IRaje Sabra, eyaziwa ngokomthetho njengoMkhandlu wase-United States, isebenza njengendlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya le-bidamaral. Kunokuyiwo nje umcimbi wenkolo, inendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho wesizwe, ekulondolozeni izimiso zikahulumeni, nasekunikezeni indawo ephezulu yokuhlela. Umlando wayo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhlobene kakhulu nesisekelo sentando yeningi yamaNdiya, kubonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya eliphakathi nezwe, kanye nesidingo segumbi elinobuningi elidalula idolo likaLok Sabba.

Umsuka Nomshini Wokunyathelisa Womthetho - sisekelo

Impikiswano Yomhlangano Eshubile

Umqondo wegumbi lesibili eNdiya wawungaphikisani. Phakathi nokuhlelwa koMthetho-sisekelo, uMnumshi waphikisana kakhulu ngokuthi isakhiwo sikahulumeni sasidinga igumbi elimelela amazwe, ukuqamba, namandla endlu ephezulu. Izinombolo eziyinhloko njengoDkt. B.Ambedhar, Gopal Swayyar, ne K.Munshi waphikisana ngokuthi isakhiwo sikahulumeni sasidinga igumbi elimelela amazwe, ngokuphawulekayo njenge-U.S. iSigele noma iNdluwa yamakhosi. Bakholelwa ukuthi indlu ephansi ekhethwe ngokuqondile (iLokhahaha) yayizothambekele ekufuneni i-populist, kanye negumbi elideliter, elikhethwe ngokunyeleleka, lingasebenza ngendlela ehlolwayo, njengokuhlola ngokucophelela. Nokho, i-S. i-S.

Ukuqalisa Kwezinhlangano Ngo - 1952

IRajiya Sabra yahlala okokuqala ngo-13 May 1952, ePhalamende eNdlu eNew Delhi. Ekuqaleni, indlu yayinamalungu angu-216, ayemelela amazwe nezindawo zokuhlangana, enamalungu ambalwa aneziqu ezimbalwa. Usihlalo wokuqala kwakunguDkt. S. Radhakrishnan, owayekhonza futhi njengoMphathi weSikhululi waseNdiya (ongaphambili owayehlala ezindaweni zokuhlangana). Iminyaka yasekuqaleni yayiphawuleka ngomoya wokwakha nokuhlobana, namalungu ayethathwe emazingeni ahlukene (izazi zesayensi yezomnotho, izazi zezomnotho, isayensi, nezobuciko. Lokhu kwakwahlukahlukahluka komsebenzi kwakuwumklamo wendlu ongase ungabi nawo umsebenzi endlini ephansi kakhulu yezombangazwe.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nezakhiwo

Ukuhlelwa Kwendlela Yokukhetha

ISiphakamiso 80 soMthendeleko we-India sisho ukuthi i-Raje Sabha yakhiwa i-Austin. Lokhu kuvota okungaqondile kungamalungu angu-250: abameleli bezifundazwe namazwe ahlangene, kanye namalungu angu-12 amiswa nguMongameli. Abameleli bahulumeni bakhethwa amalungu akhethiwe ezinhlangano ze-propatitistion ngokusebenzisa isimiso esisodwa sokuvota esidluliselwa ngokulingana. Lokhu kukhetha okungaqondile kuqinisekisa ukuthi iRajiya Sabba iveza isimo sezombangazwe sohulumeni kunokuba sibonise ivoti ethandwa kakhulu yisizwe, imelelwe futhi amalungu ezwe ezwe esizwe, nakuba kunezihlalo ezimbalwa ezidluliselwe, u-Delhian no-Pucherry bangabamele abanye kanti abanye abanaso.

Inkulumo, Ukuthatha Umhlalaphansi Ngokungafanele, Nokuzitika

Ngokungafani neLok Sabha, encibilikiswa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu (ngaphandle kokuba i-Rajiya Sabha i-parted, i-Rabya Sabha iyigumbi elihlala njalo. Amalungu asebenza ngokunyakaza iminyaka eyisithupha, ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamalungu athatha umhlala-mzabalazo njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lomklamo uqinisekisa ukuthi nakuba isimo sezombangazwe sezwe singashintsha, iRajiya Sabba igcina inkumbulo nokuzinza. Kusho futhi ukuthi uhulumeni wosuku awuvamile ukuyala iningi leRajiya Sabbaha, ikakhulukazi uma senziwe ngemfa yombathisi engalawuli isifunda sesifunda. Lokhu kwakhiwa kuyisicici sesimiso sombuso.

Amalungu Akhethiwe

UMongameli uveza amalungu angu-12 eRaje Sabha avela kubantu abanolwazi olukhethekile noma okuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo ezincwadini, isayensi, ubuciko, nenkonzo yezenhlalo. Leli lungiselelo, eliphefumlelwe iSigele sase-Ireland neSigodlo samaLords saseBrithani, lihlose ukuletha abantu abavelele enqubeni yomthetho. Itshe elikhombayo liye lahlanganisa umdwebi wamafilimu uShabana Azmi, isazi sezezomnotho u-Artwa Sen, intatheli wezindaba uRajadefie Sarsesai, nomdlali Jaya Bachchan. Nokho, amandla okungagunya kwamakhosi ngezinye izikhathi aye agxekwa ngokusetshenziswa komvuzo kwezombangazwe noma kweqembu elithembekile kunokuba ochwepheshe beze.

Imisebenzi yamandla ne - “social ”

Indima Yomthetho

Umsebenzi oyinhloko weRaje Sabba ukuhlolwa nokuqeda izikweletu ezidluliswa yi-Lok Sabhaha. Nakuba i-Lok Sabhaha isho okokugcina ezikweletini zemali (i-Artle 110), i-Rajiya Sabhaha ingazibambezela izinsuku ezingengaphezu kwengu-14. Izikweletu ezivamile, i-Rajanya Sabha ingayamukela, i-ante, noma inqabe; uma inqaba isikwenqabela isikwele, ukuhlala kwazo zombili izindlu kungahlanganiswa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 108 ukuze kulungiswe i-stiki. Ngokuzijwayelo, ukuhlala komfelana kuyinto engavamile ngo-2002 (i-200) ukuvikelwa kwe-Cherbes Act (POTA). URajanhahaha unamandla okuqala ukusungulwa kwemali (nglnln refertial Act) nemithetho eminingi eminingi ye-Act (evition) futhi njengoMthetho we-Fod Act) e-National Act.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Namandla Akhethekile

I-Raje Sabra ijabulela amandla alinganayo ne-Lok Sabha in Sumplified for the Constitution. Ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kumelwe kudluliswe ngobukhulu obubili bezindlu zombili (ngokuhlukanisa okungenani ingxenye yezindlu zomthetho zesizwe ekulungiseni izakhiwo ezithile). Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi indlu ephezulu, emelela amazwe, inesisho esisekelwe ezinguqulweni eziyisisekelo zesakhiwo sikazwelonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Rajaya Sabbaha ingadlulisa isinqumo ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 312 ukuze kusungulwe iNkonzo Yonke YaseNdiya, njengayo yonke Inkonzo Yehlathi, noma ukudlulisa izihloko kuLuhlu Lwezwe kuLuhlu lweNhlangano yezwe (Phaka Isigaba 249) ethakazelweni lwesizwe. Ngokungaphezulu, i-Sabha i-Sabha ingena.

Amandla Emali (Ngaphandle Kwamabhuloho Emali)

Nakuba izimali ziyindawo ekhethekile yeLok Sabha, iRaje Sabha ingaphikisana ngokusetshenziswa kwemali kwaminyaka yonke kanye nomthetho wezimali. Ingatusa, kodwa indlu ephansi ayisoze yazimukela. Nokho, iRajiya Sabhaha inendima ekuhloleni amakomiti emali (enjengeKomiti ye-Public Accounts Komiti (i-8is), njengoba amalungu ayo amaningi ekhonza kula maqembu aqondisa.

Ukulandisa Nokuphatha

Amalungu eRajiya Sabra angabuza abefundisi, ashukumise izinqumo, futhi ahlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokubaluleka komphakathi. Indlu inamandla okungamgunyaza uMongameli, isuse amajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme neNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi ivume ukumiswa kwezikhulu ezithile zomthetho-sisekelo (umz., i Comptroller noPuncilper General ifuna ukuba zombili izindlu zihlatshwe ngokusemthethweni). Nokho, iRajiya Sabha ayikwazi ukudlulisa ivoti yokungamela uhulumeni, njengoba i-Councilton of Ministry inomthwalo wokuzisela iLok Sabra (Artle 75) kuphela.

Ubuhlobo NeLok Sabha

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwalezi zindlu ezimbili bubonakala ngokuzimela nokuvimbela igumbi. I-Lok Sabha ibhekwa njengegumbi elinamandla kakhulu ngenxa yokulawula kwayo izikweletu zemali, ukuthatha kwayo izinyawo zokuqiniseka, nokhetho lwayo oluqondile abantu. IRajiya Sabha, nakuba ilingana ezindabeni eziningi zomthetho, iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yindawo yokuzimela nokuvimbela. Abahlaziyi bezombangazwe bavame ukuchaza iRajiya Sabba njengegumbi lokuhlola imali" elivumela ukucubukiswa ngokujulile. Nokho, uma iqembu elilodwa noma isivumelwano silawula zombili izindlu, iRayya Shabyaha inci iyancipha. Ngokuphambene, uma ukuphikiswa kuphethe iningi le-Rajaya Shabbab, kungaphumelela ukuchaza i-gaspalm kahulumeni kusukela ngo-199090.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Nezinguquko Ezinkulu

Ukulwa neDefection kanye nePhakathi (1970s-19980s)

Isethulo soMthetho wokuHlanza iShedyuli yeTentith (Anti-Defefera) ngo- 1985 sathinta kakhulu iSichibiyelo samashumi amahlanu eSichibiyelo se-Rajeya Sabba. Sahlose ukunqanda ukuphambuka kwezombangazwe ngokunqanda amalungu ayeshiya iqembu lawo ngokuzithandela noma angazange alalele amabhukwe eqembu elithile. Nakuba umthetho wanciphisa ukuvuleka komthetho, futhi wanciphisa ukuzimela kukaRajiya Sabba, wabahlanganisa eduze kakhulu nemigqa. Impikiswano endlini yaba nomphumela wokwehluleka ukumelana namasondo akhululekile nomthetho.

Izinguquko Zokubona Kahle Nezobuhlanya (2003)

Ekuqaleni kwawo- 2000, i-Raje Sabra yasungula izinguquko eziningana ukuze ithuthukise ukubonakala nokulandisa. Lezi zenzo zahlanganisa ukuvunjululwa okuphoqelelwe kwempahla nezikweleti ezibangelwa amalungu, imithetho eqinile yokuziphatha phakathi nomthetho, nokumiswa kweKomiti ye-Ethics. Ikomiti yokuqala yamiswa ngo-1997, kodwa yazuza amazinyo ngemva kwezinguquko zo 2003. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwalezi zinyathelo kuye kwangatshazwa, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwempoqo "cash yokubuza" ihlazo ngo-2006 lapho amalungu amaningana ebanjwa ngekhamera ukuze athole imali yokubuza imibuzo endlini.

Izimpikiswano Ngokuma Nokumelela

Izimemezelo zokuguqula ukwakheka kukaRajiya Sabba zivela ezindaweni eziningi. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi inani lezihlalo ezweni ngalinye kufanele lihlanganiswe nezakhamuzi, njengoba kunjalo ngeLok Sabhaha, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-parence elinganayo. Abanye batusa ukukhethwa okuqondile kukaRajiya Sabba amalungu abantu, ngokufanayo neSigeqe sase-US, ukuthuthukisa ukulandisa ngentando yeningi. Isicelo esinesizotha kakhulu siwukwehlisa ubukhulu bendlu noma ukusungula igama elimisiwe le-Vice-Piernt (imperentson). Njengoba kungu-2025, lezimpikiswano zihlala zingaphenduli, kanye nohulumeni ovame ukuqaphela izinguquko zokwakha ezingaphazamisa ukulinganisela kombuso.

Intuthuko yamuva (2010-2025)

I-Raje Sabra iye yabhekana nokugxekwa okwandayo ngenxa yokuphazamiseka phakathi nezenzakalo zangonyaka ka-2010, ngokuguquguquka okuvamile okuholela ekulahlekelweni isikhathi esizuzisayo. Ekuphenduleni, indlu yasungula izinyathelo ezinjengezaziso eziphambili zemibuzo, ukugcinwa okuqinile kwehora, nokumiswa kwamakomiti azimele azimeleyo (ahlola cishe zonke iziphakamiso ngaphambi kokudlula. Ukusetshenziswa "i-gullotine" ukunyakaza kokudlulisa izikwele ngaphandle kwengxoxo kuye kwanda kakhulu, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokukhukhuleka kwemisebenzi ka-javya Sabha's delibra. Ohlangothini oluhle, lendlu iye yabona ukunyuka ezingxoxweni ezikhethekile, njengalezo ezishintsha isimo sezulu, isimiso somkhathi, isimiso sobuchwepheshe, ukuveza indima yayo njengeqembu lengxoxo.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Ama - partisan Stalemate Nesimiso Sokufundisa

Enye yezinsolo eziphikelela kakhulu ukuthi iRajiya Sabha isiyindawo yokuvimbela ukunqanda. Ohulumeni abangenayo iningi endlini ephezulu bavame ukuthola ukuthi uhlelo lwabo lokushaya umthetho luvaliwe, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwemithetho (Artle 123) noma amaqembu ahlangene. Ukuphikiswa, nakho, kusola uhulumeni wokudlulisa indlu noma ukusebenzisa iningi layo lemithetho yokulawula izimpikiswano. Le gricklock ilulaza injongo yeRajaya Sabhaha njenge-avha edensi.

Ukuntuleka Kwemvume Yentando Yeningi Nokulandisa

Ngoba amalungu kaRaje Sabba akhethwa ngokungaqondile ngemihlangano yesifundazwe, awagunyaziwe ngokuqondile ngabantu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kubenza bangabekeli cala futhi bangangeni kakhulu kubaqondisi beqembu. Isimiso sokhetho esishaqisayo sisho futhi ukuthi ozovota angase akhethe igama elithatha iminyaka eyisithupha ngisho noma iqembu labo lingalahlekelwa ukhetho olulandelayo lwezwe, oluholela ekutheni "intengo yentando yeningi". I-Nominees, ikakhulukazi, iye yabekwa icala lokuba abahleli bezombangazwe kunokuba babe ochwepheshe abazimele.

Ukuphumelela Kokuhlola

Naphezu kwendima yayo engokomthetho-mthetho njengegumbi lokulungisa, iRajiya Sabra ivame ukuhluleka ukuhlola imibandela ngokucophelela. Izikweletu eziningi zidluliswa ngaphandle kwempikiswano enengqondo, futhi isimiso sekomiti (*) asithuthuki (awunakusebenza) endlini. Isikhathi esivamile esichithwa emthetho eRajiya Sabhaha siye sancipha phakathi neminyaka eminingi, sibangela ukukhathazeka ngokuncipha kwezinga laso lomthetho. Umbiko ka-PRS Legislative Research waphawula ukuthi izindleko ezingaphezu kuka-25% zemali eshumini leminyaka elidlule zadlula ngaphandle kwengxoxo eRajiya Sabha.

Isiphetho: Ukuhoxa Okuqhubekayo KweRaje Sabra

IRaje Sabra iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo ekuqaleni kwawo kuma-1950. Iye yabhekana nezinkinga zezombangazwe, yazivumelanisa nezombangazwe ezihlangeneyo, futhi yasinda izicelo zokuqedwa kwazo. Nakuba ikude nokuphelela, ihlala iyinsika ebalulekile ye-demokrati yaseNdiya. Indima yayo njengommeleli wezithakazelo zikahulumeni, umgcini wezomthetho wezemfundo, nokuhlola umthetho ngokuphamazela kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili enkathini yokushintsha ngokushesha kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Izinguquko zenza kube ngcono ukuqinisa isimiso sekomiti, ukuveza imingcele, nokungavumelani nempikiswano. Umlando we-Ragya Sabba ungesona nje isici esingapheli senqubo yephalamende; iyindaba yendlela intsha eyakhelwe ngayo futhi ikwazi ukubusa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i- Constitution of India eMkhandlwini wase-States, uSans Saliad (Impinda yaseNdiya) – Rajya Sabba, nemibiko engokweziphelo ye-PRS Legislative Research[[ esebenzayo endlini ephezulu.