I-United States sekuyisikhathi eside iyithonya elinamandla ekuthuthukiseni kwezizwe zonke nasekusizeni abantu, ukuguqula ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zosizo lwembulunga yonke ngezimiso nangezinhlelo zayo. Kusukela emizamweni emikhulu yokwakha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kuya ezimpini zanamuhla ezilwa nobhadane nesimo sezulu, i-U.S. usizo lwakwamanye amazwe luye lwaqala ukuhlanganisa, injongo, nefilosofi. Ukuqonda le nguquko akuyona nje indlela ebucayi yokuqonda indlela i-Melika eveza ngayo amandla aphansi kodwa futhi nokuhlola amandla ezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zamadola achithe unyaka ngamunye. Lesihloko sikhomba umlando we-U.S.

Isisekelo Sosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe E - United States

Nakuba i-United States yanikeza usizo olungcono nosizo lwezobuchwepheshe ngaphambili .njengokuthunyelwa kokudla eYurophu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I kanye no [FLT] Marshall Plan [ [1] Uhlelo oluhleliwe, olukhulu lwezingalo zangaphandle lwaqala ngempela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Uhlelo lweYurophu Yokubuyisa, lwaziwa kangcono njengeMarshall Plan, lwasungulwa ngo-1949 futhi luhlala lunesibonelo esidumile kakhulu se-U.S. Iminyaka engaphezu kwemine, i-United States yasusa cishe izigidi eziyi-R3 (elingana nezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R150) zamazwe aseYurophu namuhla. Inhloso yayikabili: ukuphindela impi futhi ime ukuba ivimbele ukuthengiswa kwentengiselwa kwezentengo eMelika egcwele amazwe aseMelika.

Impumelelo ye-Marshall Plan .gross embonini yasekhaya emazweni ahlanganyelayo yanyuka ngokushesha, izakhiwo zezakhiwo zakhiwa futhi kwabuyiselwa ukuzinziswa kwezombangazwe . Kwaboniswa ukuthi usizo lungaba yithuluzi lokuguqula izinto lapho luhlanganiswa nobunikazi bendawo, usizo lobuchwepheshe, kanye necebo elicacile. Lenkathi yakuqala futhi yabona ukusungulwa kwezentengiselwano zezentuthuko. Inhloso yayikukwakheka kabusha nokululama kwezomnotho, ngokuvamile okudinga abamukela izinqubo zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano kanye nokuvula izimali zabo ukuba zithengise.

Enye ingqopha - mlando kwakunguMongameli Harry Truman weSimiso Sesine soMnyango , owamenyezelwa ngo-1949. Lesi sinyathelo sahloselwe ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe baseMelika namazwe asathuthuka, sigcizelela ezolimo, impilo, nemfundo. Nakuba sasinemali encane uma kuqhathaniswa neMarshall Plan, i-Plan, i-Comporandreation Read yamisa isporance yosizo oluhlukile kwesempini noma okwakha kabusha. Yaholela ekusungulweni kwe-Technictic Cooperation Ad Administration, umlawuli we-USAID.

Inkathi Yempi Yomshoshaphansi Nosizo Oluhlelekile

Njengoba iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yayikhula, usizo lwangaphandle lwase-U.S. lwahlanganiswa kakhulu nokuhlanganiswa kobukhomanisi. UMongameli Dwight D. Eisenhower wandisa usizo lwempi nezomnotho kubasizi be-akanye e-Asia, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, nase-Latin America. Ama-1950 abona ukumiswa kwe-Mutunical Security Agency nokugcizelelwa okukhulu “kosizo lokwethukela." /agrant kanye nemali eboletwayo yokusiza izibopho zabo ukuba bakhe amakhono abo ezempi. I-Aid yayivame ukuthunyelwa ngezivumelwano zezivumelwano ze-biteasethi ezazidinga abamukeli be-U.S.

Ngo-1961, uMongameli John F.Kennedy walungisa futhi ukuklanywa kwezakhiwo zosizo zase-U.S. u-Freave Act ka-1961 wahlanganisa izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene futhi wasungula i-United States Agency ye-International Development (USAID) njengenhlangano eyinhloko elwela ukuthuthukisa umphakathi. Kennedy wamisa futhi i-Petract Comment Corps , ithumela izisebenzi zokuzithandela zaseMelika kwamanye amazwe ukuba zisebenze emisebenzini yentuthuko yotshalo. Lokhu kwabonisa ukusondela kwentuthuko, ukuthuthukisa intuthuko, nakuba iMpi Yomsholo yahlala ingumshayeli omkhulu. [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT:] eLatin, ngokwesibonelo, ifuna ukudluliswa kwe-Fidel, ukuthuthukisa i-Forcles, intuthuko yezentellines, i-com.

Phakathi nawo-1960 no-1970, usizo lwalusetshenziswa kaningi njenge-carrot noma ukunamathela kwesimiso sangaphandle sase-U.S. Usizo oluphoqelelwe lwaya eNingizimu Vietnam, eThailand, kanye nakwamanye amazwe ahlangene aseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. EMpumalanga Ephakathi, usizo lwaya e-Israel naseGibhithe ngemva kwe-Camp David Reapsers. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi usizo oluningi lwalolu lwaqhutshwa ngemigomo enqunyiweyo kunokuba luthuthuke ngempela, ngezinye izikhathi luye lunyuse ukusungulwa kwemibuso yempoqo. Umphumela weMpi yaseVietnam yandisa ukuphumelela kosizo.

Okwamanje, i- Food for Peace Act (PL 480), yadlula ngo-1954, yaba yithuluzi elikhulu lokuthuthukisa usizo lwezenhlalakahle kanye nezentengiselwano. Yavumela i-U.S. ukuba ithumele izimpahla zezolimo ezisele kwamanye amazwe, ngokuvamile njengemali ebolekwayo noma imali ebolekwayo. Nakuba yanika izigidi zabantu inzuzo. Yaveza ukugxekwa ngokululaza abalimi bendawo emazweni amukelayo futhi isebenza njengethuluzi eliphansi lokuthengisa ama-Americanformalgist.

Ukudalwa Kwe - USAID Nentuthuko Yama - sterer

Ama 1970 ayegcizelela kakhulu “izidingo zabantu ezingokwembuyiselo” ‚ amanzi, inhlanzeko, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nemfundo.“ Imithetho ye-New Directions” ka-1973 yaqhubela phambili u-USAID ekusizeni abantu abampofu kakhulu kunasemikhakheni emikhulu yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezakhiwo. Lokhu kwabonisa ushintsho olubanzi phakathi nokucabanga, luthonywe izazi ezinjenge Paul Streeten noMahbub ul Haq[. Impi Yomshoshaphansi, nokho, yaqhubeka ibuyisela ekucabangeleni okuhle, ikakhulukazi eMelika Ephakathi nase-Afghanistan phakathi no 1980.

Intuthuko Nemigomo Ewusizo

Ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwasusa icebo eliyinhloko lezinhlelo eziningi zosizo ezihleliwe. Phakathi kuka-1989 nasekuqaleni kowama-20000, usizo lwakwamanye amazwe lwaphinde lwahlelwa ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ukugxila kwashintshela phambili entuthukweni yezomnotho, ukukhushulelwa kwentando yeningi, nokusabela kobuntu. Ukuwa kweSoviet Union kwavula amathuba amasha osizo eMpuma Yurophu kanye namaRepublic angaphambili aseSoviet ngezinhlelo ezifana ne Support for East European Democriciation (ukufuna) Act noMthetho wokusekela [FLT:] FREDOM]

Ngonyaka ka-1990, i-U.S. yasabela ochungechungeni lwezinkinga zokusiza umphakathi: indlala eSomalia (1992-93), ukuqothulwa kohlanga (1994), nezingxabano eBalkan. Usizo lomuntu lwaba ingxenye enkulu yosizo lwakwamanye amazwe. Nokho, ishumi leminyaka labhekana futhi nosizo lwesikhathi eside njengoba iSishaya-Mnyango sasifuna ukunciphisa ukuncipha kwemali. Inkulumo ethi “ukukhathala” yangena esikhumbuzweni. Izentengiselwano zezentengiselwano ezinjenge [FLT: 0] uJalliamly Easterly ne Jeffrey Sachs zaphikisana ngokuthi isiza noma isiza ngempela noma yavimbela ukukhula.

Icebo lokuvikela nentuthuko langemva-9/11: Ukuhlanganisa ukulondeka

Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-September 11, 2001, kwashintsha kakhulu usizo lwangaphandle e-U.S. usizo lwaba yithuluzi lokulwa nobuphekula kanye nokwakha isizwe. Izinga lemali zathelelwa e-Afghanistan futhi kamuva e-Iraq ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha, kuqondiswe, kuqondiswe, namabutho okuvikela. Umongameli uGeorge W. Bush wasungula futhi izinhlelo ezimbili ezinkulu zempilo yembulunga yonke: Prevention’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Seasurence (PEFAR) ngo 2003 kanye [[FLT:]] ne-Malarivery’sss Preasent ngo 2005]. Le zinhlelo zamenyezelwa njengeminye yemizamo esebenzayo kakhulu ye-U.S.S.

Ngo-2004, i-U.S. yadala i- Millenium Challenge Corporation (MCC), inhlangano entsha enikeza amazwe izimali ezinkulu zokuhlangana ukuze alawuleke kahle, athole inkululeko, afake imali engokwezezimali, athole imali engcono nemfundo. I-MCC yaklanyelwe ukuvuza amazwe athuthukisa kakhulu futhi agweme amanye ama-ifficecience osizo olungokwesiko. Yamelela ukushintshwa kwemiphumela esekelwe, esobala, nakusetshenziswa komngane.

Imikhuba Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Namuhla, usizo lwakwamanye amazwe e - United States lubhekene nendaba eyinkimbinkimbi. U - 2010 no - 2020 baye baqala izinto ezintsha eziza kuqala: ukulondeka kwempilo embulungeni yonke (ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuqubuka kwe - Ebola ne -COVID -19), ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokusingatha izimbangela eziyinhloko zokufuduka kwabantu baseMelika Ephakathi. Ukwehla kobumpofu kusewumgomo oyinhloko, kodwa i - U.S. futhi isebenzisa usizo olukhulayo ekulweni nethonya laseChina ngeBelt ne - Road Itifiction nangezimali zayo.

Ngaphansi kwe-Trump, i-USAID yabhekana nokuncitshiswa kwemali kanye nezihlongozo zokuhlanganiswa noMnyango woMbuso. Naphezu kwalokho, ukuthi, konke ukusetshenziswa kwemali yakwamanye amazwe kuhlala kuqinile, kanye noKhongolose ngokuvamile kubuyiselwa izinqumo ezihlongozwa umphathi. Izikhulu ze Biden ziye zashintsha ezinye zezimo zemali futhi zagcizelela impilo yembulunga yonke, isimo sezulu, kanye nokusekelwa kwentando yeningi. I-U.S. yandisa futhi i- DELOP POIN COR [D [DFC:1][FF]] ukuhlanganisa inhloko - dolobha yezentuthuko, ibonakalisa ukuthambekela kwezemali ehlangeneyo.

Impikiswano Nezinsolo Eziphikelelayo

Naphezu komlando wayo omude, usizo lwangaphandle lwase-U.S. lubangela impikiswano enzima. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi usizo lungadala ukuncika, lungabanjwa yizicukuthwane ezonakele, noma luhlanganiswe nezithakazelo zezezombangazwe zaseMelika kunokuba luhlanganiswe nezidingo zangempela. Abaxhasi balokho kusindisa ukuphila, basekela ukuzinza kwembulunga yonke, futhi basebenzela i-U.S. ngokusekela izinxulumani kanye nokusingatha izinkinga zembulunga yonke ngaphambi kokuba bafike ezingwini zaseMelika. [FLT] MILDION COR CODE [[F:1][FLT][FFF][FFF]

Enye isihluthulelo ukwanda kwezinhlangano nezinhlelo. Okunye okungu 18 iminyango kahulumeni wase-U.S. kanye nezinhlangano zisebenzisa usizo lwakwamanye amazwe, okuholela ekuqhekekeni nasekusebenziseni izinkonzo. Izinguquko ze-USAID zango-2010 ezihloselwe ukuqoqa imisebenzi nokuthuthukisa ithonya, kodwa i-intertalia iseyisithiyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibopha usizo [ [] [_1] [ikhangisa ukuthi kuthengwa izimpahla nezinkonzo kuthengwa abathengishisi bama-U.S.]

Izinhlelo Zosizo Ezinkulu Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Usizo lunikezwa ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-biteradal, i-milliteral, nezindlela ezingekho kwezohulumeni.

  • U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) – iholela emizamweni yokuthuthukisa izakhamuzi, isebenza emazweni angaphezu kwekhulu. Izindawo zayo zihlanganisa i-Bureau for Humanitalian Arce, i-Bureau for Global Health, ne-Bureau for Resilience and Food Security.
  • [ IMillennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) - Inikeza iminikelo emikhulu emazweni angenisa imali ephansi kakhulu ahlangabezana nezimiso ezilawulayo nezingokomnotho. Imisebenzi ekhokhelwayo ihlanganisa izisekelo zemfundo, imfundo, namalungelo ezwe.
  • i-Emergency Plan ye-AIDS Relation (PEPFAR) --'i-PFL] - i-pat produced's producement's Emergency Plan i-Fout' (I-palFFF]-' -' i-'i-patting' isindise ukuphila kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20 futhi iguqule ukusabela kwengculaza kwembulunga yonke. Isebenza ngezinhlelo zezwe namazwe angaphezu kuka-50.
  • IsiButho sokuthula [ - Ithumela izisebenzi zokuzithandela zaseMelika ukusebenza emisebenzini yokuthuthukisa umphakathi emfundweni, kwezempilo, kwezolimo, nasemvelweni. Izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezingaphezu kuka-240 000 ziye zakhonza kusukela ngo-1961.
  • [ INhlangano yezezimali (DFC) – ihlanganisa i-Overseas Investicement Corporation (OPIC) ne-USAID’s Development Crrevice Authority Isekence kwinhlangano eyodwa enikeza imali ebolekiswayo, isiqinisekiso, kanye nokulingana ukusekela intuthuko yengxenye eyimfihlo emazweni aphansi afikelwe.
  • Usizo oluqinile nokubambisana kwezokulondeka – Inkonzo efelwe yi-Department of Security and State Department, ihlanganisa i-Fnanding yase Greatern Military Finanding (FMF), imfundo neSiqeqeshelo sezizwe zonke (IMET), kanye nemisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula (PKO).
  • [[Ukudla okuwu-3:0] Ukudla kokuthula (PL 480) – Inikeza izimpahla zezolimo ukuze kusizwe ukudla futhi isekele ukuthuthukiswa kwezentengiselwano. Kuseyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokusabela endlalani nasezimweni eziphuthumayo.
  • Global Security Health Agenda (GHSA) – Umzamo owengeziwe wokuqinisa amakhono amazwe okuvimbela, ukuqaphela, nokuthatha isinyathelo ezisongweni zezifo ezithathelwanayo, ezisekelwa kakhulu yizinhlangano ze-U.S.

Lezinhlangano zisebenza nezinhlangano eziningi njenge - World Bank, i - UNICEF, ne - Global Fund yokulwa nengculaza, isifo sofuba nomalaleveva. Ukubambisana kuyinselele eqhubekayo, kodwa i - U.S. ilokhu iyisipho esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esinikeza usizo olulandelana nezinhlangano, esikhipha cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 240 esizalweni esingokomthetho ngonyaka ka - 2021 (usizo oluphuma kwezempi olungekho kwempi).

Usizo Lwangaphandle LwaseU.S. Lwesifunda Nehlelo

Ukusakazwa kosizo kwesifunda kubonisa izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. I-Afrika esezantsi ne-Saharan ithola ingxenye enkulu kakhulu, ngokuyinhloko empilweni (HIV/AIDS, umalaleveva, impilo kamama) kanye nokuphepha kokudla. Isifunda saseMpumalanga ephakathi neNyakatho Afrika sisekelwa kakhulu, ngosizo eGibithe, iJordan, neGunya lase-Palestina eliboshelwe izivumelwano zokuthula nokulondeka. I-Afghanistan, kuhlanganise ne-Afghanistan, ithola usizo oluphawulekayo lokuvuselela ulwembuyiselo nolwenhlalakahle. I-Latin America ne-Caribbean igxila ekulondekeni kwezakhamuzi, ithuba lezomnotho, nezinhlelo ezihlobene nokufuduka.

Ngokwehlelo, usizo lwempilo nolwezenhlalakahle luthatha izingxenye ezinkulu kakhulu, lulandelwe ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, imfundo, nokukhushulelwa kwentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Umlando nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezimiso zosizo zangaphandle zase-U.S. kubonisa ukuthi izwe libhekene nendima yalo yembulunga yonke, ukukhathalela ukulondeka, nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Kusukela ekuvuselweni kabusha kwe-Marshall Plan ngokunesifiso sokuvelela ku-PEPFAR ukubeka izimali zempilo ezisindisa ukuphila, usizo luye lwaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokulawula kokubili ukuxhumana nokuthuthuka. Kodwa futhi liye lakwazi ukunyakazisa umoya wezombangazwe, ukuhlasela kwezwe, ukuguqula izikhali, ukuhlasela kwe-asterectricciation, nokuziphendulela. Ukuqonda lomlando kusiza abenzi bemithetho, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukucusumbula kwazo futhi ziqaphele kahle kakhulu, kodwa akuyona inzuzo engcono kakhulu kodwa ukuhweba okuqinile ezweni elizinzile. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zishintsha, ukuthutha okukhulu, nokuncintisana kwe-United States, futhi ziqhubeke nokuncintisana kwezimiso zokuthuthukisa izinqubo zayo zeze emashumini emashumini eminyaka eyisithupha.