Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka liyinkathi encishisiwe yezinhlangano zamalungelo omshado embulungeni yonke. Kusukela ekuqaleni ukulwa nemingcele yobuhlanga kuya ezimpini zamuva zokuqashelwa kobulili, lenkathi yaba nezinguquko ezinkulu endleleni imiphakathi eyayiqonda futhi ilawula ngayo umshado. Abameli, abameli, nezakhamuzi ezivamile bayibekela inselele imithetho yokuhlukanisa, ukusunduza imingcele nokususa ilungiselelo lomshado libe luhlelo oluhlanganisayo. Lesihloko sihlola izenzakalo eziyinhloko, amanani, nezenzakalo zembulunga yonke ezichaza izinhlangano zelungelo lomshado ngekhulu lama-20, ziqokomisa ukulwela ukulingana.

Imingcele Yasekuqaleni Kwekhulu Lama - 20 Nezinselele Zokuqala

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, imithetho yomshado emazweni amaningi yayigxile kakhulu ebuhlalweni, ebulilini, nasezikhungweni. E-United States, amashumi amathathu amazwe amisa imithetho emelene nokungezwani kwemishado yezinhlanga ezihlukene − imithetho eyaqhubeka ikhona kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka ka-1960. Ngokufanayo, amakoloni amaningi aseYurophu ayebeka imfuneko yobumsulwa bezinhlanga, kuyilapho emazweni anjenge-South Africa, iProvition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949) ivimbela ngokucacile izinyunyana phakathi kwabantu abamhlophe namanye amaqembu ezinhlanga. Imishado futhi yayisebenza njengenhlangano yenzala yesizwe: amakhosi ngokuvamile ayebhekwa njengempahla yamadoda awo, kuyilapho amalungelo awo elinganiselwe empahla noma isehlukaniso.

Izinselele zokuqala zalemingcele zavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. INhlangano yesizwe ye-Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), eyasungulwa ngo-19909, yathatha iziphakamiso ezihilela ukucwaswa kohlanga emshadweni, kodwa intuthuko yayihamba kancane. Izinhlangano zabesifazane, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlangene ne-wavefemistism yokuqala, ezabangela izinguquko elungelweni lempahla yabesifazane abashadile nasemithethweni yesehlukaniso. Ngo-1929, ukudlula kukahulumeni waseBrithani we-Age of Marrial Act kwaphakamisa umshado ongokomthetho kuya ebudaleni obungu-16, ngokwengxenye ekuphenduleni imikhankanka yomshado wabantwana. Le mizamo yokuqala, nakuba yayilinganiselwe, yabeka isisekelo sezinselele ezinkulu kakhulu kamuva ekhulwini leminyaka.

Ngaphezu kwemingcele yobuhlanga neyobulili, ubuhlobo obufanayo bobulili babubekwe ezindaweni ezihlukene noma bagqitshwe umphakathi. Akukho hlelo olungokomthetho olwalukhona lokuqaphela ukuhlangana okufanayo kwezokuhlangana kwabesifazane, futhi abantu babhekana nezijeziso ezinzima, kuhlanganise nokuboshwa nokuphoqelelwa kwezindlela zokwelapha. Izinhlangano zakuqala ze-homophile, njenge-Dutch COC (eyasungulwa ngo-1964) kanye neNhlangano yamaMatachine (1950 e-US), zaqala ukusekela ukuncitshiswa kwemishado, nakuba ukulingana komshado kwakusekude. Inkolelo eyandile yayiwukuthi umshado wawuphakathi kwendoda nowesifazane kuphela, umbono oqiniswa yizimfundiso zenkolo namasiko angokomthetho.

Inkathi Yamalungelo Omphakathi Nemishado Yasemzabalazweni

Ngo-1950 no-1960 kwaphawulwa ukushintshwa okuwujuqu kwezinhlangano zamalungelo omshado, okuqhutshwa ukulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. E-United States, ukulwa nemithetho elwa ne-mission kwaba yindawo yempi ephakathi. Icala elivelele liyi-v. [1967] [1967] [i-19] yaba isiphelo seminyaka yezenzo zobuzwe. URichard noMildred Lovery, umbhangqwana owesizwe, wabekwa icala ngo-1958 , ngenxa yokuphula i-Virginican Heactal Act. Ngemva kokuxoshwa kwezwelo, bathatha icala labo eSwohlolweni olukhulu, elashaya umthetho omelene nokulwa kwe-miccegen. [Foted] [Fotence]

Ithonya le u-Traffay lidlulele kakhulu e-United States. Laphefumlela abashisekeli bamazwe anezimpikiswano ezifanayo, njengaseNingizimu Afrika (eyathi yaphinde yahlanganisa iMixted Marrians Act ngo 1985) ne-Brazil (eyenemingcele yobuhlanga). Icala futhi lasungula inqubo engokomthetho yokuthi umshado wawuyilungelo eliyisisekelo, isimiso esasetshenziswa kamuva engxabeni efanayo yomshado. Nokho, ukuphikisa kwakunonya. Amanye amazwe azama ukuvala ukubusa ngomshado ovuselelwe ngokwezikhundla, nombono womphakathi wahlala uhlukene. La kwenze amashumi eminyaka ukuba umshado wezizwe wamukeleke ka-1991, ukuhlolwa kwatholwa ukuthi u-Galluplupyn (4%) kuphela kwemishano-Galluan.

Ngalé kwe-US, amanye amazwe abona izenzakalo ezifanayo. EUnited Kingdom, i-Race Relations Act ka-1965 yenqabela ubandlululo lobuhlanga ezindaweni zomphakathi kodwa yayingabhekisi ngqo emshadweni. Nokho, ukubonakala okukhulayo kwemibhangqwana exubene nezinhlanga nethonya lezokukhuluma ngamalungelo omphakathi kwawaphula kancane kancane amanyala ezenhlalo. ECanada, ukushada kwezinhlanga ngezinhlanga kwakungavinjelwanga umthetho, kodwa ubandlululo lwase lunamandla kwaze kwaba ngawo 1970. Ukulwa ngokumelene nemingcele yezinhlanga yomshado kwabonisa ukuthi amalungelo omshado ayengeyona nje indaba yomuntu siqu kodwa yayiyingxenye ebucayi yamalungelo abantu.

Ukuphakama Kwe - LGBTQ+ Umzabalazo Womshado: Ukusuka Ezindaweni Ezingaqinile Kuya Ekuqashelweni Okungokomthetho

I-LGBTQ yanamuhla i-LGBT+ + umzabalazo womshado uthatha umsuka wawo waze wafika ekupheleni kwawo-1960, i-Stonellall ehlaselwe izibhelu ze-Stone Wall eDolobheni laseNew York. I-Stone Wall yayiwuchungechunge lwezibhikisho ezizenzakalelayo ngo LGBTQ+ abantu abamelene nonya lwamaphoyisa, futhi yabangela igagasisha lokuzingela okugxile ekubonakaleni nasekulinganiseni. [FLT:] [Umthetho ka-1970], izinhlangano ezifana neGay Lincopectivement ne-Froughty Imentation and the Human Rights Cancesment (o kwasungulwa u-1980) zaqala ukuphonsa amalungelo omshado, nakuba abashisekeli besikhathi sakuqala ukuguqula unyanisa ubugebengu nokwe-dina. [Flct:0] [FLD]]

Umzamo wokuqala ongokomthetho wokuvikela umshado ongowobulili e-United States wenziwa ngo-1970, lapho umbhangqwana waseMinnesota, uRichard Baker noJames McConnell, ufaka isicelo selayisense yomshado. Icala labo, Babaker v. Nelson, wafinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo1977 kodwa walahlwa ngenxa “yokungaqiniseki kwempikiswano kahulumeni.” Ukwenqaba kwenkantolo ukuzwa lelicala kwavunyelwa ukuba kuchazwe kahle izikhulu zichaza imishado. Lokhu kwabangela ukuba inguquko eqenjini ekhethekile: emashumini amathathu alandelayo, izinhlangano eziningi zeLGBTQ + zagxila ekutholeni izinzuzo zomphakathi nokuvikela ubugebengu kunokuba zizodwa.

Iminyaka yawo-1980 yaletha izinselele ezintsha namathuba. Inkinga yengculaza yabhubhisa i-LGBTQ+ imiphakathi, kodwa yaqokomisa futhi ukuntuleka kwesivikelo esingokomthetho semibhangqwana efanayo engoxwele. Izisebenzi zanqatshelwa amalungelo okuvakashela isibhedlela, ifa, nezinzuzo zomshuwalense. Ekuphenduleni, abashisekeli baqhutshekiselwa imithetho yobunganini basekhaya. iSan Francisco yawudlulisa umthetho wokuqala ngo-1982, inikeza ukuqashelwa okulinganiselwe kwemibhangqwana engashadile. Ngo-199089, amazwe amaningana aseScandinavia (Denmark (1993), e-Sweden (1999), ngo-19959) izivumelo ezibhaliwe) izibo ezibhaliwe ezanikeza cishe wonke amalungelo omshado. Lokhu kwakubizwa ngokuthi ukushada kodwa kwakuyizinyathelo eliwumgunyazwe.

E-United States, o-1990 babhekana nakho kokubili ukuthuthuka nokuphambana. Inkantolo ePhakeme yaseHawaii yanquma ku-Baehr v. Lewin [1993]) ukuthi ukunqaba izivumelwano zomshado ezigunyaza imibhangqwana ehlangene ngokwezesini kungaphula umthetho wezwe. Lokhu kwabangela ukuqhuma kwempi yezombangazwe. Kuthatha isinyathelo se-Procession [FLT] [UFLT]] [UFLT] [UFM] [UM] [i] (DOMA) ngo- 1996, okuchazwa ukushada phakathi komuntu nowesifazane ngenjongo yombuso futhi kuvunyelwe ukuba kuqaphele imishado yeze kuvela kwezinye izizwe. uMongameli uBill Clin, wayisayisa umthetho wesinqumo se-triti , kodwa kamuva, izwe lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala ngonyaka ka-20, umphumela wokuthatha i-19, ngokuhamba kwamashumi eminyaka, u-20.

Izimpi Eziyinhloko Ezingokomthetho Zawo - 1990

Ngo-1999 kwaqulwa namacala amaningana abalulekile enkantolo ngaphandle kwe-US. ECanada, iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-Ontario yanquma M v. H. [1999] [1999] ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo-exxpression kumelwe ihlanganiswe encazelweni ye- “impondo” yokusekelana. Lesi sinqumo savula indlela yokulingana okugcwele emshadweni ngo-20059. ENingizimu Afrika, iposi-partthesidism, eyamukelwa ngokucacile ngo- 1996, yavimbela ukucwasana ngokwesisekelo sendlela yobulili, yenza izwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukuba lenze kanjalo. Nokho, kwaze kwaba u-2006 ngeNkantolo yeNkanto engokomthetho engokomthetho [FL:] esemthethweni ofanayo eMhlanganweni wezenyukweni wezezwe lonke. [4]

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngezinhlangano Zamalungelo Omshado

Izinhlangano zamalungelo omshado zekhulu lama-20 zazingagcini emazweni aseNtshonalanga. E-Latin America, amazwe anjenge-Argentina neBrazil aqala ukuhlanekezelwa kobuhlobo obufanayo bobulili nokuqashelwa kwesibopho somphakathi. UMthetho-sisekelo waseCuba ka 1976 wawuhlanganisa isiqinisekiso esibanzi sokulingana, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwamandla akhona. E-Asia, eJapane naseTaiwan kwakune LGBTQ + process, kodwa ukulingana komshado kwahlala kungenakufinyelelwa kwaze kwaba yikhulu lama-21. INdiya yabona ukuncishwa kobungqingili ngo-2018, kodwa amalungelo omshado asancishwa.

E-Afrika, isimo sasiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Amazwe amaningi angemva kwe-colonia agcina imithetho yamakoloni enziwa amakoloni ayizigebengu afanayo, ngokuvamile azuzwe njengefa emithetho yokujezisa yaseBrithani noma yaseFrance. Nokho, umthetho we-paredid siseko waseNingizimu Afrika waba yisibonelo samalungelo aqhubekayo. Ukulwela ukulingana komshado kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika. [Njengoba inselele ephumelelayo eMthethweni we-Penal eBotswana (209)], kwabonisa ukuthi izenzo zobuhlanga zaqhubeka ngisho nasezindaweni ezilwayo. Izindikimba zomhlaba wonke zadlala indima: iUnited Nations Human Rights Committee Comment of Human Rights, ezindaweni ezifana ne[FLT:]. [FOLD:] [FON] [FON] [121] [199], [1994], leyo mithetho ewephula umthetho wobugebengu obunye obumele umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wawezwezwe lonke futhi awuncishicimbini. Izivumelwano zezene.

IYurophu yabona umsebenzi oxubile wentuthuko. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu Yamalungelo Abantu, [ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-Schalk ne-Kopt v. i-Austria[FLT] (2010]), yenqaba ukufuna ukulingana emshadweni kodwa yaqaphela ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo exxternet yawela ebuhleni belungelo lokuphila komkhaya. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-Netherlands kuphela eyayivunyelwe ngokuphelele ukushada okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho, kodwa i-odneon, i-Sweden, i-Iceland, i-Finland, i-Finland, iFrance, i-Jalimane, ne-United Kingdom. Izwe ngalinye labonisa uhambo lwezenteko yezombangazwe kanye namandla ezwe ngalinye kanye nezinhlangano zobusweni.

Izibalo Eziyinhloko Nezinhlangano Ekulweleni Amalungelo Omshado

Izinhlangano zamalungelo omshado zekhulu lama-20 zalawulwa abantu abanesibindi nezinhlangano eziqinile. E-United States, uHarvey Milky (1930/1978) wayengomunye wezikhulu zokuqala zobungqingili ezazikhethwe ngokomthetho ezweni. Njengenduna yeSan Francisco, walwela iLGBTQ+ amalungelo futhi wabulawa ngo-1978. Ifa lakhe laphefumlelwa isizukulwane sabashisekeli bempi. uBard Rustin[[[FLT:] (11219987], umhleli wesihluzo zika-March, wayeyisekela amalungelo omphakathi ayesekela kokubili ukulingana ngokobuhlanga nokuziphatha.

Izinhlangano ezifana [[FLT: 0] NGENXA YOKUSEBENZISA (Ingqungquthela ye-AIDS ku-Unleash Power, yasungulwa ngo 1987) zasebenzisa isinyathelo esiqondile ukufuna ukwelashwa kwabantu kanye nokuqashelwa ngokomthetho kwabantu abanengculaza nemikhaya yabo. ILambda Esemthethweni[[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] [ibuye] i-[FLT] i-[FLT] [ibha] kanye ne-[FLT] i-[FLT] i-[5] i-Literation Union [F:][5] i-BBY][ivB][4] [inani eliphakathi kwe--ikhulu][FT] [FT] [F] i-FT]

Ngezizwe, izibalo ezifana UHlelo lweWindsor (1929-2017) lwaba izimpawu zokulwa. Nakuba ukunqoba kweNkantolo Ephakeme kwaba yiUnited States v. Umoya[FLT]], 2013) kwenzeka ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka, u-2013 inselele yakhe engokomthetho eDOMA yakhiwa emashumini eminyaka ezenzo. [[FLT:] eNetherlands, [[FLT:]] u-Krol[[FL:] nenhlangano ye-COC [icel] yayiwusizo ekulondolozeni umthetho womshado ka 2000. [FLT] [FLT] [5] [5] [5]

Izindawo Ezizimele Nokungezwani Kwazo

Isifundo esiyinhloko sekhulu lama-20 kwakuyisidingo sokwakha izivumelwano phakathi kwezinhlangano zobulungisa ezihlukene zomphakathi. Ukulwela ukulingana kwezinhlanga zomshado kwabangelwa yisisekelo senhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi, kuyilapho umzabalazo weLGBTQ + wazuza ezinhlanganweni zabesifazane zenkululeko nempi yawo-1970. Izingxabano ezifana neze- Izwe LGBTQ+ Umthetho womphakathi wezemfundo yesizwe [ [usungulwe 1973] zasebenza ekuvaleni imingcele phakathi kwezinhlanga nezikhundla zempi. Nokho, izingxabano zazikhona, njengoba ezinye izinhloko zelungelo zomphakathi zaziyi-homophoic nenye amalungelo obungqingili zaziyinqubo yobuhlanga. Ukunqoba lenqubo yayihamba-bala.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezenhlalo Ekhulwini Lama - 20

Naphezu kwentuthuko enkulu, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwavela ukuphikisana okunamandla ngokumelene nezinhlangano zamalungelo omshado. E-United States, ukudlula kweDOMA ngo-1996 kwalandelwa “ukuqedwa komshado” kwesilinganiso sombuso. Ngo-2000, izifunda zase zimise imithetho noma ukunqanda umthetho - sisekelo okuvimbela ukushada kwemibhangqwana engokwabelanayo. Lezi zinyathelo zazisekelwa amaqembu enkolo abambelele ezinkolo ayethi ukushada ngokwesiko kusengozini. ISonto lamaKatolika, i-Southern Baptist Convention, nezinye izinkolo zamaqembu ahlanganisa imikhankanti yotshani, kuhlanganise “Usindise Izingane Zethu” nokukhuluma okugcono okunga okuthiwayi-LBTQ.

Imithetho elawulayo yahlehlela emuva futhi. ERussia, uMongameli Boris Yeltsin wasusa ubungqingili ngo-1993, kodwa isimo sengqondo somphakathi saqhubeka sinobutha, futhi ukulingana komshado akuzange kucatshangelwe ngokungathi sína. EMpumalanga Yurophu, ukushintsha kwangemva kwe-communican ngezinye izikhathi kwaletha ithonya elingokwenkolo elaqinisa indima yobufana ngokomthetho namasiko omshado. Emazweni amaningi aseMpumalanga ne-Asia, ifa lobukhomanisi (hjoli) elihlangene nezindinganiso zendawo nezenkolo zendawo.

Ezinye izishoshozeli zomphakathi we-LGBTQ+ zabuza ukumiswa komshado kuqala, ziphikisa ngokuthi kwakuyinhlangano ebambelele ekuziphendukeleni ezimweni ezingandile zobumpofu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nobudlova bamaphoyisa. Lolu hlelo lwangaphakathi lwalukhona kanye nokuphikiswa kwangaphandle, ludala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi yabasekeli. Naphezu kwalezimpikiswano, inhlangano yamalungelo omshado yaqhubeka izuza inzuzo, ikakhulukazi njengoba umbono womphakathi emazweni amaningi wawuphendukela ekutholeni ukwamukela.

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba Nezipopolo

Izezindaba ne-pop zafeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni indlela yokuqonda amalungelo omshado. Ngo-1990, ithelevishini iveza i- “Roseanne” nesithi“ I-Grace” izoveza izimpawu kanye nobudlelwane obufanayo nobezifebe, ihlanganise imibhangqwana efanayo neyobulili kubantu abavamile. Ifilimu ka-1998 iBanquet [[FLT]] [i-ALT] [i-Ang Lee] [i-Ang) ihlola ukucuntswana okukodwayo phakathi komkhaya wase-Taiwan, ifinyelela izilaleli zembulunga yonke. Izindaba zihlanganisa “izeLessian,y, ne-Biometic Rights ne-Livity Greader" kanye no-1999t" zisiza ukusekela i-Geneader. I-Internetnet yaba ithuluzi lokuhlela ukuhlela i---meegease-egease.

Ifa Nezici Ezinzima Zekhulu Lama - 21

Izinhlangano zamalungelo omshado zekhulu lama-20 zawushintsha kakhulu umbono wezomthetho nomphakathi. Isimiso sokuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo, esimiswe ku-v. , kamuva sasetshenziswa [ "Obergfell v. Hodges[[FLT]] [2020] [2020], egunyaza umshado owengeziwe ezweni lonke eUnited States.[[[FLT][[FLT]] Iqolothorithisssssss yavela eCanada, eziningi zelawunyaka ka-20. Izizathu ezithiwe yimpumelelo yezentengiselwano yomhlaba, iqhubekeka, futhi iqhubekeka, njengezigwebo ze-Ungwethi yase-US] [Dofrv].[5]

Ikhulu lama-20 lafundisa futhi ukuthi izinhlangano zamalungelo omshado ziphumelela kakhulu lapho zisebenzelana nezinye izimpi zobulungisa. Ukulwela ukulwela ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga, umshado ongowezinhlanga ezifanayo, nokulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane kuhlangene kanye: ukubekela inselele amandla kahulumeni okulawula ubuhlobo obuseduze. Ukubheka phambili, isizukulwane esilandelayo sabashisekeli bazoqhubeka siphoqelela ukulingana okuphelele, hhayi emshadweni kuphela kodwa kuzo zonke izici zamalungelo omphakathi. Indaba yekhulu lama-20 ingeyokunesibindi, ukuphikelela, nokwanda okuqhubekayo kothando olungokomthetho.

Ekuphetheni, izinhlangano zamalungelo omshado zekhulu lama-20 zashintsha umshado wasuka emshinini wokuhlukanisa waba yisibonakaliso sokufakwa. Kusukela kumbhangqwana onothando eVirginia kuya kubantu bokuqala abahlanganyela ubulili eDenmark, isenzakalo ngasinye sasimelela ukunqoba ukwesaba nobandlululo. Lendlela yayingalingani, kodwa ifa lalezi zinxuluma lihlala njalo ."isivumelwano sokufuna ukuba abantu abavamile babonise ubuhlobo babo, bahlonishwe, futhi bavikeleke ngaphansi komthetho.