Isimiso sokhetho lukamameya eUnited Kingdom sinomlando ocebile obonisa uhambo olubanzi lwezwe lokubusa ngentando yeningi, ukulandisa kwezindawo, nokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo. Kusukela emikhosini yamacala omphakathi nakuzibopho zomkhandlu kusuka ku-panel-panel kufike ku-pane, abanyundeli abakhethwe ngokuqondile abanamandla aphezulu, ukuziphendukela kokhetho lukamphathi e-UK kuyindaba yokushintsha kancane kancane kancane kodwa okuphawulekayo. Lesihloko sikhomba ukuthi umlando usuka ezimpandeni zawo zenkathi ephakathi kuya ezweni lanamuhla, uhlola izinguquko eziyinhloko, izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, nezinguquko zezakhiwo eziye zaguqula indlela abaholi bendawo abakhethwa ngayo futhi babheka ngayo ukuthi bayalandisa ngayo.

Imvelaphi Yama - Mayoralty Enkathi Ephakathi

Ihhovisi lemeya eNgilandi lisukela emuva ekhulwini leshumi nanye neleshumi nanye leminyaka, lapho uHulumeni enika amadolobha namadolobha imithetho engokomthetho, ewavumela ukuba asungule izindikimba ezizilawulayo. Imeya yokuqala ebhaliwe yakhethwa eLondon ngo- 1189, ilandela umthetho-sisekelo weNkosi uRichard I. Laba baholi bakuqala babekhethwa yiqembu elincane labaqondisi noma ababhishobhi (abahwebi) nabanini bezindawo ezithile (*) kunabantu abaningi. Indima ehlangene yokuqondisa, ukwahlulelwa, nemisebenzi yemikhosi, kuhlanganise nokwengamele inkantolo yedolobha, ukugcina uhlelo, nokumelela idolobha ngezingxoxo zombuso.

Phakathi nenkathi yenkathi ephakathi, indlela yokukhetha yayihluka kakhulu. Amanye amadolobha ayesebenzisa isimiso so "ukukhetha," lapho umphathi - dolobha ophumayo anquma khona umlandeli wakhe, ewugunyazo womkhandlu. Abanye bamukela i-franchise elinganiselwe, kanye nabantu abanezimpahla abafanele ukuvota. Emadolobheni anjenge York, iNorwich, ne-Bristol, ukhetho lungaba yimicimbi ephikisanayo, kodwa, izakhamuzi eziningi zazingasho ukuthi ubani owaba yimeyakhe. Isimiso sasiklanyelwe ukulondoloza amandla esigaba sezikhulu zendawo nezinhlangano, ukuze zibonise intando ethandwayo.

INkosi YaseLondon: Isimo Esiyingqayizivele

IDolobha laseLondon lasungula isiko lalo elihlukile. Inkosi yaseLondon ikhethwa minyaka yonke izinkampani zedolobha eziphila ngokumadlana (izinhlangano ezizimele) kanye noMkhandlu Womphakathi, inqubo engazange ishintshe kakhulu emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Lo khetho, olwaqhutshwa ngo-Michaelmas Day (ngoSeptember 2), luhlanganisa "ukubukwa kwezandla" eGuildhall, elandelwa isimemezelo esingokomthetho. Nakuba indima kaLord Mayor manje cishe iwumthetho (ngamandla ephethe i-Greater London Ague), inqubo yasendulo inikeza ukuxhumana okuphilayo nenkathi ephakathi nenkathi ephakathi.

Ngekhulu le-18, izinhlangano zikamasipala ezingakasungulwa zase zidume kakhulu ngenkohlakalo, ukuphatha i-anorcial, nokulawula i-oligarch. ukhetho lwe-Mayorl [ emadolobheni amaningi lwanqunywa ngokuphumelelayo amalungu ambalwa omkhandlu oziguqula wona. Umfutho wokuqala wenguquko waqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ushukunyiswa isidingo esandayo sentando yeningi kanye nokuvela kokukhanya.

Ikhulu Le - 19: Inguquko Kahulumeni Nokukhula Kwezinqumo Ezithandwayo

I-Masicinic Corporations Act 1835 yayiyisikhathi esichithiwe kuhulumeni wendawo eNgilandi naseWales. Yakhukhula izinkampani ezindala, zavala futhi yamisa isimiso esifanayo somkhandlu wasemadolobheni okhethiwe. Ngaphansi koMthetho, kwadingeka ukuba amakhonya akhethele abameli okhetho minyaka yonke, ababezokhetha umphathi wedolobha phakathi kwenani labo. Okokuqala, umphathi wedolobha wayekhethwe ngokungaqondile abameleli abakhethwe ngabakhokhi besilinganiso esithile. Lokhu kwakungekona ukuqondisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi, kodwa kwakuyinyathelo elikhulu elikude kakhulu ekulawuleni kwezikhulu.

Lo Mthetho wanwetshwa futhi wanwetshwa kubo bonke abakhokheli bemali yabesilisa (kamuva owandisiwe wahlanganisa abakhokhi bezinga lokukhokhela abesifazane ngaphansi koMthendeleli Franchise Act 1869). Lokhu kwasho ukuthi ukhetho olungokomthetho [, nakuba lungaqondile, manje lwase lusekelwe esisekelweni sokhetho olubanzi. Indima kameya yahlala isemthethweni futhi iphethe, imihlangano yemikhandlu yemikhandlu futhi isebenza njengenhloko yezembubhishobhi. Kodwa isimiso sokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi sasisungulwe.

Ukwehlukahluka E - United Kingdom

IScotland yalandela indlela ehlukile. Umthetho weRoyal Burghs (Scotland) wangonyaka ka-1833 wasungula isimiso somkhandlu wamadolobha okhethiwe, kodwa "provost" (ofana nomeya) awuzange ukhethwe ngokuqondile. Kunalokho, imikhandlu yakhetha umkhandlu phakathi kwayo, umkhuba owaqhubeka kahle kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka. ENyakatho Ireland, isimiso sasifana nalowo waseNgilandi naseWales ngemva kokwahlulwa, kanye nomphathi-meya ababekhethwe yimikhandlu kusukela ngo-192222 kuqhubekela phambili.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ukukhethwa okungaqondile kwamameya kwase kuyindinganiso phakathi kwe-UK. Lesisikhundla ngokuvamile sasiyigama elithatha unyaka owodwa, ngokuvamile lishintshashintsha phakathi kwabaphathi-mkhandlu abakhulu. Imeya eziningi zazihlonishwa ngendawo yendawo − abathengisi bezezimali, noma abezombangazwe abathathe umhlalaphansi — ababesebenzisa ihhovisi ukuthuthukisa ukuqhosha kwezezembubhiso nezimbangela zokusiza abaswele. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuntula komyalo oqondile othandwayo kwenza amameya angakwazi ukubhaliswa futhi ancike kakhulu emikhakheni yamahlelo.

Ikhulu Lama - 20: Ukucindezela Izindinganiso Eziqondile

Kulo lonke ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka, kwavela izimeya ezibotshelelwayo zokukhethwa okuqondile kwamameya, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amakhulu lapho umphathi - dolobha wemikhosi ayengenawo amandla angempela lapho enza izinqumo ngosuku lwezindikimba zezikhulu ze-commist nochwepheshe. Ukwakhiwa kwamabhukwana asedolobheni elikhulu ne-Greater London Council (GLC) ngawo-1970 kwandisa izinga nobunkimbinkimbi be-hulumeni wendawo, kwabangela ukuphikisana ngesidingo esinamandla, esibonakalayo somholi wezikhulu.

Ukuqedwa kweGLC ngo-1986 kwashiya iLondon ngaphandle kwegunya elilodwa elisedolobheni lonke, kubangela imfuno yemeya entsha, ekhethwe ngokuqondile ukuba iqondise ukuthutha, ukuhlela, nentuthuko yezomnotho kulo lonke inhloko - dolobha. Lomqondo wathola ukuhlanganiswa kwawo-1990, usekelwa izazi zezombangazwe ze-Labour neLiberal Democrat ezabheka i-meya njengendlela yokubuyisela idemocracy yendawo futhi zinikeze iphuzu elicacile lokulandisa.

Ukuzalwa Kommeya Wokuqala Oqeqeshwe Ngokuqondile

Ngo-1997, uhulumeni we-Labour osanda kukhethwa ngaphansi kukaTony Blair wanyathelisa iphephandaba elimhlophe, iModern Common Government: Ngokuthintana ne-Four, eyahlongoza ukuba imikhandlu ivumele ukuba ithole amasampuli amasha okubusa, kuhlanganise nomphathi okhethwe ngokuqondile onamandla okulawula. Lokhu kwalandelwa yi-Provilet Province Act, eyanikeza iziphathimandla zendawo eNgilandi nase Wales indlela yokubamba ama-endrum ngokuya enqoqwelwe ngokuqondile. I-endham yokuqala e-meyameyamenday ye-aunt yaqala ukuba yenze ngo-UK (ngaphandle kweLondon) yakhethwa ngo-2002] ngo----2002 [FFFOK].[FFOT]

Phakathi kuka-2002 no-2020, idlanzana lamanye amadolobha namadolobha lalandela, kuhlanganise ne-Hartlepool, uDoncaster, ne-North Tyneside. Lokhu kuhlola kwakuqala kwakhanga imithombo yezindaba, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yabalingiswa abanombala abavelayo, njengoRay Mallon (owayeyisikhulu samaphoyisa sakhetha umphathi wedolobha ophakathi) noStuart Drummond (owayegijima njenge-"H’Shus Monkerque" futhi wawina eHarplepool). Umlando oxubile walakhangisayo walathiwe yi-mfortsss , njengoRay Mallon (ommarn' (owaye isikhulu samaphoyisa sangaphambili sasephakathi kwedolobha esinendawo ephakathi) nowolishiwe yasozwa impikiswano engapheli empikiswano.

Isimiso Sanamuhla Se - mayoral: Imizila Emibili

Namuhla, i-UK isebenzisa izimiso ezimbili ezihlukene ze- ukhetho . Eyokuqala, imeya yesifunda-meya wesifunda [, ihlala ihlelile emadolobheni amaningi nasemadolobheni amancane. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, umphathi we-meya ukhethwa unyaka ngamunye ngomkhandlu phakathi kwamalungu awo. Indima igxile kakhulu emihlanganweni yesihlalo, ifunda izenzakalo zomphakathi, futhi imele umphakathi. Amameya e-Ceremoney anawo amandla ombuso, futhi ukhetho lwabo ngokuvamile luyindawo esemthethweni yeqembu elingenazinhlangothi noma ingxenye yesiphambano.

Ama - maya Ahlelwe Ngokuqondile

Isimiso sesibili, esikhethwe ngokuqondile umeya wedolobha , manje usebenza enanini elandayo lamadolobha amakhulu futhi ahlangene. Lamameya akhethwa ngemvume ethandwayo futhi agcine amandla abalulekile kuhulumeni wendawo, kuhlanganise nokuhlela uhlelo lwemali, uhlelo lwezezimali, ukuthutha, indawo yokuhlala, nentuthuko yezomnotho. Omameya abakhethwe ngokuqondile bakhonza izinqumo ezimisiwe zeminyaka emine, futhi okhetho babo baqhutshwa ngokusebenzisa isimiso se-SPremittery Vote (noma, ngenxa yeziphathimandla ezihlangene, uguquko lwesimiso sokuqala se-Practer Post).

Isibonelo esivelele kakhulu yi- May yaseLondon, eyamiswa yi-Greater Authority Act 1999. Ukhetho lokuqala lwaqhutshwa ngoMay 2000, Ken Livingstone[ wawina njengomtapo ozimele. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-London Meyaralty iye yaba enye yamahhovisi akhetheke kakhulu e-UK, ngokulawula imali egcwele i-pound, i-Metropolitan Police, i-Police yeLondon, i-transportast. Impumelelo yemeoperation, i-Living, [[FLT:][FF] [FFF], [FT], [FT] [6] [FT]

Abaqondisi Begunya Abahlangene

Ngemva kwempumelelo yesibonelo saseLondon, uhulumeni wandisa umbono kameya okhethwe ngokuqondile emagunyeni ahlangene − amaqembu emikhandlu esebenza ndawonye ezindabeni ezingokomthetho. Amametro abaphathi bedolobha bakhethwa ngo-2017 ezindaweni ezihlanganisa i-Greater Manchester, iLiverpool City Rearence, iNtshona Midlands, ne-Tees Valley. La mameya anamandla okuhamba, amasu, izindlu, nentuthuko yezomnotho yezifunda zawo. Ngokulandelayo ahlanganisa iNtshona yeNgilandi (2017), i-Cambridgeshire ne-Peterborcough (2017), kanye ne-Yorkey ne-North Yorkshirey (2024).

Ukhetho lwamameya omeyala luye lwanconywa ngokubonakala okukhuphukayo kwesifunda nokukhanga ukutshala imali, kodwa abagxeki baphawula i-voti ephansi (kaningi cishe 30%) futhi badidekile uma kuqhathaniswa nabaholi bemikhandlu kanye nama-MP. Kodwa, ukuthambekela komameya abakhethwe ngokuqondile kuyaqhubeka, ngohulumeni ocabangela ukukhomba ngokunye ukukhomba ngenkani efuna ukuba i-arevolution.

Ithonya Ebuthweni Lendawo Nentando Yeningi

Ukushintshela kubaphathi bamameya abakhethwe ngokuqondile kuye kwaba nethonya elingenakugwenywa ekubuseni kwendawo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi kunikeza ukulandisa okucacile : abavoti bazi ukuthi ubani obolekisa noma onecala ngezinqumo, futhi umphathi-meya angasiphula i-interria ukuze aqhube ushintsho. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi wedolobha omkhulu waseManchester uye wasebenzisa amandla ahlukene ukuze adale isimiso se-"bhamu franchis" nokuhlanganisa ukusabela esikhungweni se-COVID-19. Umeyalomeya we-Valley ulwele ukuba athole isikhundla esikhululekileyo nemisebenzi enziswayo.

Nokho, isimiso sibuye sibe nezinkinga. Ukugcwala kwamandla kumuntu oyedwa kungalulaza indima yamakhekhekhe futhi kwakhe indlela "ephambili" yezombangazwe edumaza ukubambisana. Abagxeki bakhomba izenzakalo lapho amameya eye aphikisana nabaholi bemikhandlu noma imibono yokuphikiswa, okuholela ekumangalelweni kokungalawuleki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kwendlela enamandla yokuhlola ngaphakathi noma yokukhumbula (ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile) kusho ukuthi umphathi-meya ongathandwayo akanakususwa phakathi nenkathi ethile ngaphandle kwesenzo esibizayo sePhalamende.

Ngokwe- ukhetho olusemthethweni , ukhetho lomphathi-maya lubona njalo ukuthatha uhlangothi okuphansi kunokhetho oluvamile, nakuba ngokuvamile ludlula ukhetho lomkhandlu wendawo. Ukhetho lwaseLondon lwe-arenaral lwaqopha i- 42%, uma kuqhathaniswa no-60% kukhetho oluvamile. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi nakuba ukhetho lwemeya lukhanga, basabhekene nenselele ekusebenziseni ukhetho oluphelele.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo: I - Mayoralty YaseLondon

Imeya yaseLondon inikeza umfanekiso ocacile wendlela amameya akhethwe ngokuqondile aye abuye abusa ngayo. Kusukela ngo 2000, imeya ngayinye iye yaletha uhlelo oluhlukile nezimiso ezihleliwe. UKen Livingstone wasungula ukudilikelwa kwe-oyster khadi, futhi wathola imali engcono yokuxhasa i-Crosster Lolesbourne. Boris Johnson walawula ama-Olympic, wandisa umjikelezo we-oclympics, futhi wandisa icebo lokuqasha, futhi wandisa izindiza. Usadiq Khan uye wagxila ezindaweni zokuhlala ezingenakushenxiba, izinga lomoya (i-Ultray Eugsaugce Sone), kanye nentuthuko kwezothutho zomphakathi.

Amagunya omkhandlu we-London anamandla kodwa awanamkhawulo. I-London Assembly ihlola futhi ingalungisa uhlelo lwemali ngenani eliyisithathu somphakathi. Izindawo eziningi zenqubo, njengemfundo nokunakekela umphakathi, zihlala nabaphathi bezindawo. Lengxenye yemithwalo yemfanelo ngezinye izikhathi iye yabangela izingxabano, ikakhulukazi ezinhlanganweni zezindlu nezinqumo zokuhlela. Nokho imeya iye yaqinisekisa ukuqina: zonke izinqumo ezine zeLondon eziye zaphumelela, futhi ihhovisi liye laba isikhungo esihloniphekile nesihlonishwayo.

Imikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo Ekukhetheni Kwemisebe Ye - mayoral

Uma ubheka phambili, ukuthambekela okuningana kungahlela ikusasa likakhetho ku-UK. Okokuqala, ukwanda kwe-metro methoraor kubonakala kuqhubekeka, lapho uhulumeni ehlola izivumelwano zoguquko zezindawo ezinjengoHampshire, Suflant, ne-Cmbria. Lokhu kudinga ukudalwa kukameya okhethwe ngokuqondile njengesimo sezimali negunya. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba kube nempikiswano yokuthi izivumelwano ezinjalo ziphoqelele yini ukuba isakhiwo esinentelezi esingafanele ezindaweni ezingamukelekiyo sikhethelwe ukuhola.

Okwesibili, isimiso somshini sabaphathi bamameya asaqhubeka sixoxwa. I-SPRIME Vote (SV), esetshenziselwa omeya abaningi abakhethwe ngokuqondile, yathathelwa indawo i-First Past Post (FPPP) yabalawuli abahlangene ngemva komthetho wobu-2022 Evolutions Act. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-FPTP izingozi zokuveza abawini ngokusekela okungaphansi kuka-50% nokuthi isimiso esinesilinganiso esingaphezulu (njenge-Foff Oyedwa Vote edluliswayo) singandisa ukufaneleka. Akukho hulumeni osekwenzile ushintsho olunjalo.

Okwesithathu, impikiswano nge [[FLT: 0] yamandla ezindawo iyaqhubeka. Abanye abameleli babiza "ummeya" ukuba abe namandla okukhokha intela (njengentela yeholo yendawo noma izinga lebhizinisi) ukuxhasa imisebenzi yendawo. Abanye baxwayisa ukuthi ukunikeza izikhulu eziphezulu kakhulu kungandisa ukungalingani kwesifunda. I-Specting Up White Paper (2022) ithembisa "ukukhokha nokunweba" kodwa intuthuko iye yahamba kancane.

Ekugcineni, umphathi-maduzane ubhekene nekusasa elingaqinisekile. Nakuba amadolobha amaningi namadolobha ewazisa kakhulu lelisiko, kunokucindezela okukhulayo kokulawula lesi simiso noma ukuqeda indima, ikakhulukazi njengemikhandlu elwayo nemali. Abanye baye bathatha indawo yemeya yemikhosi nge-"i-apilor of countain" (umphathi wenhlangano owengamele imihlangano ngaphandle kwesihloko), bengakhokhi izindleko zezingubo nezenzakalo zomphakathi. Abanye baye bagcina isikhundla kodwa basenza sacaca ukuthi asisona isizinda sezwe, sijikeleza phakathi kwamalungu onke.

Umbono Wangaphandle Nokuqhathaniswa

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-UK ngokhetho lwe-meyal kungaqhathaniswa namanye amazwe. E-United States, amameya akhethwe ngokuqondile ayisiko emadolobheni amakhulu, ngokuvamile anemibuso emikhulu ne-veto enamandla. EJalimane, amameya akhethwa ngokuvota okuqondile okuthandwayo emazweni amaningi, ngemibandela efinyelela eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili. IFrance ibilokhu ikhethwe ngokuqondile kusukela kumthetho kamasipala wo 1884, futhi umphathi wedolobha waseParis ungumuntu onamandla. UK wabolekwe amalungu azo zonke lezimiso kodwa wasungula isampula ehlukile engokohlobo oluhlukile, ihlanganisa amasiko emikhosini ephakeme yanamuhla.

Isiphetho

Umlando nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kokhetho lukamameya eUnited Kingdom kubonisa uhambo olude kusukela ekukhetheni okuphakeme kuya ekulandiseni. Imeya yenkathi ephakathi, eyakhethwa yizinhlanu ezimbalwa zeburgesses, yathathelwa indawo yinguquko yekhulu le-19 eyasungula ukhetho olungaqondile ngokhetho olugunyaziwe ngemikhandlu ekhethwe ngamazambane. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka yaletha abameleli bokuqala abakhethwe ngokuqondile, futhi ikhulu lama-21 liye labona ukwanda ngokushesha kwesibonelo ezikhulwini ezihlangene.

Namuhla, ukhetho lwe-UK's luyingxube yemikhosi yasendulo nesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi sanamuhla. Imeya yemikhosi isalokhu ingumphakathi othandwayo emiphakathini eminingi, kuyilapho umphathi-dolobha okhethwe ngokuqondile eseye waba yisikhundla sezombangazwe esinamandla eLondon, eManchester, eNtshona yeMidlands, nangaphandle. Njengoba uguquko luqhubeka nezimpikiswano zokulawula kwendawo, ukhetho lwesikhulu luyohlala luyinqubo eyisisekelo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi bendawo bakhethwa abantu, futhi bayalandisa kubantu abakhonza kubo.

Inselele eqhubekayo iwukulinganisela isidingo somholi oqinile nobonakalayo nezimiso zokuhlanganyela kwe- yentando yeningi, umehluko, kanye amasheke nezilinganiso [. Indaba yokhetho lwemeya ku-UK ikude kakhulu, ibhalwe nge-bolot nganye ephonswe.

[[Umthetho:0] Isixhumanisi se-External:[[[Umthetho:1]