Table of Contents

Umphumela Ohlala Njalo Wamasheke Nezinga Elilinganiselwe Ngamalungelo Nenkululeko Yezakhamuzi

Ukwakhiwa kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo sobudemokrasi kusekelwe esimisweni esisodwa, esibucayi: amandla kumelwe asabiwe futhi aqiniswe. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, lapho amagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni engalinganisela khona igunya elinye, kuyindlela eyinhloko yokufinyelela lokhu. Kusukela ekuthatheni inqubo yokulawula, loluhlelo luhlela ngokuqondile ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi ngokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko. Uma isimiso sisebenza ngokufanele, akukho sinye esikwaziyo ukulinganisela, ```````````ixéxé'''''','ssscene',','ssss project, okanye i-acreactive''s recurivel'. Uma lihluleka, amalungelo alula. Lesi sihloko sihlola ithonya elikhulu lokuhlola amalungelo nenkululeko ezakhamuzini, sihlola indlela lesi simiso esisebenza ngayo, lapho siphumelela, futhi sibheke izinselele, futhi sibheke izinselele esisenkathi sanamuhla sanamuhla.

Isisekelo Samandla Ahlukene

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ithonya emalungelweni, kumelwe kuqala aqonde umklamo oyisisekelo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, okusekelwa ongqondongqondo abanjengoMontesquieu nobekwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S., akuyona nje indlela yokulawula engcono. Kuyicebo lokuvikela ekubuseni unya. Abasunguli, bebone ukuphamba umbusi oyedwa, badala ngamabomu amagatsha amathathu alinganayo − i-Gistislative, ne-Gividial [“ilravity, ne-ajial) futhi banikeza amandla ahlukene kanye namathuluzi okumelana nomthetho ukuze bamelane nabanye.

Amagatsha Amathathu Nendima Yawo

  • Igatsha elinomthetho (Ikhonsathi): liphethe amandla okwenza imithetho, ukulawula uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali, nokusakaza impi. Ingahlola umphathi ngokulalela, amandla esikhwama semali, nokungagunyazi. Igunya lawo lokuqinisekisa noma ukulahla ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano linikeza isilinganiso esiqondile samandla ombuso.
  • Igatsha elisebenzayo (Presidentint and Bureaucracy): i-Erticess futhi isebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yi-Congress. Umongameli unamandla okulawula imithetho, uyala amabutho ahlolile, nenkambiso yangaphandle. Iveto iyisehlo esibucayi esishaya umthetho, ivimbela ukudlula kwejubane noma ukuthatha izikweletu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Igatsha le Jodicial Bridge (Izinkantolo Zomphakathi): ichaza imithetho nomthetho-sisekelo. Ngamandla okwahlulela, asungulwe Marbury v. Madison [1803]), izinkantolo zingamemezela izenzo zoMkhandlu-mthetho noma umphathi ongayihloli, ngaleyondlela zizenzisa. Lokhu kuyindlela enamandla kakhulu yokuhlola kuwo womabili amagatsha uma eza ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Lokhu kuncintisana akukona ukungenzeki; akukona ukuxabana ngenhloso. Igatsha ngalinye linikwe amandla okumelana nezinye, lidala ukulinganisela okunamandla okwenza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi iqembu elilodwa noma umholi ukugxilisa amandla ngokulahlekelwa inkululeko. Ukubheka ngokujulile izisekelo zokuqala zefilosofi, ukungenela kweBritanica ekuhlukaniseni amandla [ kunikeza umongo omuhle kakhulu womlando.

Imishini Ewavikela Ngokuqondile Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Isimiso esifiphele se-check siguqulela ekubeni isivikelo esiqinile kubantu ngabanye. Nazi izindlela eziyinhloko zokuvikela inkululeko:

Ukuvimbela Ukungenela Ngokweqile Kwemithetho

ISishaya - mthetho singamisa imithetho evimbela kakhulu ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukuhlangana, noma ukuba wedwa. Nokho, umphathi angawukhipha umthetho onjalo, futhi ijaji lingawubulala njengomthetho ongekho emthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo se-biobaral seKhongolo ngokwaso (Indlu neSigele) siyi-heke yangaphakathi (indlu) okumelwe idlulise womabili amakamu, anemijikelezo ehlukile, okwenza kube nzima ukubeka imingcele esheshayo elungelweni.

Ukuqeqesha Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Sokuqondisa

Umongameli anganikeza umyalo ophethe ophula inqubo efanele noma obhekene neqembu elithile. Lapha, izinkantolo zingakhipha imiyalo yokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwamandla, futhi iSishaya-mthetho singasisusa isinyathelo noma sinciphise isilinganiso saso ngomthetho. Amandla okuphathwa kwemithetho---(ukugoma ukuqulwa kwezindaba), ukugoma kwezincwadi eziveza ukuqulwa kwezenzo zokuphatha ukuthi zihlolwa obala. Ithuba lokungagunyazwa “kwezenzo ezinkulu kanye nezingagunyazi" lisebenza njengesehlolo sokugcina sezombangazwe.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengesivikelo Samalungelo

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungumlweli oqondile wamalungelo abantu ngabanye. Uma isakhamuzi sikholelwa ukuthi umthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni siphula inkululeko yaso yomthetho-sisekelo, singakubekela inselele enkantolo. Inkululeko yamajaji (ijaji eliphethe) isebenza ukuphila okunesivikelo seholo, ibavumela ukuba balawule izikhulu ezidumile noma izikhulu ezinamandla. Amacala anjenge [[FLT: 0] Inkululeko v. I-aingrighr (ilungelo lokululeka) kanye [FLT:] ne-[FLT:] i-v. Virginia [ig.] [iquactal quages] [ial:]] [intergial tract] [iglagesment projectivessionsments]

Izenzakalo Ezivelele Ezingokomlando: Lapho Amagophe Nokulinganisela Kulondoloza Inkululeko

Izenzakalo ezilandelayo ezingokomlando zibonisa indima ebalulekile yalesi simiso ekuvikeleni amalungelo.

Inkinga Yamanzi (1972-1974)

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esivelele kakhulu sokuhlola nokulinganisela emsebenzini. Igatsha eliphethe, elingaphansi kukaMongameli Nixon, lahlanganyela ekuphukeni nasekuthuthweni okulandelayo okwakuhilela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya. Igatsha lomthetho (ngeKhomishoni ye-Gatenal Watergate Committee) laqhuba izimemezelo ezicutshungulwe ngethelevishini ezambula ubufakazi bobubi. Ikomiti ephethe inkantolo, eyayiholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme United States v. Nixon, layala umongameli ukuba akhiphe ukuqoshwa kwemiwa kwemithetho yezikhulu. Lokhu kwaholela ekulahleni ukwenqaba uNixon. Isimiso savimbela umongameli ekuwohloniseni umthetho futhi sabonisa ukuthi akukho muntu, ngisho nomphathi we-udendaldeant, umthetho ongaphezulu.

I - Civil Rights Era neBrown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, i-South Premittery Crow yamisa imithetho eyamisa ubandlululo lobuhlanga futhi yaphika amalungelo ayisisekelo ama-Afrikans. Igatsha lemithetho ekuqaleni lahluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo. Kwakuyisinqumo sejaji esangenela. INkantolo Ephakeme yayinesinqumo esivumelanayo Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo [ iqaphele [izehroughationstions] inqabela izikole zokuhlukanisa izinhlanga futhi yaphika ukuthi izikole zaseMelika azinamalungelo ayisisekelo, igumbuqedise “imfundiso elinganayo”. Lesi sinqumo sasiyinhlolo oluqondile lwemithetho ephula umthetho weSiphendulo se-Gastlethiwe Ye-Genearcious Claus. Nakuba umthetho wokushaya umthetho walandelana (Isenzo somthetho ka-Ovilctry of 1964 neSignctry of Treact 1965), iNkadensi yesinqumo sesizwe sesizwe se-overstporverst.

Ukuhloma KukaMongameli uAndrew Johnson (1868) noBill Clinton (1998)

Ukuqapha kuyi-arhente yokugcina enqunyelwano yemithetho ephethe. Nakuba zombili iziphakamiso zehluleka ukususa umongameli, zamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile. Ukungagunyazi kukaJohnson (ukumelana nokuphula kwakhe i-Tenure of Office Act) kwaqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungabeka umongameli icala lokungagunyazi igunya lawo. Inqubo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyi-valve yokuphepha komthetho womthetho, isho ukuthi iNdlu neSigele kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi isikhulu esiphethe siphethe.

I - Internament American Cases (1944) YaseJapane

Akuzona zonke izihlola ukusebenza ngokuphelele, futhi lesisibonelo sisebenza njengesixwayiso. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, iNkantolo Ephakeme Korematsu v. United States yasekela umyalo ophethe owaphoqelela amaJapane ukuba angene emakamu aphakathi, ihluleka ukuvikela amalungelo awo. Lelicala manje lilahlwa kakhulu njengokuhluleka ukubukeza. Nokho, amashumi eminyaka kamuva, iKhongolo yadlulisa i-Civil Libertes Act ka 1988, eyanikeza ukuphindaphindwa nokuxolisa okungokomthetho. Lesisenzo sokulungisa sangaphambili salungisa igatsha, sibonisa ukuthi amaphutha angahlola ngisho nezilinganiso zingasebenza esikhathini esithile, ngisho nangemva kokuhluleka kokwahlulela.

Isinqumo Semibuso Yempi Sango - 1973

Ekusabeleni eMpini yaseVietnam, lapho ababusi benza khona amabutho ngaphandle kwemvume engqungquthela, uKhomishane wadlulisa iSigqino seWar Powers phezu koMongameli uNixon’s. Lomthetho ufuna ukuba umongameli azise iSishaya-Mkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okuthumela amabutho ahlomile futhi abeke imingcele yezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume. Nakuba ukuphumelela kwayo kuphikisana, kuyisibonelo esicacile somthetho - mthetho osebenzisa amandla awo (amandla okumemezela impi) ukuhlola igunya lesikhulu ezindabeni zempi nezoxolo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini: Igatsha Lesine Lesimiso

Amasheke nama-ascer nokulinganisa akuyona indawo yeWashington kuphela, D.C. izakhamuzi ngokwazo zisebenza njengesehlo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Izakhamuzi ezithembisiwe nezinolwazi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zenhlangano ziyaqhubeka zisebenza futhi zisabela. Ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela komphakathi, isimiso singaqeda inhlekelele.

Ukuklabalasa Njengenhloli Enamandla

Ukukhetha kuyindlela eqondile izakhamuzi ezibheka ngayo wonke amagatsha amathathu ukuba alandise ngayo. Abavoter bakhetha amalungu eKhongolo (Indlu neNdlu) nomongameli. Bangaxosha abadubuli abahlulekayo ukusekela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo noma ababekezelela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo. Nakuba amajaji kahulumeni emiswa, umongameli owamisayo kanye neSigele esiwaqinisekisayo ukuthi angaphansi kokhetho. Amandla ebholathi isesisekelo se-chemistry, inqubo evuselela isakhiwo sikahulumeni.

Ukuzitika Ngezigebengu Nomphakathi

Amaqembu enzalo, izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni, kanye nezinhlangano zokubhikisha zisebenzisa ukucindezela kuwo wonke amagatsha. I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ivame ukubekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni enkantolo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Brennan Center ye- Justice zilandela imishini yokuhlasela izikhulu zezikhulu nezokushaya umthetho. Izisebenzi ezikhuthele zokuzifaka emabhukwini okubhala izincwadi, ubufakazi bomphakathi, kanye nokufaka i-ligitation / i-limplampliations. Inkululeko Yokuqala Yezimendezokunxusa, ukuhlangana, nokukhuluma ngenkululeko zingamathuluzi abalulekile ezakhamuzi ukuba zishukumise imikhankambiso yezincwadi ezisemthethweni esimisweni.

Imfundo Nenkulumo Yeningi

Izakhamuzi eziqonda uMthetho-sisekelo, umsebenzi wegatsha ngalinye, nomlando wesivikelo samalungelo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuqaphela izinsongo. Imfundo ye-CBIC ezikoleni, i-message ehlola izenzo zikahulumeni, nenkulumo-mpikiswano yomphakathi konke kunengxenye esimisweni sentando yeningi esinempilo. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela umthetho oselesele ovimbela inkululeko, zingahlomela ukuyivimbela. Uma zibona isenzo sokulawula esiphambuka, zingafuna ukungenela kwenhlangano. i-Anberg Commossion [ inikeza imithombo emihle kakhulu yokuqonda lemiqondo yesisekelo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Kulesi Simiso

Nakuba lesi simiso siqinile, sibhekene nokucindezela okuphawulekayo kwanamuhla okunganciphisa ukuvikelwa kwaso kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Lapho amaqembu ezombangazwe ehlukana kakhulu, amasheke angayeka ukusebenza ngendlela ehlosiwe. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ukuqondisa ukuze athole umthwalo wemfanelo womphathi ophethe, uKhongolo-kanye nohulumeni olawulwayo ungase wenqabe ukuhlola umongameli ovela eqenjini lakhe, noma usebenzise ububonisi ukuze ahlukumeze umongameli ophikisayo. I-Gridlock ingavimbela i-Grip Lock ukuba ikhiphe umthetho odingekile ukuze ivikele amalungelo (umz., ukuvota amalungelo noma isivikelo sasese). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqinisekisa kokwahlulela kuba izimpi ezilwayo ezilwayo, okungase kubangele ukuba izinkantolo zihlukunyeze futhi kululaze indima yazo njengabalweli abathathi hlangothi.

Ukufinyelela Kwesikhulu Ngokudlulele Nokukhula Kwesenzo Esingesona Esivamile

Omongameli banamuhla bathembela kakhulu eziyalweni zokuqondisa ukufuduka, ukuthatha i-tranda, nokusayina izimemezelo zokuvimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho. Nakuba kungekona okungekhona okungekho ngokomthetho ngokwemvelo, lomkhuba ushintsha amandla egatsheni eliphethe, lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo ngaphandle kokucabangisisa noma ukufakwa komphakathi. Izenzo ezinjengokusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso esikhulu kwemithetho yokulawula ukufuduka noma imithetho yendawo ezungezile zingathinta ngokuqondile amalungelo ezakhamuzini (umzk., izisekelo ezifanele zokuvikela abafuduki). ISishaya ucingo ngokuvamile asikwenzi ukuhlenga, isilinganiso samandla abasunguli ababefuna ukusigwema. Ukuze bahlole ngokuningiliziwe lomkhuba, bona [[FLT: 0]] ukuhlola kwemiyalo yeze-octiveright division of the religiontives [FLD [FLD]]

Ukuhlasela Nokuhlasela Kokwahlulela

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zidlula indima yazo efanele (izenzo zomthetho) ngokwenza isimiso ngokuphumelelayo ebhentshini, kanjalo zifake imingcele emisebenzini yemithetho neyabaphathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkantolo zingafinyelela futhi ngokubhekisa kalula kwamanye amagatsha, zihluleke ukuvikela amalungelo amancane emfuno enqubweni emisha. Impikiswano ngokuhlola okufanelekile kokwahlulela iyaqhubeka, futhi noma ikuphi ukungalingani kungathinta isivikelo senkululeko.

Umbuso Ophethe Nokubusa

UKhomishane unikeze amagunya abalulekile okumisa umthetho amanxusa amagatsha aphethe (umz., i-EPA, SEC, DHS). Lamanxusa asebenzisa i-quasi-legislative, i-quasi-exparential, ne-quasi-judicial, nomthetho, kodwa awakhethwanga ngokuqondile futhi awabekelwe icala elisobala. Lokhu kubekwa kwamandla egatsheni eliphethe i-ASCM, kungaholela ekuvuleni i-regileva noma ekuphuleni amalungelo okunzima ukubekela lesici esingokwesiko. Inkantolo Ephakeme “emfundiso engekho emthethweni” nemithetho yayo yamuva nje egunyeni lenhlangano (umz., [FLT:], [[FL:]] u-Virginia.[FUrgian] u-E.[FLD]

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Ukulinganisela Kwezinye Izici Ezingaqondakali

Ukuhlola ezinye izimiso akugcini ngokunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuqonda amandla nobuthakathaka bayo obuyingqayizivele ngokuphathelene nesivikelo samalungelo.

UMbuso Ohlangene: Ubukhosi BePhalamende

I-UK ayinawo umthetho-mthetho obhaliwe noma ukwahlukana okungokomthetho kwemibuso ngendlela yaseMelika. Isikhulu (uMphathiswa noMphathi) sithathwe futhi sinikezwe umthwalo wemfanelo kusishaya-mthetho (i-Parliament). Akukho kuhlola okuqinile kokwahlulela ukuze sibulale izenzo zePhalamende. Nakuba lesimiso singaphumelela, sinikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho esincane ekuphathweni kwemithetho. Nokho, i-UK inesiko eliqinile lezombangazwe kanye nesimiso samalungelo aphezulu (kuhlanganise ne-Rogractiom yobuntu) esisebenza njengesethubeni lokuhlola iPhalamende likahulumeni. Isimiso sincike kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwemithetho yomthetho yomthetho nokuphikisa.

IJalimane: INkantolo Yomthetho - sisekelo KaFederal

Umthetho-mthetho waseJalimane wangemva kwempi (Umthetho Oyinhloko) wamisa iNkantolo enamandla kaFederal Constitution engashaya imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo. Lenkantolo ibilokhu ikhuthele kakhulu ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomphakathi, njengokungafihliwe (ekubuseni okudumile“ ekubuseni” okulinganiselwe kwemininingwane kahulumeni). IJalimane futhi inesimiso esiqinile sikahulumeni nevoti eqinile yokungaqiniseki okungasibeki imingcele yamandla ephethe. Lesibonelo sibonisa ukuthi isimiso senkantolo esiqinile singaba yikho okuhlola uma sihlangene nempucuko eqinile yamalungelo abantu.

IFrance: UMkhandlu Womthetho - sisekelo

IFrance ngokwesiko yanikeza amandla alinganiselwe ekubukezeni ukwahlulela, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo wayo ka-1958 wadala uMkhandlu woMthetho-sisekelo (Conseil Constitutionnel). Ekuqaleni, kwasungulwa ukubukeza imithetho ewumthetho-sisekelo ngaphambi kokuba imiswe. Izinguquko zamuva zavumela abantu ukuba baphikise imithetho kakade ephoqelelwe ngenkani “isinqumo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho” (QPC). Lokhu kuye kwanika izakhamuzi zaseFrance ithuluzi elisha lokubekela imithetho ephula amalungelo azo, ebonisa ukuthi ngisho nesimiso esingemuva sesimiso seze-athonsi singazivumelanisa nokusebenza ukuze kungene izivivinyo eziqinile.

Lokhu kuqhathanisa kuqokomisa ukuthi nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihlukahluka, umgomo oyisisekelo ufana: ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwamandla. Isimiso se-U.S. sincike ngokunyela futhi ngokuvamile sifakelwe, kodwa lezizici ezifanayo zingaholela ekushintshweni. IConstitute Project [ ivumela ukuqhathaniswa okuqondile kwemiklamo yemithetho esemthethweni emazweni amaningi.

Ikusasa: Amasheke Aqinisayo Alinganisela Inkathi Entsha

Izinyathelo eziningana zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni isimiso ukuba siqhubeke sifeza amalungelo ezakhamuzi ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ukuqondisa Okuvuselelayo Komphakathi

ISishaya - mthetho kumelwe sithathe indima yaso engokomthetho njengegatsha elilinganayo. Lokhu kusho ukusetshenziswa okuqinile kokuzwa kwekomiti, uphenyo, namandla esikhwama semali, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi iqembu elilawula iWhite House. Ukuqondisa iBpartisan kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umqondisi unecala futhi kuvinjelwe noma yikuphi ukuphamba kwezombangazwe.

Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yokwahlulela

Izinkantolo kumelwe zihlale zikhululekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nezinsongo. Izilinganiso ezinjengokugcina ukuphila kungcono kubahluleli bakahulumeni, ukwenqaba amasu okwahlulela, futhi ukuhlonipha izahlulelo zokwahlulela (nakuba zibalulekile). Ijaji elizimele liwuhlu lokugcina lokuvikela amalungelo alo uma amanye amagatsha ehluleka.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukubona Ingaphandle Nokubona Izindawo

Imithetho kahulumeni yokuveza ingaphandle (njengenkululeko Yolwazi Act) nemithetho egciniwe yenza izakhamuzi nezintatheli zikwazi ukuqaphela izenzo zikahulumeni. Ukuthuthukisa imfundo yomphakathi ezikoleni kuyohlomisa isizukulwane esilandelayo ukuze sivikele isimiso. Ukukhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo ezinkathini zokukhulumela ukubusa kwezinhlangano nokubusa kwendawo kungenza isimiso sisabele ngokwengeziwe.

Ukubuyiselwa Kukahulumeni Ophethe

Indlela elinganiselwe kuhulumeni wokuphatha idingekile. ISishaya-mthetho kufanele sinikeze iziqondiso ezicacile zokwenza izinhlangano, futhi izinkantolo kufanele ziqinisekise ukuthi amanxusa awalidluli igunya lawo lomthetho. Ukuqinisa iHhovisi Lolwazi ne-Reguara Affairs (OIRA) ukuba acabangele amalungelo emithetho angasiza. Umgomo awukona ukuhlukanisa izindikimba ezilawulayo kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zisebenza phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Isiphetho

Ithonya lokuhlola nokulinganisela amalungelo ezakhamuzi nenkululeko alikho inkolelo ecatshangelwayo kodwa lingokoqobo. Lesi simiso − ukuhlukaniswa ngamabomu kwamandla, ukwengamelana, namandla egatsha ngalinye ukumelana namanye, zenza kube nesisekelo sokwakha inkululeko. Kunqande unya, kubeke abaholi abanecala, futhi kwandise izinga lamalungelo omphakathi ngamunye emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Kodwa akuwona umehluko ongokoqobo. Isimiso sixhomeke ekuqapheni kwawo wonke amagatsha amathathu futhi, okunzima kakhulu, ekuhlanganyeleni ngenkuthalo kwezakhamuzi. Enkathini yokushintsha okukhulu kwezindawo zomphakathi nokushintsha ngokushesha, ukuvikela izimiso zokuhlola nokulinganisela, kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka uyinceku yabantu, hhayi inkosi yabo. Inkululeko yokulondolozwa kwenkululeko yethu.