Isivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu: Izisekelo Zokuthula

I-Good Wear Agreement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, ingenye yezivumelwano zokuthula eziphawuleka kakhulu zangasekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Yaphela iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yobudlova bamahlelo obayaziwa ngokuthi iZinkathazo, ezazibulale abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 500. Isivumelwano samisa uhulumeni olawula eNyakatho-Nyakatho Ireland, izinhlangano ezihlanganisa imingcele phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu, futhi isakhiwo se-East --West sabambisana phakathi kwe-United Kingdom neRepublic of Ireland. Crucily, sasho i-syshrine simiso sokuvumelana: I-Northern Ireland yayiyohlala iyingxenye ye-UK ngaphandle kokuba iningi livote. Umngcele ovulekile, ongabonakali phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Riphabliki ye-Ireland waba yi-mklamo ye-m

Lesivumelwano sakhiwa ngokuqaphelana kwamasiko amabili ayinhloko eNyakatho Ireland: abanyundeli (ababiza ngokuthi amaNgisi) nabashisekeli besizwe (ababiza i-Ireland). Sakha uxhaxha oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinhlangano zezombangazwe oluklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yomibili imiphakathi ingabusa ndawonye. Enkundleni yayo babeka isibopho sokuba wonke amaqembu asebenzise ‘ izindlela zokuthula nokubusa ngentando yeningi" ukuxazulula ukungaboni ngasonye. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, i-Good Wearver Agreement yanikeza uhlelo oluqinile lwemithetho eyavumela iNyakatho ye-Ireland ukuba iqhubekele phambili, iheheshe ukutshala izimali, imboni yokwakha, nokuphilisa amanxeba ajulile ezenhlalo.

IBrexit: Ukushayeka Kulesi Simiso

Ivoti yonyaka ka-2016 ye-United Kingdom ebhekisa phambili ukuba iphume e-European Union yawuguqula ngokuyisisekelo umongo lapho i-Good Frever Advement yasebenza khona. Ngenxa yokuthi kokubili i-UK ne-Ireland kwakungamalungu e-EU, umngcele ophakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Riphabliki yase-Ireland wawuwumngcele ohlangene we-EU, ungafuni kuhlolwa kwamasiko noma isisekelo esingokomzimba. I-Brexit yasongela ukuguqula lowomugqa ongabonakali ube umngcele wangaphandle we-EU, iphakamise intethelelo yemingcele enzima engavuselela izingxabano futhi iphazamise ukuthula okungasenziwayo.

I-Brexit ayizange ivele ibeke inselele ebuhlotsheni bokuhwebelana; yahlasela ukuyekethisa okubucayi kwezombangazwe okwasekela inqubo yokuthula. Isizwe sabheka amalungu e-EU njengesiqinisekiso samalungelo nokweqisana, kuyilapho abahlanganisi abaningi babebheka i-Brexit njengethuba lokuqinisa ubukhosi be-UK. Umphumela waba yimpikiswano eshubile yokuthi ukuhlukana kwakudala okuphinde kwavuselelwa. Isimiso sokuvuma (hhhjovwa kulungile kuLwesihlanu Ague·a manje sasivinywe yivoti ye-UK ku-Unstrinth-e ukuthi i-Rland yayingayisekelangasekeli (56%).

Inselele Yokuvuma

ISiphakamiso 1 se-Good Wearvent Agreement sithi isimo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wase-Northern Ireland singashintsha kuphela uma abantu bevuma. Nokho i-Brexit, eyaguqula ubuhlobo bomthetho-sisekelo phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Riphabliki yase-Ireland (njengoba le ngxenye yasala e-EU), sasingalawulwa yinqubo ekhethekile yokuvumelana eNyakatho ye-Ireland. Lokhu kwabangela ukuncitshiswa kwentando yeningi okwabangela ukuba abagxeki balulaze umoya wesivumelwano. Isinqumo sikahulumeni we-UK sokushiya i-EU ngaphandle kwekhambiwe eNyakatho ye-Ireland yabeka inqubo yokuthula ngaphansi kokucindezela okungakaze kwenzeke.

Umngcele: Ukusuka Ekungabonakalini Kuya Ekwanelisekeni

Akukho phuma obonisa ngokucacile ithonya le-Breexit kune-mngcele ophakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Ireland. Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu sabhekisela ngokucacile ekususweni kwazo zonke izifakelo zokuphepha emngceleni. Phakathi neminyaka eyalandela, izinqaba zadilizwa, izindawo zokuhlola zanyamalala, nemigwaqo enqamule i-evaled translad. Abantu nezimpahla bahamba ngokukhululekile, behlanganisa umnotho wendawo nemiphakathi. Umngcele waba umcaba ofinyele wezakhamuzi eziningi, uvumela imikhaya ukuba ithenge, isebenze, futhi ikwazi ukuhlanganisa imigwaqo ezindaweni zomphakathi ngaphandle kwesithiyo.

I-Breit iphoqelela abaqondisi ukuba babhekane nombuzo obalulekile: i-UK ingayishiya kanjani i-makethe eyodwa ye-EU ne-ordern uma igcina umngcele we-Irish uvulekile? Kumbono we-EU, umngcele ovulekile wawusho ukuthi akukho mithetho yokulawula amasiko, akukho phethosanita, futhi akukho kuhlola okungangeni ngokomthetho. Ngaphandle komngcele e-Ireland, i-EU ifuna ukuba i-Northern Ireland ihlale ivumelana nemithetho yayo. Lenkinga enengqondo yaholela ekudalweni kwe-Northern Ireland Protoisanicroto.

Imithetho Yemithetho YaseNyakatho Ireland: Ikhambi Elihlolwayo

I-Protocol, ehlolwe njengengxenye ye-Actal Active Actrigion futhi isebenza ngo-1 January 2021, ihloselwe ukugwema umngcele onzima esiqhingini sase-Ireland ngokugcina i-Northern Ireland imakethe eyodwa ye-EU ifuna izinto futhi ihlanganise nemithetho ye-EU. Lokhu kwasho ukuthi amasiko ahlolwa futhi alawulwa athathelwe e-Irish, akha umngcele we-decoo phakathi kwe Great Britain ne-Northern Ireland.

Izinhlangano ze-sociation Union Union zanomuzwa wokuthi i-Protocol yabeka i-Northern Ireland endaweni elula: ngaphansi kwemithetho ethile ye-EU ngaphandle kokuvota kuyo, futhi yahlukaniswa ne-UK ngezindlela zokuhweba. I-Didemocratic Unionism Party (Dupu) yasusa uNgqongqoshe wayo wokuqala eSikhungweni samandla alawulayo ekuvukeleni, ifaka izinhlangano ze-Good Wesihlanu Active ezazidayle. Okwamanje, ikhomba i-Nationalisticals Paralit njengobufakazi bokuthi i-Nyakatho ilungile i-yokuvumelana ne-EURLAND.

Ukuwa Kwezombangazwe: Iziqu Ezingaphansi Kobunzima

I-Good Wear Agreement yamisa izinhlangano ezintathu ezihlangene: i-Northern Ireland Assembly (i-Stormont), i-North-Southern Service Council, kanye ne-British-Irish Interprecional Conference. I-Brexit, futhi ikakhulukazi i-Protocol, yafaka zonke ezintathu ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu. I-Assembly neSikhumulo sabaphathi be-Dup yayingeke isebenze ngaphandle kokusekela okunqamulelwe, futhi umfana wase-Duptup washo ukuthi i-Northern Ireland ayizange ingabi nohulumeni oncitshiswe iminyaka emibili (kusukela ngoFebruary 20222 kuya ku-2024).

Lezinkonzo zezombangazwe ezingenalutho zalimaza umphakathi, ukwenza izinqumo ezithatha isikhathi esingakanani kwezempilo, imfundo, nesisekelo somphakathi, futhi kwajulisa ukungathembani komphakathi. Ukungabikho kweSikhutha sezemisebenzi futhi kwasho ukuthi i-Northern Ireland yayingenazwi engxoxweni ngamalungiselelo ayo okuhweba ngemva kwe-Brrequit. Ukushiyeka kwentando yeningi abagxeki ababexwayise ngakho kwaba yinto engokoqobo: izinqumo ezithinta umnotho wase-Northern Ireland nokuphila kwansuku zonke zazisenziwa eLondon naseBrussel ngaphandle kokungena komfakela endaweni.

Umphakathi Nezimemezelo Zokukhomba

Izimpikiswano ze-Breexit ezikhuluma ngokuzichaza eNyakatho Ireland, ezadanjiswa ukulinganisela ngokucophelela kwe-Good Wearth Treaty ye-British ne-Irish. Abahlanganisi abaningi banomuzwa wokuthi i-Protocol yalula indawo yase-Northern Ireland e-UK, kuyilapho abashisekeli besizwe abaningi babeyibheka njengenyathelo eliholela ekuvuselelweni kwe-Ireland. Lemiqondo engafani yadala i-clevavage entsha enzima yokubuyisela amandla. Isimiso sesivumelwano sokuhlonipheka i-R. Isimiso sokweluleka saqala ukusongelwa njengoba umphakathi ngamunye uchaza i-Brexit nge-lective.

Ngokwesibonelo, imfuneko ye-Protocol yokuba izinto ezivela eGreat Britain zihlangabezane nezindinganiso ze-EU yabonwa yi-EU njengesephulo se-Acts of Union, kuyilapho abashisekeli besizwe bethi lokhu kudinga ukuyekethisa ekuthuleni ukuthula. Lona kanye ulimi olusetshenziselwa ukuchaza umngcele we-(Irish Sea)" noma "umngcele owenziwe nge-"umngcele"" waba yisigebekele sobuqotho obukhulu bezombangazwe. Lokhu kuncipha kolimi kwaqokomisa indlela i-Brexit eyaye yaphinde yabeka ngayo impikiswano yokuthi i-Gover Diver Avement yayisekile ngokuphumelelayo.

Izindleko Zezomnotho: Ezentengiselwano Nezokutshala Imali

Imiphumela engokomnotho ye-Brexit eNyakatho Ireland iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ixubene. Kwesinye isandla, i-Protocol inikeza i-Northern Ireland ukufinyelela okukodwa okukodwa: isalokhu isemakethe ye-UK futhi ikhona nasemakethe ye-EU yempahla eyodwa. Lokhu kuye kwakhanga ukutshala imfucumfucu, njengoba izinkampani zomhlaba zibheka i-Northern Ireland njenge "igateaway" kuzo zombili izimakethengiso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhizinisi abhekene nenye i-asethi lapho ehweba ngeGreat Britain, ebangela ukuba cishe 60% yengqikithi yentengiselwano ye-Ireland. I-Crostom, izivings, i-exicky gevergen, ne-eatrantiral trations inyuka futhi i-registers.

Imisebenzi emincane nemincane, ikakhulukazi, iye yalwisana nokungezwani okusha. Isibhakathi sase-County Tyrone esasithumela izimpahla emakethe eGlasgow manje kumelwe siqede izitifiketi zempilo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Umlimi othumela izinkomo eNgilandi ubhekene namaphepha amasha. Lemithwalo esebenzayo inciphisa ukuhlangana kwezomnotho okukhuthazwa yi-Good Wearth Agreement. I-Northfoodrence nayo ishintshile: ukuhwebelana kwemingcele ephakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Ireland kuye kwanda kusukela e-Bretit, njengoba amabhizinisi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ze-EURome, kuyilapho ukuhwebelana neGreat Britain kuncipha.

Isimiso sezezomnotho eside sihlala singaqiniseki. I-Framework, yavumelana ngoFebruary 2023 phakathi kwe-UK ne-EU, ehloselwe ukuthambisa ukusebenza kwe-Protocol ngokunciphisa amasheke ezinto ezimiselwe i-Northern Ireland kuphela, nangokunika izinhlangano ze-Northern Ireland izwi elikhulu kakhulu (i-"Stramont Brake"). Nakuba umsebenzi we-Frame wakhuluma ngezinkinga ezithile eziwusizo, awuzange uxazulule ukuqina okuyisisekelo komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Ukuntengantenga kwezombangazwe okuqhubekayo eNyakatho ye-Ireland kuvimbela ukutshala imali isikhathi eside, njengoba ngokuqinisekile izinkampani zezentengiselwano zithanda ukufinyelela.

Ithonya Emphakathini Nasemphakathini

I-Brexit futhi ithinte ukuphila kwabantu kwansuku zonke eNyakatho Ireland ngezindlela ezingabonakali kakhulu. Ukuhamba kwesiphambano somngcele, okwake kwaba ngumthungo, manje kubhekene nokwephuza ngezikhathi ezithile lapho izimoto zihamba ngokuzihlola. Abantu abahlala emiphakathini yemingcele, njenge-Newry, Dundalk, noma i-Derry-Londonderry, ibika umuzwa okhudlwana wokuhlukanisa. Ukususwa kwesakhiwo sokulondeka eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule kuye kwaphawulwa njengophawu lokuthula; ukubuyiselwa kwezindawo ezintsha zethekukhokhithi kanye nezinsi zamasiko, ngisho noma kusoLwandle lwase-Ireland kuphela, kuye kwavuselela ukuhlangana kwakudala.

Izinhlangano zentsha nezomphakathi ezithembele ekuxhaseni imali enqamule i-EU − njengesimiso sokuthula − . Uhulumeni we-UK uthathe indawo yezimali ze-EU nge UK extrection Provice Fund, kodwa kunexhala ngokuqhubekeka kwesikhathi eside. Umbono womphakathi weSivumelwano sangoLwesihlanu esihlangeneyo, ngokuhlangeneyo uxhomeke ekubambisanani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ngapha nangapha kwesiqhingi, iBrexit elokhu iyinkimbinkimbi.

Ikusasa Elingenzeka: Izibonelo Zokuthula Nokuqina

Ikusasa le-Good Wear Agument ezweni langemva kwe-Brexit lixhomeke ekufuneni kwezombangazwe nasekuzinzeni kwezinhlangano. Izimo eziningi zingatholakala.

Isimo 1: Ukuqabula Ngaphansi Komsebenzi Womoya

Uma i-Windsor Framework isebenza ngendlela ehlongozwa ngayo, i-Northern Ireland Unigrafe izakubuyiselwa futhi izinkinga ze-Protocol zixazululwe kancane kancane. Amasheke ezimpahla ezivela eGreat Britain ayoba mancane, futhi i-Stormont Brake iyokwenza abezombangazwe bendawo baphikelele imithetho emisha ye-EU ezoba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Kulesi senzakalo, izinhlangano ze-Good Wesihlanu Sesivumelwano ziyosebenza, nakuba ingxabano engaphansi komthetho- sisekelo isele. Ukuthula kuzakuqhubeka, kodwa ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-UK bungashintshwa unomphela.

Isimo 2: Ukwanda Okuvamile Kwesivumelwano

Uma izinhlangano ze-Good Wear Agreement ziqhubeka, zingaba nenhlekelele kakhulu. Ngaphandle kukahulumeni onciphileyo, izinqumo eziphathelene nezindaba ze-Northern Ireland zithathwa izikhonzi ze-UK, zilulaza ukulandisa kwezindawo nokuvumelana kweqembu lesizwe. Lesi senzakalo sidala ingozi yokuzibusa engagcwaliswa amaqembu empi noma amazwi anamandla. Umngcele obanzi ubungalondolozwa, kodwa umoya wobudlelwane obungawusekelayo ubungantengantengantenga.

Isimo 3: Ushintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo

I-Breut inempikiswano esheshayo nge-Ireland. Izazi zesizwe ziphikisa ngokuthi i-Northern Ireland ingcono phakathi kwe-EU, kuyilapho ababambi beminyuntu bethi ubunye base-Ireland bungaletha ukuphazamiseka kwezomnotho. I-Good Wear Act inikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lwe-station, kodwa unobhala wezwe wase-Northern Ireland kumelwe ashaye ucingo uma kubonakala sengathi iningi lingavota ukuze liphinde livumelane. Uphenyo lwamanje alukho ushintsho olubonisa ukuthi inani elishintshile, kodwa ukulingana nokushintsha kwemibono phakathi kwabasha abasha kungayishintsha leyo nqubo. Inhlolo hlangothi lungaba yisenzakalo esihlukanisa ukuthula esingase sivivivinye imingcele yalo.

Isimo 4: Isivumelwano Esisha

Abanye abahlaziyi baphikisa ngokuthi i-Good Wear Frive Agreement, nakuba ingokomlando, ingadinga ukuvuselelwa ukuze ibonise amaqiniso angemva kwe-Brexit. I-"UK-Ireland Tradition" entsha ebukeziwe" noma i-Protocol ebukeziwe ingahlanganisa ubuhlobo obuqinile obuqaphela isikhundla esiyingqayizivele sasenyakatho ne-Ireland. Nokho, ukuvula kabusha uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo kungasusa ingozi yokuhlehlela okucophelelayo okuletha ukuthula. Okwamanje, kokubili i-UK ne-Irrish Actal njenge-lick of acted, njengoba nje bevumelana ne-Pragmatic.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlengwa Okuhlala Njalo Kwesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

Brexit uye wahlola i-Good Wear Agument ngezindlela abaklami bayo ababengenakuzilindela. Umngcele ovulekile, owake wathathwa kalula, manje uyimpikiswano eqashelwayo kwezombangazwe. Izinhlangano zamandla alawulayo, ezake zaba yikhomba lempi, ziye zazama ukusebenza endaweni entsha. Nokho izimiso eziyinhloko zesivumelwano zikhona, ukuvunyelwa kwenhlonipho, nokusetshenziswa okukhethekile kwezindlela zokuthula.

Inselele yabenzi bemithetho eLondon, eDublin, eBrussels, naseBelfast ukuthola indawo ehlala njalo ehlonipha ubukhosi be-UK nobuqotho be-EU kuyilapho ivikela i-Good Wear Advrence enikezayo. I-Novel Paratical yase-Ireland [ ne-[FLT] Imfumo ye-Frame[FRAM] imelela imizamo yokwenza kanjalo, kodwa ayiwona amakhambi okugcina. Inqubo yokuthula ayisona isakhiwo esimisiwe kodwa isakhiwo esiphilayo sobuhlobo esidinga ukunakekelwa nokunakekelwa okungapheli.

Ekugcineni, i-Good Wear Active ingaba amandla ayo angcono kakhulu. Iklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezifiso ezihlukene − iBritish, i-Ireland, ne-Irish yaseNyakatho . futhi ivumela ushintsho lwesikhathi esizayo ngaphandle kokuphendukela ebudloveni. I-Brexit ibonise ukuthi lokhu kuvumelana kungaphazamiseka, kodwa futhi uhlelo lwesivumelwano luhlala luyisisekelo esingcono kuphela sesikhathi esizayo esinokuthula, sentando yeningi eNyakatho Ireland. Njengoba [[FLT: 0] ama-storns kanye [[FLT:] nama- abalandelisteroid ayaqhubeka kule sahluko esiyinkimbinkimbi, iqiniso elilodwa licacile: ukuthula okwakhelwe ngo-1998, kodwa kumelwe kuvikelwe yiyo yonke inzuzo ehlangene.