Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lobalo Lwase - United States

I-United States Census ayiyona nje i-computer. Ithuluzi eliyisisekelo lentando yeningi, incwadi ephilayo ebamba ukushaya kwenhliziyo kwesizwe njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi. Ngokuhlola uhambo lokubala kusukela ekuthatheni indawo ebanzi ngo-1790 kuya ekusebenzeni kwemisebe yanamuhla eyinkimbinkimbi, siveza indaba yokuzivumelanisa, ukulwa kwezombangazwe, nesidingo somphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi sichaza ukuthi kungani zonke izindaba zokusabela kokumelelwa, ukusekela, ukusekela, nenqubo.

Umlando Wangaphambili Wezibalo Zase - United States

Imvelaphi Yomthetho - sisekelo Nezibalo Zokuqala

Izimpande ze-Census Bureau zingena ngokuqondile eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Ingxenye 2 yagunyaza “ukuhlanganiswa okungokomthetho” kwabantu phakathi neminyaka emithathu yeSishaya-mthetho sokuqala nangemva kweminyaka eyishumi. Umgomo wawuqondile: izabelo ezahlukanisayo eMzini Wabaphathi phakathi kwezifundazwe ezisekelwe kubantu, futhi inqume izintela eziqondile (izinga elisetshenziswa ngokushesha lashabalala). Ukubalwa kokuqala kwaqala ngoAugust 1790 ngaphansi kukaNobhala weSizwe uThoma Jefferson. U.S.

Imibuzo ye-1790 yayilula kakhulu. Yabuza imibuzo eyisithupha kuphela: igama lenhloko yomkhaya, nenani labesilisa abamhlophe abamhlophe abakhululekile abangaphansi kwe 16, abamhlophe abangu-16 nangaphezulu, abesifazane abamhlophe abakhululekile, bonke abanye abantu abakhululekile, nezigqila. Ingqikithi yaba ngu-3 929,214, inani elakhipha amaMelika Omdabu angakhokhi intela. Lowomzamo wokuqala wathatha izinyanga eziyisishiyagalo-shiyagalolunye futhi wabiza ngaphansi kuka-R35 000. Naphezu kokuba lula kwawo, izibalo zamisa isimiso sokuthi isibonakaliso kumelwe sihlanganiswe nomphakathi, umqondo woshintsho ngalesosikhathi.

Ukwanda Kokwaneliseka Ngekhulu Le - 19

Njengoba izwe lalanda futhi lithuthukile, kwabalwa futhi kwaba njalo. Inani labantu ngo-1810 lanezela imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokukhiqiza izinto kanye nenani labantu abahlanganyela kwezolimo. Ngo-1820, kwavela izigaba zabantu bezizwe abangezona ezemvelo nezezentengiselwano. Ukubalwa kwabantu ngo-1840 kwaqala umzamo wokuqala ongathi sína wokuqoqa ukwaziswa kokukhubazeka, bebuza ngabantu “abakhubazekile nabangahlakaniphile”, nakuba isayensi yezindlela zokusebenza kanye nabantu abambalwa bahlupha lezi zibalo zezenhlalo zakuqala.

Ubalo lwango-1850 lwaphawula ushintsho olukhulu. Okokuqala, wonke umuntu okhululekile wayedwetshwa (kungezona nje inhloko yendlu) ngesimiso esihlukile. Izimboni eziqoshiwe zeminyaka, ubulili, umbala (omhlophe, omnyama, noma uMlatto), umsebenzi, inani lendawo yangempela, indawo yokuzalwa, ukuthi ushadile yini phakathi nonyaka, futhi ngaphezulu. Lokhu kushintsha kwabonisa isithakazelo esikhulayo sikahulumeni ezimweni zezenhlalo nezezomnotho. U-1860 wenezela imibuzo ngenani lezigqila. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, inani labalelwa kwesizwe, u-1870 lazama ukubala ama-Afrika asanda kukhululwa, nakuba ama-Afrika asanda kuzalwa, nakuba ayekhona futhi engawathembani.

Izibalo zonyaka ka - 1880 zasungula izimiso ezihlukene zokufa, ezolimo, ezokwakha, nezezenhlalo — uphawu olusobala lokuthi lokhu kubalwa kwakuwumthombo oyinhloko wokwaziswa kwabenzi bezimiso nezithakazelo zezebhizinisi. Kwaphawula futhi okokuqala ngqá iHhovisi lokubala (lalingeke libe yinhlangano ehlala njalo kwaze kwaba ngo - 1902) lisebenzisa abaqeqeshiwe ngokukhethekile kunabaqondisi.

Ukuziphendukela Kwezindlela Zokubala

Ukusuka Ephepheni Kuya Emakhadini E - punch

Ubuchwepheshe obuphawuleka kakhulu baphumelela ngo-1890. UHerman Hollerith, owayeyisisebenzi seHhovisi lokubala, wasungula umshini wokudweba owenziwe ngogesi owawusebenzisa amakhadi ashaya ngeshibhi ukuze kulungiswe ukwaziswa. U-1880 ukubala abantu kwathatha iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ukuthatha i-tabulate; ngomshini kaHollerith, isilinganiso sonyaka ka-90900 — abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-62 — bahlelwa ngeminyaka emithathu nje kuphela. Lo mshini awugcinanga nje isikhathi kodwa wabeka nesisekelo semboni yekhomputha. Inkampani kaHollerith yaba yi-International Business Mashiness (IBM).

Kulo lonke ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka, i-Census Bureau yaqhubeka ilungisa izindlela zayo. Ngo-1900, kwasungulwa i-Census Bureau ehlala njalo. Ukubalwa kwabantu kwanwetshwa kwaphinde kwabuzwa ukuthi u-1910 wayenemibuzo emayelana nendawo yokuzalwa kwabazali, ulimi olukhulunywayo, nokuthi wayeyiso sempini ye-Union noma ye-Conferated. Ukubalwa kwabantu ngo-1940 kwanezela imibuzo mayelana nemali, imfundo, nokufuduka, futhi kwaqala ukubuza kokuqala okungakhonziwe “ukuthiwe cishe 5% yemikhaya.

Iposi, amacomputer, kanye nefomethi emfushane

Emashumini eminyaka, amafomu okubalwa kwabantu ancishiswa futhi aqoqwa yizibalo. Ngo-1960, iBureau yaqala ukuthumela amaposi emibuzo emikhayeni eminingi, icela izakhamuzi ukuba ziwagcwalise futhi ziwathumele emuva. Lokhu kuncishiswa okukhulu kwezindleko nomsebenzi wasensimini. Ubalo lwango-1970 lwanwetshwa lwaba ama-posi ekhaleni elingu-60% labantu. Ngalelo shumi leminyaka kwaqaliswa ukwaziswa okuthathwe kuyi-computer kuma-computer efuna imibuzo, kusetshenziswa ukuqaphela i-opera.

Ubalo lwango 1990 lwaba lolokuqala ukusebenzisa uhlobo olufushane (lubuza imibuzo eyisisekelo kuphela enani labantu) emikhayeni engu- 83%, enendlela ende eyathunyelwa esilinganisweni. Nokho, njengoba amazinga empendulo ehla — kusukela ku- 78% ngo-1970 kuya ku-65% ngo-1990 — i-Bureau yaphendukela ekukhangiseni ngobudlova nasemikhankasweni yokuquqela. Ukubalwa kwabantu ngo- 2000 kwanikeza amafomu ngezilimi eziyisithupha futhi kwaqala umzamo okhokhelwayo wokufinyelela kubantu abanabantu abancumisayo.

Ngo - 2010, lokhu kubalwa kwabantu kwakuqhutshwa ngeposi, imikhaya ithola ifomu elifushane (imibuzo), noma ngokokuqala ngqá, i - American Community Survey (ACS) yasusa ngokuphelele inqubo yokuqeda iminyaka eminingi. I - ACS manje inikeza ushintsho lwaminyaka yonke lwezenhlalo, ezomnotho, izindlu, nenani labantu, okwenza ukuba ukubalwa kwabantu okungokonyaka kube ngokuyinhloko okuphathelene nokubalwa kwabantu abaningi.

Ukubalwa Kwanamuhla Nezingxenye Zako

Ubalo Lwama - 2020: Ukushintsha Kwezinombolo

I-2020 yabalwa abantu yamelela inguquko enkulu kakhulu yendlela yokusebenza emashumini eminyaka. Okokuqala, imikhaya yayingasabela ku-inthanethi, ngocingo, noma ngeposi. I-panet ye-internet yasekela izilimi eziyi-13, futhi i-Census Bureau yasungula umkhankaso omkhulu wokukhangisa ngemishini kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Umgomo kwakuwukukhuthaza ukuzilungisa ngokwayo ukuze kuncishiswe isidingo sokudla imali, ukuthatha isikhathi ngokulandelana.

Naphezu kwezinselele — kuhlanganise nempikiswano yokugcina yezakhamuzi (ngokunye evalwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme), umqedazwe we-COVID-19, iqualls, iziphepho, nokwephuza ukusebenza — ukubalwa kwabantu abangu - 2020 kwafinyelela izinga lokuzihlukanisa lama-6,5% (ukusukela kuma 66.4%) lapho kuhlanganisa nokusabela kuyi-Intanethi. Nokho, lesi sifo saphoqa i-Bureaud ukuba yandise imishini futhi ikhiphe ukwaziswa okungakhonziwe. Impikiswano ngokusetshenziswa kwezindaba ezihlukene zomuntu siqu nomsindo wezibalo ukuze kuvikelwe ukuphikisana okuyimfihlo futhi kwaqala phakathi kwabasebenzisi bemininingwane.

Isihluthulelo Semininingwane Sigcinwe

Ubalo lwama-2020 lwabuza imibuzo eyisisekelo: inani labantu abahlala noma abahlala ekhelini, ebulilini, ebuntwaneni, ehlalweni, nanoma umninikhaya wayengowabo noma wayeqashiwe. I-Exchange yesizwe, i-2020 yalandela i-Office of Management and Drug (OMB), inikeza imibuzo ehlukile ngemvelaphi nezinhlanga, kanye nemininingwane ye-CPU, ne-CPPPPP ya-Asia, i-Monariday, nenye indawo entsha eqaliwe. I-odminics yavumela abathathi abathathiwe yisiqalo esinjenge- “Jamaican,” noma“ i-Afrikan American.”

Ngaphandle kokulinganisa okuthathelwe isikhathi eside, i-American Community Survey (ACS) ibuza eminye imibuzo eminingi ehlanganisa iholo, imfundo, umsebenzi, izindleko zezindlu, umshuwalense wempilo, inqubo yokusebenza kwemali, nesikhundla sobudoda — futhi ikhiphe izilinganiso ezithuthukisiwe minyaka yonke.

Ukubaluleka Kokubalwa Kwabantu

Ukumelela Kwezombangazwe

Ithonya elisobala kakhulu lokubala liseNdlu Yezimemezelo. Ingxenye 2 idinga ukwabiwa kwezihlalo ezisekelwe engqikithini yezakhamuzi zombuso ngamunye (kuhlanganise nezifiki ezihlala khona kungakhathaliseki isikhundla esingokomthetho; uMthetho-sisekelo usebenzisa “izingane,” hhayi“izezenzisi”). Ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu, i-Centiare Bureau Reaurages ezihlukanisayo, futhi izihlalo zibekwe ngokwezikhawu phakathi kwezifundazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba kunikwe inani labantu abayisithupha (i-Colorado, iFlorida, i-Montaraine, i-Donak, i-Orena, i-Texasnia) nezihlalo eziyisikhombisa ezilahlekileyokwayo (i-Callianiafo, Illinonia, i-Illinonia, i-Michian, i-New York, i-Pennsyland, i-Virginia, i-Yunia).

Lezi zinguquko azithinteli nje kuphela iNdlu kodwa futhi ne-Electoral College, njengoba amavoti akhethiwe alelozwe ngalinye elingana nezihlalo zendlu kanye nezihlalo zayo ezimbili zeSishaya-mthetho. Ngisho nokushintshwa kwesihlalo esisodwa kungathonya umongameli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifunda zikahulumeni zisebenzisa ukwaziswa kokubala ukuze zidwebe izigodlo zenhlangano nezindawo zikahulumeni. Ngokungagwegwesi noma ngokusetshenziswa komthetho kungaholela ekuthatheni imingcele yokukhomba iqembu elilodwa noma iqembu.

Ukuthutha Ngezimali

Umsebenzi obaluleke ngokufanayo wokubala uqondisa ukusakazwa konyaka okungaphezu ko-R2,5 zigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali kahulumeni. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicaid, i-ChiP yeNkcubeko yempilo yezingane, iSihloko seSikhathi 8, iSiqesha sezindlu, iSikolo seSikolo saseLunch, uhlelo lomgwaqo nokwakhiwa, futhi ukuthuthuka kwasemaphandleni kwenza ukuba wonke umuntu asebenzise imikhakha ekhokhelwayo esemthethweni ka-R37. Kuwo wonke umuntu walahlekelwa kubalo, isifundazwe singalahlekelwa izinkulungwane zamaRandi unyaka ngamunye. INhlangano yesizwe i-Urban ilinganisela ukuthi inethi ka-National Lunch engaphansi kwezigidi ezingu-2,1 (kuhlanganise nezigidi ezingu-5,5) izindleko zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zabantu ezilandelayo.

Ukucwaninga Ngezimiso Nokuhlela Umphakathi

Abacwaningi, amabhizinisi, kanye nenzuzo encike ekwazini ukubala izinto zonke kusukela ekubikezelweni kwesidingo sabathengi ukuya ekuboneni ukuhluka kwempilo. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa ukwaziswa ekuhleleni izikole, iziteshi zomlilo, izibhedlela, nezindlela zokuthutha. Ukubalwa kwabantu kunikeza isisekelo sokuqonda ubumpofu, ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi, ukutholakala kwezindlu, kanye nokudinga kolimi. Ngaphandle kokwaziswa okuqondile, imiphakathi ayinakusekela ngokuphumelelayo imithombo yemali noma izinqubo zokunikeza izinkonzo ezisemthethweni.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukubala Inani Labantu Elinzima

Naphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka entuthuko, lokhu kubalwa kwabantu akukaze kufinyelele inani eliphelele. Ngokomlando, izingane ezincane, izinhlanga nezingazana, abafuduki, abangenayo abantu abahlala emaphandleni, amaMelika omdabu emazweni aphakathi, cishe baphuthelwa. Ukubalwa kwabantu kwamashumi amabili amahlanu kubonise ukuthi inani labantwana abangaphansi kwesihlanu lingaphansi kwenani elingu-3% kubantu base-Asia noma ePacific Islands futhi amaphesenti angu-4 kubemi base-Hispanic White, kuyilapho inani labamhlophe abangebonakali balinganiselwa kakhulu ngo-1.1%, ngokwezibalo zeposi. Inani labantwana abangaphansi kwesihlanu — ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi “abasengozini kakhulu” — ligcwele cishe amashumi amahlanu eminyaka amuva nje.

I-Census Bureau ihlola ukufinyelela okukhulu ngokubambisana nezinhlangano zomphakathi, izithunywa ezithembekile, nokukhokhela ukukhangisa ukuze kunqandwe ukungathembani, imingcele yolimi, nezinselele zomthetho. Nokho, ukulinganiselwa kwemali, ukuphazanyiswa kwezombangazwe, kanye nesilinganiso somzamo kwenza kube nzima ukufinyelela wonke umuntu. Ikhambi elihlongozwayo ukusebenzisa amarekhodi okuphatha — njenge-Social Security, i-IRS, iMedicare, kanye nezindawo zokuhlola uhulumeni — ukugcwalisa izikhala nokunciphisa isidingo sokulandela.

Ukuba Wedwa Nokulondeka Kwemininingwane

Njengoba lokhu kubalwa kuqhubeka kuyi-inthanethi, izinkinga zezindaba zomuntu siqu ziyakhula. I-Bureau iboshelwa umthetho (isiHloko 13, Umthetho wase-U.S.) ukuze ivikele ukusabela kwabantu ngabanye futhi ingalokothi ihlanganyele nezinye izinhlangano, kuhlanganise nokugcinwa komthetho noma iziphathimandla zokufuduka. Nokho, ngo-2018, impikiswano yezakhamuzi ezingu-2020 yabangela ukuba abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe besabe, okwaholela ekumangalweni kwecala okwafika eNkanto Ephakeme. Nakuba lo mbuzo wasuswa, umonakalo ofanele ukwethenjwa wapheliswa. Ukuvikela imfihlo, i-Bureauau yamukela imfihlo ehlukene yemisebenzi yezokubala imikhiqizo engu-20202020 — ukunezela umsindo ematafuleni ezindaweni ezibonisa ukuthi i-opendiographywaye yanciphisa ukunemba kweze i-geographid.

Ukubalwa kwabantu esikhathini esizayo kuyodingeka kulinganise ukubonakala kwangaphandle nokufihla imfihlo, mhlawumbe ngezindawo ezilondekile zemininingwane noma imikhiqizo yemininingwane engokwemishini. IBureau iye yahlola futhi isebenzisa ukukhomba nokuvimbela ukudluliswa kwezincwadi ukuze idlulisele, nakuba zingekho izinguquko ezinkulu eziseduze.

Izinguquko Zobuchwepheshe Nokubalwa Kwango - 2030

I-Census Bureau isihlola izindlela zokubala okunzima ngo-2030 deccarial. Izindawo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuzama ukudayisa ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kokuqondisa ukuze kunciphe inani lemikhaya edinga ukuxhumana ngqo, ithuthukisa amazinga e-inthanethi yokuzilungisa yomuntu ngemishini engcono nokusebenzisa i-mouse engcono, nokusebenzisa imishini ukufunda ukubikezela izindawo ezinzima ukubala nokuzilungisa. Abanye ochwepheshe basekela “ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo”, lapho ushintsho lwenani labantu lwenziwa khona ngemininingwane yezokusebenza ngesilinganiso esincane sesilinganiso, kodwa lokho kungadinga ushintsho lwemithetho.

Enye inselele ukwanda kwezinhlobo zezindlu ezingezona ezesiko — njengeRVs, izikebhe, kanye nezintela zesikhashana ezisohlwini olufushanisiwe — abaqambi bamaqoqo abangaphuthelwa. Ukubalwa kwabantu ngo-2020 kwazama ukubala abantu abangenamakhaya ngokunembile ngokuqhuba “izikhungo ezisekelwe ezindaweni zokukhosela, amakhishi esobho, nezindawo ezingaphandle.

Ekugcineni, ukubalwa kwabantu kuka - 2030 kuyodingeka kusingathwe inani elandayo lezakhamuzi ezingenalo ikheli elimisiwe noma ezihlala eqenjini njengezindawo zokubala, amajele, namakhaya asebegugile.

Isiphetho

Ubalo lwamanani lwamahhashi akuyona indlela eqinile yoMthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso esishukumisayo, esijikelezayo esibonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wezwe wokubala wonke umuntu ngokungakhethi. Kusukela ekugibeleni kwamahhashi ngo-1790 kuya ekuphenduleni kwe-Internet ngo-202020, izindlela ziye zashintsha, kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo sisalokhu sikhona: ukubala okunembile kuyisisekelo sokumelelwa kobulungisa nokwabiwa kokwaziswa okungaguquguquki. Njengoba i-United States iba nezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu, i-mizwana, futhi imfihlo, i-Cencault Bureaunication iyaqhubeka ingena enhlamgathelela ekuthembeni umphakathi kuyilapho iqhubeka ithembekile. Ukuqonda umlando nokubaluleka kokubalwa kwabantu kunika amandla okuhlanganyela, ukusekela ukunemba okunemba okulungile, nokuvikela isilinganiso sentando yentando yentando yezwe. Isikhathi esilandelayo esilandelayo esilandelayo esilandelayo uthola i-swongasemkhankambini eMelika — IseAgesvenwetung)