Isingeniso: Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lentsha YaseMelika

Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala liyi-comments ingumthetho waseMelika. Akuyona nje inqubo engokomthetho kodwa ukubonakaliswa okujulile kokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Kusukela ekuvimbeleni ukucindezelwa kwemibuso yamaNgisi kuya ezinkantolo zanamuhla, ukumiswa kwekomiti yejaji kuye kwaqala ngokuphawulekayo, kubonisa ushintsho olungokomthetho komuntu ozokhonza, indlela izakhamuzi ezikhethwa ngayo, nokuthi yimaphi amalungelo amajaji avikelayo. Ukuqonda lomlando kubalulekile ekuqapheleni umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi izigidi zamaMelika ezibizwa ukuba ziwufeze unyaka ngamunye. Lesi sihloko siveza uhambo lwejaji lomsebenzi wemisebenzi yasendulo esuka ezindaweni zalo eU.S.

Imvelaphi KaJury Duty: Isuka Emizini Yasendulo Iya EMagna Carta

Umqondo wokuthi abantu abavamile abahlanganyela ezinqumweni zomthetho baqala ngaphambi kwe-United States ngezinkulungwane zeminyaka. E-Athene yasendulo, izigebengu ezinkulu zezakhamuzi (kaningi amakhulu) zanquma kokubili amacala obugebengu nawomphakathi, ukuququlisa idemokrasi ngokuqondile. IRiphabliki yamaRoma futhi yasebenzisa amajaji (quaestes pertue) amacala omphakathi angathi sína. Nokho, ukhokhokhokho wejala-jaji lanamuhla laseMelika yijaji laseNgilandi, elavela phakathi neNkathi yeNkathi Ephakathi.

Ngemva kweNorman Consolation ka- 1066, amasiko obufakazi asendaweni ahlangana ne-indests yasebukhosini. Ngekhulu leshumi nanye leshumi nanye, iNkosi uHenry II yasungula i- "asize," isimiso lapho amadoda endawo afungela khona ukubika ngobugebengu nezingxabano. Lokhu kwashintsha kwaba izindikimba ezimbili ezihlukene: amajaji amakhulu (okuthi izigi zamacala) kanye nabahluleli abakhululekileyo (okunquma ukuthi banecala noma ukungabi nacala ekuqulweni). Isinqumo esinzima safika ngo-1215 ngeMagna Carta. [[FLT:]] Clause 39[FLT: yencwadi yemvume yaleli komiti [igesa]] iMelikan:[3] inxusa ngokuqondile ukuba umuntu abophelwe noma aphulwe impahla yakhe "ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe."""") — Lesi simiso sontanga sontanga sontanga somphakathi senkululeko se-Ang.[3] [irg.]

Naphezu kwendima yayo eyisisekelo, izijaji zamaNgisi zakuqala zazingahlanganisiwe neze. Abagcini bezindawo ngokuvamile babengabesilisa, futhi babevame ukukhethwa ngoba kakade babewazi amaqiniso alelicala — besebenza kakhulu njengofakazi kunabahluleli abangathathi hlangothi. Kwakuzothatha amakhulu eminyaka ukuze kuthathwe ukungakhethi.

Inkonzo YamaJury EMelika Eyikoloni

Lapho izifiki zaseNgilandi zifika eNyakatho Melika, zafika nesimiso sabahluleli. Amakoloni ayeqinisekisa njalo ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala. Ngokwesibonelo, iMassachusetts Body of Liberties [1641] ukuqulwa kwecala elivikelweyo, futhi amanye amakoloni alandela isudi. AmaJuries ekoloni aba ithuluzi elinamandla lokumelana negunya lobukhosi. Lapho izikhulu zaseBrithani zizama ukuphoqa imithetho engathandeki — njenge-Stamp Act okanye i-Sugar Act — amakoloni ayenqaba ukubeka icala lamanye amakoloni awo. Lokhu "ukugculisa i-jast" futhi zaba yindawo yokuvukela.

ISimemezelo senkululeko ngokwaso sabala ukunqatshwa kwecala labahluleli njengesikhalo ngokumelene neNkosi uGeorge III: "Ukusincisha ezimweni eziningi, izinzuzo zokuqulwa kwecala nguJury" eminyakeni yangaphambi kwempi, imihlangano yamakoloni yakhipha izinqumo zokuqinisekisa ukungalungi kwamajaji. Inkonzo kaJury yabonwa njengelungelo nje kuphela kodwa njengesibopho sezakhamuzi ezikhululekile, isheke egunyeni lezikhulu nelahlulelo.

I - Constitution Foundation: Ukwenza Isiqinisekiso Sesizwe

Ngemva kwenkululeko, oFata Abasungulwayo babhekana nenselele yokusungula i-Jury. Lokhu kwasebenza kuphela emacaleni omthetho omthetho ophethe nenkululeko yendawo. Nokho, abashisekeli abaningi be-Anti-Féderalins bagunyaza ngo-1788, bakhuluma ngecala labahluleli eSigqeni III, Ingxenye 2: "Icala Lomthetho Wazo Zonke Izenzo, ngaphandle kweCaseCase of Impeacement, lizoba nguJury." Lokhu kwasebenza kuphela emacaleni obugebengu obusemthethweni. Nokho, abalweli be-Anti-Féderalins babesaba ukuthi uhulumeni omusha oyinhloko wawuzokwehlisa isimiso sokwahlulela.

ISixte Amendment (1791) yaqinisekisa ngokucacile ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, ngokuqulwa kwecala okungakhethi loMbuso nesifunda lapho ubugebengu buyobe senziwe khona. ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa [[ sandisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni ezicabeni zomphakathi lapho isambathiswa khona edlula amaR18. Le mpikiswano yayihloselwe ukuvikela izakhamuzi ekuphathweni futhi iqinisekise ukuthi zihlanganyela emphakathini ekuqondiseni kobulungisa. Njengoba u-Aleksand Hamilton abhala ku-[FLT:] Faderast No.[3] [FLT] [FLD:3], ukuqulwa kwecala kungu-"ukhuseleko ekungcolisenisweni noma ekuhoxiweni kokonakala komthetho kumajaji."""

Kodwa uMthetho - sisekelo washiya imininingwane eminingi ingakaphendulwa: Ubani owayekufanelekele ukukhonza?

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ekhulwini Le - 19: Ukwandisa IChibi LaseJury

Kuwo wonke iminyaka yawo-1800, isimiso sabahluleli sathola izinguquko ezinkulu ezibangelwa ukuguqulwa kwesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi, ukunqanyulwa kwenhlangano, nokuncishiswa kwabesifazane. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, iningi lamazwe lilinganisela inkonzo yamajaji kubamhlophe, abanikazi bempahla noma abakhokheli bentela. Icebo laliwukuthi amadoda kuphela anezi "thathile emphakathini" angakhetha. Kodwa njengoba abavoti benwebe — ngokususwa kancane kancane kwempahla yemfanelo yokuvota — ithekuvota landisa futhi iqoqo labahluleli elihlanganisa bonke abamhlophe abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-21.

Inkathi yangemva kweMpi yeSikhathi yaletha ushintsho oluphawulekayo: ukufakwa kwama-Afrikan America ezijajini. UMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi ka-1875 wenqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekukhethweni kwejaji, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme Straunder v. iVirginia[FLT] [[FLT]] [1880] yanquma ukuthi ukukhipha abantu abamnyama ejahedeni kwaphula iSivikeli esilinganayo seSiphendulo se-145. Nokho, ukugcinwa kwemithetho kwakubuthakathaka, futhi amazwe amaningi aseNingizimu aqhubeka ehlukanisa izakhamuzi zabaNsundu ngokuhlola ukufunda ukufunda, ukukhokha intela, kanye nayo yonke intela emhlophe. Yayithatha izivumelwano zeNkakhulu lamaZwela ekhulu lama-20 ukuze inqanyukshayise.

Enye intuthuko yeshumi elinesithathu leminyaka yayiwukwenza kube nokuhlelwa kwe kwamandla anzima — inqubo yokubuza abamele ukuba abagcini bejaji ukuze baqinisekise ukungakhethi. Nakuba lomkhuba wawunezimpande zasendulo, waba ngosungulwe ngokwengeziwe ezinkantolo zaseMelika phakathi nalenkathi. Abahluleli nabameli basebenzisa i-voir kabi kakhulu ukuhlukanisa ubandlululo, kodwa futhi wavula nomnyango wokulawula izinselele (amajaji ngaphandle kwesizathu), kamuva okwaba yimpikiswano. U.S. inkantolo ichaza inqubo yanamuhla enzima njengenzima yokuhlola i-panelselves.[FLT]

Intuthuko Yekhulu Lama - 20: Izinguquko Zamalungelo Omphakathi Nezici Zophawu

Ikhulu lama - 20 leminyaka laliyinkathi yokuguqulwa okukhulu kakhulu kwesabelo samajaji eMelika. Izimo ezintathu eziyinhloko zalungisa kabusha lesi sikhungo: ukuqedwa kobandlululo olungokomthetho, ukuvela kwesayensi yezenhlalo ekukhetheni abahluleli, nokwanda kwendima yabasizi ekumangalelweni komphakathi.

Ukuqeda Ubulili Nobandlululo Lobuhlanga Enkonzweni YobuJudiya

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1900, izifundazwe eziningi zazisalokhu zikhipha abesifazane emsebenzini wokuqupha, noma zibavumela ukuba bakhethe ngokuzikhandla okuncane. Isizathu sasiwukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko wabesifazane wawusekhaya futhi babengenawo amandla ngenxa yezimo ezinzima zenkantolo. Ukuhamba kwabesifazane, nokho, kwaphikisa ukuthi ukuvota nenkonzo yamajaji kwakuyimisebenzi yezezesizwe engakhethi. Ngemva kweSiphendulo se 19 (1920) sanika abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota, ukucindezela okukhushukela ukuba bahlanganise izintambo. Ngama-1940, izimemezelo eziningi zazidlulise imithetho evumela abesifazane ukuba bakhonze, kodwa ngokuvamile ngokukhulula okwenziwa ukukhululwa kwabo okukhululekile. [FLD: 0] INkantolo ephakeme ekugcineni yabusa [[F:] [FLT] [125] [12] eqekeliswe ngokulandelana kwe-Genearse-Exption.[3]

Ubandlululo lohlanga lwabonakala lugxile ngisho nangokwengeziwe. I-Civil Rights Movement yahlasela bonke abamhlophe njengesibonakaliso sokungabi nabulungisa kwaseNingizimu. [[FLT]] ivimbela ukucwaswa kwemithetho yamaLungelo ka-1964 ezicini eziningi zokuphila komphakathi, kuhlanganise nokukhethwa kwejaji. Icala lengqopha-mlando [[FLT:] [FLT]] iBatson v. Kentucky[[[FLT]] [1986] [1986] [i-1966] yakholelwa ukuthi abashushici bengenakusebenzisa izinselele zokulahla isigwebo ngenxa nje yohlanga lwabo. Kamuva ukukhipha izinqumo kwandisa inselele "Batson" ebulilini nasebuhlangani. Lezi zinqumo eziphoshelwe ukuba zibonakale futhi zibonakale ngokukhetha, nakuba kulokhu kulokhu kusebenza indawo yokukhombisa. [Foct:]

IJury njenge-"Siphambano- Isiphepho"

Ikhulu lama-20 lamisa futhi isimiso sokuthi iqupha labasizi bejaji kumelwe limelele ububanzi obufanele ububanzi bomphakathi. Lokhu akufani nokuthi ijaji lokugcina kumelwe libukele umphakathi ngokuphelele; kunalokho, inqubo yokubiza abameleli bejaji abangase babe yilungu elithile ayinakukwazi ukuhlukanisa noma yiliphi iqembu elihlukile. INkantolo Ephakeme yakuqinisa lokhu i-Dateen v. Missouri[[FLT] [[FLT]] [1997]), edinga ukubonisa ukuthi noma yiliphi iqembu elingaphansi kwesigaba (njengabesifazane noma abesifazane abambalwa) lifanelwe isithakazelo esiphawulekayo. Njengomphumela, izinkantolo eziningi manje zidonsa abavoti ababhalisayo kanye nezincwadi zomshayeli, ezinikeza uhlu olubanzi.

Imisebenzi Yanamuhla: Inqubo, Izinselele Nezinguquko

Namuhla, umsebenzi wokwahlulela uyinqubo kodwa ibalulekile yesimiso somthetho waseMelika. Izakhamuzi zikhethwa ngokuthanda emithonjeni enjengerekhodi le-DMV kanye nezincwadi zamavoti. Zithola amanxusa okuvela enkantolo, lapho zingabekwa khona endaweni yokuhlala ukuze kuqulwe icala. Ubude benkonzo obuvamile usuku olulodwa noma isikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala elilodwa, nakuba amanye ama-ompecure asingatha izincazelo ezinde. Izwe liye lazivumelanisa ukwenza inkonzo engcono kakhulu — amanye anikeza usuku olulodwa/usuku olulodwa lwezimiso zomthetho, kuyilapho amanye emisa ngamachibi ukuze anciphise ukubonakala okungadingekile.

Izinselele Zamanje: Ukuhlanganyela Nezindlela Zobuchwepheshe

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, umsebenzi wejaji wanamuhla ubhekene nezithiyo eziningana. Izinga lokusabela eliphansi liyinkinga enkulu. Izakhamuzi eziningi aziyinaki izicelo, eziholela ekutholeni izijeziso zokwahlulela noma ngaphansi kwamachibi agcwele. Ezinye zithi lokhu kubangelwa ukuphila kwanamuhla okumatasa, ukuntengantengiselwano, kanye neholo eliphansi (amazwe amaningi akhokhela abagcini bamajaji amahR10-20 ngosuku). Ezinye zikhomba ukulahlekelwa kwethemba esimisweni sokwahlulela. Izinkantolo ziye zasabela ngokukhokhisa, zivumela ukuvalelwa, futhi zithumela izikhumbuzo ngombhalo noma nge-imeyili.

Ukuzivumelanisa nezesayensi yezesayensi kungomunye umngcele. Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 wokuhlola ukukhethwa kwejaji elikude ngisho nokuqulwa kwecala okukude. Nakuba ukuqulwa kwecala okuningi kobugebengu sekubuyele ekulandeleni kwenqubo, amanye ama-ocet manje avumela ukusha okungaqondakali ngohlelo lwevidiyo ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi nemithombo yemali. Nokho, imibuzo ihlala ikhona ukuthi amajaji akude angaveza ukulunga nokwethembeka okufanayo njengezindawo ezivamile. Izinkinga eziphathelene nokwehlukana kwezibalo nokulalela izibalo ziyaqhubeka.

Omunye umagazini wanamuhla uwukusebenzisa kwezenhlalo zomphakathi phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo zinemithetho eqinile emelene nomthetho ohlola izindaba noma ukuxoxa ngazo kuyi-intanethi, kodwa ukuphula umthetho kuyenzeka, ngezinye izikhathi kuholela ekuxazululweni ngephutha. Abahluleli kumelwe manje bafundise abagcini bamajaji ngokucacile ngalokhu kunqatshelwa.

Ukubaluleka Kwendawo Yokukhulekela: INsika Eyisikhonkwane

Ngaphandle kwemfuneko engokomthetho, ukukhonza ejajini kungenye yezindlela eziqondile isakhamuzi esingahlanganyela ngazo nesimiso sobulungisa. Kuyi-axisteo kuwo womabili amandla kahulumeni nomthetho wokwahlulela. Uma izakhamuzi zisebenza, ziletha izindinganiso zomphakathi enkantolo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezingokomthetho azibonisi nje imithetho nezenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule kodwa futhi ziveza nomqondo wokuziphatha kwabantu.

Inkonzo kaJury ifundisa nomphakathi. Ngemva kokukhonza, abasizi abaningi bahluleli babika ukuthembela okwengeziwe ezinkantolo nokuqonda okukhulu komthetho. Kuqinisa inqubo yokwahlulela futhi kukhuthaza ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlanganyela komphakathi, njengokuvota. Ngamazwi eNhlangano yaseMelika, "Ijaji liwunembeza womphakathi."

Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima yabahluleli ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu ihlala ibalulekile. Ijaji lingase liqede umthetho ongalungile, lenqabe ukubeka icala umuntu obhekene nokuqulwa kwecala elicindezelayo, noma ukujeziswa ummangali osengozini nenhlangano enamandla. Lezizenzo zokumelana neqembu ezingavamile kodwa zibalulekile. Ijaji liyisivikelo ekubuseni ngonya — isizathu esenza ukuba oFata Abasungulwayo babelazisa ngaphezu cishe kwanoma iliphi elinye izinhlangano.

Isiphetho: Ikusasa Lomsebenzi WobuJuli

Umlando wemisebenzi yejaji e-United States uyindaba yokwanda okuqhubekayo, okunzima. Kusukela esimisweni esakhipha iningi labantu kulelo elifuna ukumelela uhlangothi oluphakathi lomphakathi, uhambo lubonisa umzabalazo wesizwe wokuphila ngokuvumelana nezinhloso zalo ezisunguliwe zokulingana nobulungisa. Isizukulwane ngasinye siye sabhekana nezinselele ezintsha: ukuqinisekisa ukwahlukahluka, ukuvikela ukungakhethi, nokuzivumelanisa noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe.

Ukubheka phambili, isikhungo sizoqhubeka siguquka. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kungathonya ukukhethwa kwamajaji noma ngisho nokuthatha indawo yezici ezithile zokuhlola. Ukuvumelana kwesinqumo se-inthanethi kunganciphisa inani lamacala abahluleli be-gano. Nokho isimiso esiyinhloko — ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivamile kufanele zibe nezwi eliphambili ekubanjweni ngokomthetho noma esikwelenzweni — kuhlala kunamandla namuhla njengangonyaka ka-1215. [Umsebenzi] Jury awuwona umthwalo; kuyilungelo nesivikelo.[ Ukuqonda umlando wazo zonke izakhamuzi zisiza ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani ukusabela kwazo kuleyo ndaba ifuna ukuba imicimbi.

UMnyango wobulungisa wase-U.S. unikeza isiqondiso esingokomthetho senkonzo yamajaji, futhi iSikhungo Sesizwe seNkantolo yeZwe sicwaninga ngokuqhubekayo ngezinhlelo zejaji[. Lemicebo ingasiza noma ubani afunde ngendima yakhe kulenhlangano ehlala njalo.