthuko ngayinye kwezobuchwepheshe bokuvota iye yazama ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyisisekelo: indlela yokubhala ngokunembile imfihlo yokukhetha, indlela yokugcina imfihlo, ukuthi ungabala kanjani izigidi zama-bolotte ngokuphumelelayo, nokuthi ungaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi umphumela wokugcina ubonakalisa injongo yangempela yokukhetha. Lesi sihloko silandelela lolohambo, sihlola izindlela, imishini, nezinhlangano eziye zachaza ubuchwepheshe bokuvota, futhi sibheke phambili ekuchaseni izinhlelo zenqubo zokhetho.

Izindlela Zokuqala Zokuhlaziya: Umsuka Wokwenza Isinqumo

Emiphakathini yasendulo, ukuvota kwakuvame ukuba impikiswano yomphakathi futhi ngezinye izikhathi inomsindo, ehloselwe ukukhuthaza ukuvumelana noma ukubonisa ukuma komphakathi kunokuba kuvikelwe umuntu siqu.

IGrisi Yasendulo: Izihlahla Zomsila Nezasempondo

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi lase-Athene, izakhamuzi zahlangana e-Agora ukuze zivote ezindabeni zikahulumeni. Indlela ejwayelekile yayihilela ukulahla itshe ( piphos) i-Plass [[FLT]]) ejikelezwe ejikeni elikhethiwe elimhlophe lokuvumela, imbiza emnyama yokulahla. Lomkhuba waveza igama [[FLT]] i-ostracism [, lapho izakhamuzi zazizoklobha igama lesazi sezombangazwe ezazifisa ukuthunjelwa eqeshweni letshani lebhringi ([FLT]] [[FLT]]]] [indlela yokuhlukanisa, ukuqopha okulula, ukuqopha okuqopha okunga.

IRoma Yasendulo: Imihlangano Yezizwe Eyinkimbinkimbi

Ukuvota kwamaRoma kwahlelwa ngokulinganayo kodwa kwakwasobala. Izakhamuzi zazihlelwa zaba amahlelo okuvota abizwa ngokuthi centuriae noma tribus, ngalinye livota ngeqembu elilodwa ngemva kokuhlola ngaphakathi. Ekuqaleni, amavoti ayebhalwe ngomlomo, kodwa kamuva inguquko yasungula amabhola ([FLT]4]tablace ) ukunciphisa impoqo. UVoter wayebeka ukhetho lwawo oluyivotayo esibhedleleni sokhuni sokhuni bese elahla ibhasikishini. Lenguquko yamuva yaqala ukuhlanganisa i-bolobolottet yayiyisithengwa kakhulu, nakuba ukuntula impoqo yokufumba.

IYurophu YangeNkathi Ephakathi: Ukuvuselelwa Kwama - ballot Ayimfihlo

Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, ukuvota kwanqamuka kakhulu ekusebenzeni njengoba izimiso ze-liverian zazigxile kakhulu emabusweni nasebusweni bezenkolo. Nokho, ukhetho lwesonto ngokuphandle olungolwapapa nababhishobhi (__izindlela ezithuthukisiwe). IConclave of 1241 yasebenzisa scrinth inqubo lapho okhadinali babhala khona ukukhetha kwabo ebhalotheni nasevotini babebalwa ngasese. Ngekhulu le 13 leminyaka, isimiso se [FLT:] sasebenzisa i-secricy[FLT] [ishrine] ukuvimbela ukufumba nokukhomba. Lesiko kamuva ithonya lezezwe lamazwe lamazwe ayezozishintsha inguquko engokomhlaba.

I - Australian Ballot: Inguquko Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Ngaphambi kwekhulu le-19, ukuvota ezindaweni ezibusa ngentando yeningi kwakuwumphakathi noma kwenziwa ngemishini enyatheliswa ngeqembu eyayingasetshenziswa kalula. Impumelelo yafika ngo-1856 lapho i-South Australia iqala i-collet Australian blooth[. Lesimiso sasinezici ezintathu eziyinhloko: sanyatheliswa ngezindleko zomphakathi, sabala bonke abazocela ukubhapathizwa ngokulinganayo, futhi savumela abavoti ukuba baphawule ukukhetha kwabo emadolobheni angasese. Inguquko yasakazekela ngokushesha eUnited States, eBrithani, nakwenye idemocracracy, yaba isisekelo sokuvota kwanamuhla. Namuhla, i-Australiaodolot ihlala isilinganiso segolide sokuqinisekisa kokubili ukuba bodwa nokuhlangana.

Ukwanda Kwemishini Esebenza Ngemishini

Njengoba amadolobha ayekhula futhi anda ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le - 19 nasekuqaleni kwelama - 20, inselele yokubala izigidi zezinombolo zamaphepha ngesandla yaba imbi kakhulu.

Imishini Engekho: Ikhambi Lokuqala Lomshini

Ngo-1892, uJacob Perkins noWilliam H. Myers basungula umshini wokuqala wokuvota, owathunyelwa eNew York State. Voters wangena esangweni, wadonsa isibambo sokuvala ikhethini (ukuqinisekisa ubumfihlo), wabe esesunduza imishini elandelana namagama abalandeli. Lapho umvoti eshiya itende, isibambo sabuyiswa, nomshini oqoshwe kuyivoti ebhandeni langaphakathi. Imishini engekho emshinini yasusa iphepha ngokuphelele , eyenza ukuba lingakwazi ukubhaxazululeka noma ukuthatha izingcabo ezingalungile. Ngo-1930, kwakuyizimboni yokuvota ephambili engokobuchwepheshe eU.S., kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo (IVMCM)

Nokho, imishini yokuvota yayinezithiyo. Yayinzima, ibiza, futhi yayingenalutho lwephepha elibhaliwe. Ngemva kwempikiswano yokhetho lukamongameli ka 2000, ama-opera amaningi athatha indawo yayo ngezimiso ezintsha. Noma kunjalo, amanye amazwe aqhubeka esebenzisa imishini yokuvota kuze kube ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2010, aveza ukuthembeka nokulula kwawo.

Isimiso Samakhadi Esiyi - punch: Inkathi Ye - Votomatic

Ngo-1964, unjiniyela we-IBM uJoseph P. Harris wasungula isimiso se-Vottomatic [[FL:0], esasisebenzisa ikhadi lebhola nensimbi efingqiwe. AmaVoter afaka ikhadi encwajana afake isikhonkwane esiseceleni kwegama lomfundi, akha i-cad esele ixhunyiwe ngokwengxenye (i-infmous "ijing chad"). Amakhadi ayelokhu efundwa yi-tebhulator ye-elective. I-Punch yayishibhithiwe ukuveza futhi i-tabula, izenze zithandwe kuwo wonke ama-1970 nawama 1980.

Ubuthakathaka bamakhadi okushayana kwaqala ukubonakala kakhulu phakathi nombiko ka-2000 Florida, lapho amashadi adidayo angezwani futhi ahluleka khona ukukhipha iziphazamiso zamacala ahlukene abangela ukhetho lukamongameli. Lokho kwabangela igagasi lemali kahulumeni lokuxhasa ngemali ngeHeatting America Vote Act (Hava) ka-2002, okwabangela ukuba ama-ode ezindaweni eziningi zingene ezimisweni zogesi.

Izimiso Zokusebenza Ngemishini

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwavela imishini yokuvota ethembisa ukubala ngokushesha, ukutholakala okukhudlwana, nezindleko eziphansi. Kwavela izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: Imishini e-Fractive Electronic (DRE) nezimiso ze-Optical Scan.

Imishini Eqopha Izingcingo

Imishini ye-DRE iveza ibhola elinombhalo wesiteji noma i-coffer-button. Abavoli babukeza ukukhetha kwabo bese beqinisekisa, ngemva kwalokho ivoti igcinwe ngqo enkumbulweni yomshini. Ezinye i-DRES zikhiqiza i-lisithi yephepha noma i-voti yephepha eligunyaziwe le-vélwe (VPAT), kodwa eziningi zezithombe zakudala zazingenayo ikopi yephepha eligciniwe. Lokhu kungayiboni kwenza kube nzima futhi kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka nge-software, ukuccanda, nokusebenzisa kabi. Izenzakalo ezinkulu ezifana nokhetho lwango 2006 eSarasota County, Florida, lapho u-DREE ebangela khona ukungasebenzi kahle kwephepha elikhulu ngaphansi komjaho womjaho, i-octive, igcizelela izingozi.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi i-DRE yanamuhla eneVVPAT inikeza ijubane elihle nokulondeka. Nokho, abagxeki baqaphele ukuthi ngisho neVVVPAT inemingcele − [1] abakwazi ukuhlola umxenyana wamaphepha, futhi umshini ungashintshwa ngaphambi kokunyathelisa. Ngenxa yalokho, izazi eziningi zokhetho zitusa ukuqhela ngokuphelele kuDRES.

Izimiso zohide lokubona

Izimiso zokuhlola i-optical zihlanganisa ukujwayelana kwephepha nejubane lokubala kwe-electronic. Ama-voter aphawula ama-oval noma imicibisholo ephepheni elinombhalo wephepha (elifana ne-collet elungele ukuhlolwa), elifakwa emshinini wokuhlola ofunda amachashaza bese uveza imiphumela. I-collet yephepha igcinwe njengerekhodi eliqinile elingokoqobo, lenza ukubheka nokulandisa okucacile.

I-optical scan isiye yaba ubuchwepheshe bokuvota obusetshenziswa kakhulu e-United States. Ngokwe-[FLT]] i-Loting, njengango-2024, cishe 70% yabavoti ababhalisiweyo abaphila ngezindawo ezisebenzisa ibhola lephepha le-scan. Isimiso siyatuswa ngenxa yendlela elula, izindleko, nokuphindwa ngamandla. Nokho, akuwona amaphutha: i-scanner ingalahleka ngokungeyiphutha, futhi abaklami abaculi abangakwazi ukugxazulula izimpawu (umz., "kanye i-balloot" e-Palbay Coast", e-Florida 2000).

Izimiso Zokuhluthuka Nezici Zanamuhla Ezintsha

Eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwavela izimiso ezixubile ezihlanganisa ama-DRE axhunyiwe nokusekelwa kwe-optical scan. Ngokwesibonelo, umvoti angasebenzisa isihenqo sokuthinta ukuze enze ukukhetha, bese enyathelisa iphepha elihlolwa ukuba libale. Lokhu kunikeza ukutholakala kwemidwebo ye-electronic compression (kuhlanganise izilimi, ukusekela imisindo, kanye neziqwembe ezinkulu) kuyilapho elondoloza umbhalo ogciniwe.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Ebuchwephesheni Banamuhla Obukhiqiza Imikhiqizo

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka ethuthukiswa, ubuchwepheshe bokuvota busewumthombo wempikiswano eshubile.

Ukuphepha: Usongo Lokuhlasela Ngezintambo Nokuhlasela Nge - cyber

Imishini yokuvota ye-electronic iye yabonakala isengozini yokuhlasela okuhlukahlukene. Ngo-2017, abacwaningi bezokuphepha e-DEF CON babonisa ukuthi bangaqhela ekubeni imishini yokuvota eminingana yezentengiselwano ngemizuzu embalwa, besebenzisa amathuluzi avamile okuhlukanisa. Abadlali bamazwe baye bahlela izakhiwo zokuvota: amaziko eRussia ahlola izinhlelo zokubhalisa ngo 2016, futhi iU.S. izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha ziqinisekisa ukuthi abathathiwe ukuba bazama ukululaza ukuthembeka kwezimiso zokuvota. Imishini engabonakali i-DRIE ibhekwa njengezinto eziyingozi kakhulu zokuvota [ ngenxa yokuthi izinhlelo ze-software ezingaqondakali noma ukuhlasela kungaguqula imiphumela ngaphandle kwesizathu sokushiya i-scredion. Ukuvota kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izazi zezokuvota kufanele zibe nephepha eliqoshiwe ngesandla ngesandla ngenqi.

Ukufinyelela: Ukuhambisa Zonke Izilimi Kungahlanganyela

Ubuchwepheshe bokuvota kumelwe bukwazi ukuhlanganisa abavoti abakhubazekile, abathintelwe yimingcele yolimi, nokungakwazi ukufunda okulinganiselwe. Help America Vote Act (HAVA]) ka-2002] kudinga ukuba okungenani umshini owodwa ofinyelelekayo wokuvota utholakale endaweni ngayinye yokuvota. Namuhla, izifunda eziningi zinikeza izitebhu zemisindo, amathuluzi okuphawula ibhola ngebholoti, kanye nezimiso zokumpompela ze-pafy ezisebenzisa izisekelo ngemoto. Nokho, izinkinga ziyaqhubeka: imishini ethile efinyelelekayo ayiqeqeshelwe ukuzibeka. Inseleleko yesikhathi esizayo yizinhlelo zokuklama kokubili ezilondekile nezisendaweni yonke ngaphandle kokuhlehla.

Uhlelo Lwezincwadi Olunembile Neluhlelekile

Ngisho nezimiso zokuvota ezihlelwe kahle zingaveza amaphutha. I-scan ephononowe, umshicileli ominyene, noma ibhola elinemiyalo engaqondakali ingaholela ku-pansi ye-vote noma i-avete. Indinganiso yegolide yokunemba i-scrouble [ ukulinganisa inqubo eqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela egelezayo ilungile. Ngokokusho [FLT:][FL:][FFF] [FF].U.[FFF][FF][4][FFF:[FF]

Izindleko Nesithiyo Sokuphila Semishini Yokusakaza Izindiza

Imishini yokuvoca ibiza kakhulu ukuthenga nokugcina. Iyunithi ye-DRE ingabiza phakathi kuka-$3,000 no-R6,000; izimiso zokuhlola imishini yokubona zishibhile kodwa kusadinga ukugcinwa njalo nokushintshwa kwemishini. Imishini eminingi inezingxenye zokuphila iminyaka eyishumi kuya kwengu-15, ngemva kwalokho ziba yindlala nezindawo zokhuseleko eziphelayo. Izilinganiso eziningi zibhekene nesidingo sokubuyisela imishini ethengwe nge-HIVARRRY kanye ne $6,[5][FLT][FLT] [3] [3] [inani elikhulu lemali manje elisekhona manje elisekhona lifuna ukufinyelela ukuphela kokuphila.] Ngeshwa, izindleko liye labangela ukuba ezinye ukuba ezinye zibambe izingozi, izingozi ezikhungenwe kakhulu zingatholakali noma zikhona. [FLT][FLT][1][FLT]

Ikusasa Lobuchwepheshe Bokusakaza Imishini

Uma sibheka phambili, ubuchwepheshe obuningana obuvelayo buthembisa ukuphinde busibonise indlela esivota ngayo — kodwa ngamunye unezingozi nezimfuneko zakhe siqu zokuhlola nokuthemba umphakathi.

Ukuvimbela nokusakaza ubuchwepheshe be-leduger

I-blockchain, ubuchwepheshe obungalinganisiwe obungasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni obulandela i-cyptocurencre, buye bahlongozwa njengendlela yokwenza ukuchaphaza, amarekhodi okuvota abonisayo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi isithiya singenza amavoti angabhaliswa, futhi sincitshiselwe yi-voti ka-octive. Imisebenzi eminingi yokuqondisa i-20182020 West Virginia conversion (evumele izisebenzi zamabutho zamazwe aphesheya ukuba zivote ngokudlula e-apple), iye yahlola umqondo. Nokho, abagxeki baveza ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwe-chain kuncike ekulondekeni kwezindawo (isisetshenziswa somvoti) nokuphathwa kwesihluthulelo. Uma ucingo oluvotiwenziswayo, ibhola lingashintshwa ngaphambi kokuba lingene ebhukwini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimiso zokubonana zinganciphiswe.[5][5][5] I-FS.[5] Iziqondiso se-S.[FT]

Ukusakaza okukude kanye nolwembu-inthanethi

Isifo sovota se-COVOVAD-19 esisheshayo esithakazelweni sokukhetha okukude, kuhlanganise neposi eliyi-octal nama-internet covter. Nakuba ukuvota kweposi kunamarekhodi amade futhi aphumelela kakhulu (U-Oregon uye wenza zonke izinqumo ngeposi kusukela ngo 2000), ukuvota ngolwe-Internet kusalokhu kuphikisana. I-Estonia inikeza isibonelo esingcono kakhulu esisaziyo: kusukela ngo 2005, izakhamuzi zase-Estonia zingavota kulayini ngokusebenzisa ikhadi le-ID yesizwe. Abacwaningi bezokuphepha i-injini ye-operation beye yathola i-vraligial, futhi abanye ochwepheshe baphikisa ngokuthi akukho simiso sokuvota somgamende somthetho ne-mfashini edingeka ngokumelene nokhetho lomphakathi. [[FLT] I-Internatting Treverse syst symsting, ukuhlasela kwesimiso sokuvotabonda kakhulu se-yo.[FFFoctived syst]

Ukuhlakanipha Okuklanyweyo Nobuqotho Obuyinkokhelo

Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa (I) kunikeza amathuluzi athembisayo okhetho. Imithetho-algorithm yokufunda emishinini ingathola izindlela ezilula ekubhalisweni kwevoti, iflagi elingafakwa futhi iphawule amazinga okubuya okungajwayelekile okungagunyaza noma ukucindezelwa. I-Al ingasiza futhi ekuhleleni imingcele ehlonipha imingcele engokomthetho kuyilapho inciphisa ukucwasana. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-AIP kokhetho kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka futhi ngokucwasana nomthetho we-algoric, ukuntula kokukhanya, kanye namathuba okungasetshenziswa kokukhipha i-opentation. Noma isiphi isicelo sokuvota singadinga ukuhlola okuqinile komuntu nombono wontanga oqinile.

Ukuvunywa Komshini Ohlanganisa Izakhi Zomzimba

Izimiso ze-biometric − umunwe, i-iso, noma ukuqashelwa kobuso − zingakhipha inqubo yokuhlola ezindaweni zokuhlola futhi zinciphise ingozi yokuzenza. Amazwe anjengeNdiya asebenzisa i-biometric ukuqinisekisa (Aadhaar) emitholalwazini yawo yokuvota. Kodwa i-biographic ayisona isivikelo esiwubukhali: ingaba nokukhathazeka okuyimfihlo ngoba ulwazi lwesayensi ye-biometic ngeke lushintshwe uma lwebiwa. Izazi zomthetho-octive kumelwe zilinganisele inzuzo ekwazini kokuqapha izinselele zobukhomba nomthetho.

Ukugcina-ukuya-ekupheleni ko-VV

Enye yeziqondiso zokucwaninga ezithembisa kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuvota, okwaziwa futhi ngokuthi EV. Kulezi zimiso, abavoti bathola incitho (ngokuvamile i-lishifish code − evumela ukuba baqinisekise ukuthi ukuvota kwabo kubhalwe kahle ngaphandle kwembula indlela abavota ngayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma ubani angahlola lonke iketanga kusukela ekufakeni isilinganiso sokugcina. Izimiso zohlobo ezinjenge i-Scanrity[ ne[FLTLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] [4]] i-Helios [FLT] i-octeds [ex''' i-V ihlolwe yi-engqweqwele yohlelo oluncane. [2-EV] Izimiso eziphambili zobuphicipheshici (iphe). Uma ikhona, uma ikhona, imithombo esiqinile.

Isiphetho

Umlando wobuchwepheshe bokuvota uyisiqinisekiso somzamo ohlala njalo womuntu wokwakha ukuthembana ekwenzeni izinqumo ezihlangene. Kusukela kumatshe eGrisi yasendulo kuya ku-lishishi ecryphayo yezithombe zanamuhla, ithuluzi ngalinye liye labonisa amanani nobunzima besikhathi salo. Imishini yekhulu le-19 yaxazulula inkinga yokubala kodwa yadala izinselele ezintsha zokulungisa nokuthembeka. Izimiso zemishini zamuva kwekhulu lama-20 zandisa isivinini nokutholakala kwezindawo zokuphepha kodwa zadalula izikhala ezishaqisayo. Futhi ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo bekhulu lama-21 , i-AIPHPTCTC, i-albacticles, i-almeticles, i-al quences zombili isithembiso nezingozi.

Okungaguquguquki yisidingo sokusebenzisa indlela elinganiselwe: ukusungula ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala nokuphumelela, kodwa ungalokothi ulahle izimiso eziyisisekelo zokufihla amavoti, ukuthembeka komuntu ngamunye, nokuphenywa komphakathi. Izikhulu zokhetho, abacwaningi bezokuvota, abasekeli bamalungelo okuvota, nezakhamuzi ezivamile kumelwe zisebenze ndawonye ukuhlela ikusasa lobuchwepheshe bokuvota. Ubuqotho bentando yeningi buxhomeke kulokhu.