Table of Contents
Isizathu Sokuba Umthetho - sisekelo Uhlanganyele Ezindabeni Zentando Yeningi Yanamuhla
Ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomthetho-sisekelo kumelela enye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu izakhamuzi ezingabumba ngazo izimiso eziyisisekelo ezibusa umphakathi wazo. Umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, umisa imithetho ohulumeni abayisebenzisayo futhi bavikele amalungelo abantu. Uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngenkuthalo enkulumweni yomthetho-sisekelo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi le mibhalo yesisekelo ihlala ikhona eveza izindinganiso zanamuhla, isingatha izinselele ezivelayo, futhi ivikele izithakazelo zawo wonke amalungu omphakathi.
Ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho-mthetho kudlulela ngalé kokuvota noma ukuveza imibono engosini yezokuxhumana. Kuhilela ukuhlanganiswa okujulile nezimiso ezingokomthetho, zezombangazwe, nezefilosofi ezichaza ukuthi isiphi isizwe nesimiso sokubusa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izwe lakho lihlela umthetho-sisekelo omusha, liguqula amalungiselelo akhona, noma lichaza izimiso zomthetho-mthetho ngokuhlola, ukuhileleka kwezakhamuzi kuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zinqubo zihlala zisebusweni bentando yeningi, ziveza izimpawu, futhi ziyalandisa kubantu abakhonzayo.
Lo mqondisi obanzi uzokuhlomisa ngolwazi, amakhono, namacebo adingekayo ukuze uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezingxoxweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo nokufunda ikhono lokuthonya, uzothola ukuthi ungenza kanjani izwi lakho lizweke ezimpikiswaneni ezithinta ikusasa lesizwe sakho.
Ukuqonda Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo
Uyini Umthetho - sisekelo?
Umthetho - sisekelo uyincwadi ephakeme emisa izimiso eziyisisekelo, izakhiwo, nezinqubo zikahulumeni. Ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi emphakathini wentando yeningi. Okokuqala, ikha uhlelo lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, ichaza amandla nemithwalo yemfanelo yesikhulu, i-progionalment, ne-acement. Okwesibili, ihlanganisa ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi, ngokwesivumelwano samalungelo abantu noma amalungiselelo afanayo avikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Okwesithathu, inikeza izinqubo zokulungisa nokuchaza kwayo, iqinisekisa ukuthi idokhumende lingashintsha ngokushintsha izidingo zomthetho wesimo somthetho nokuzigcina uqinile nokuqhubeka.
Imithetho-sisekelo ingabhalwa noma ingabhalwa, ihlanganiswe ephepheni elilodwa noma isakazwe emithonjeni eminingi engokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States uyincwadi eyodwa ebhaliwe ethasiselwa ngokulungisa nokuchaza kokwahlulela. I-United Kingdom, ngokwehlukile, inomthetho-sisekelo obhalwe ngemithetho, imihlangano, izinqumo zokwahlulela, nemibhalo egunyaziwe enqwabeni yamakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Ukuqonda uhlobo lwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo esisetshenziswayo kudinga ukuthatha iqhaza ezingxoxweni zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho.
Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo
Imithetho-mthetho yentando yeningi eminingi yakhiwe phezu kwezimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo eziqondisa ukuchaza nokusebenza kwazo. Ukubusa komthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nohulumeni uqobo, bayazithoba futhi bayalandisa ngaphansi komthetho. Lesimiso sivimbela ukusebenzisa amandla ngokungenazimiso futhi sivikele izakhamuzi ekuphathweni uhulumeni.
Ukuhlukanisa amagunya kuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene − isikhulu esiphethe, i-progin, neyahlulelo [“ukuvimbela ukubekwa kwamandla kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa."Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa kuvumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lilinganisele amandla amanye, likhiqize izinga elinamandla elivikela ekucindezeleni.
ubukhosi obuphaphame bumisa ukuthi igunya eliphethe izombangazwe lihlala kubantu, abaphathisa uhulumeni amandla ngezinqubo zedemokrasi. Lesisimiso sisekela ukufaneleka komthetho-sisekelo wokubusa futhi uvumela isakhamuzi ukuba sihlanganyele ezingxoxweni zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.
[ I-Federalism, lapho kufanelekile, kusakaza amandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nesifunda, kuvumela ukuzibusa kwendawo kuyilapho kulondoloza ubunye besizwe. Ukuqonda indlela amandla asetshenziswa ngayo phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone izikhundla ezifanele ukuthembisana ngomthetho-mthetho.
Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo kuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko ethile yomuntu ngamunye − njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nenqubo efanele(ingavikelekile) ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Lamalungelo akha umsuka wesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo futhi ngokuvamile ayindaba yenkulumo eshubile.
Ukufunda Nokuhumusha Umbhalo Womthetho - sisekelo
Ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokufunda nokuchaza ulimi lomthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze uhlanganyele. Imibhalo yomthetho-sisekelo ivame ukusebenzisa indlela engokomthetho, ngezinye izikhathi ulimi oludala oludinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela. Qala ngokufunda wonke umthetho-sisekelo noma izingxenye ezihlobene nesifiso sokuzihlanganisa. Qaphela indlela izinhlelo, izingxenye, nezinombolo ezihlukene ezihlobana ngayo.
Lapho uchaza amalungiselelo akhethekile, cabangela kokubili incazelo ecacile yombhalo kanye nomongo obanzi owabhalwa kuwo. Ukuqonda umongo wendaba ongokomlando .Izimo nezinhloso zabadwebi bamafomu ._ikhanyisa injongo yezinhlelo ezithile. Nokho, cabangela futhi indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo okufanele zisebenze ngayo ezimweni zanamuhla abakhiqizi be-flamenti abangeke bazilindele.
Zijwayeze ngezindlela eziyinhloko zokuchaza izincazelo. I-alticism igxila ekuqondeni okuvamile kombhalo womthetho-sisekelo ngesikhathi ubhaliwe. Originalist[[ ifuna ukusebenzisa ukuqonda kwakuqala noma inhloso yama-frames. ibheka umthetho-mgano-siseko [[[[[FTLT:5]] njengencwadi echaza ngoshintsho lwe-societal. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela ezihlukahlukene kuyokusiza ukuba ungene ngokuphumelelayo ngemibono ehlukeneyo emibanweni yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. [[FLT]
Umlando Womthetho - sisekelo Neziphakamiso
Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ayilo mbhalo wokuqala kuphela kodwa futhi nomlando oqongelelwe wencazelo nohlelo. Izinqumo zokwahlulela, izenzo zomthetho, nemisebenzi yokuphatha konke kunengxenye ekuqondeni komthetho-sisekelo. Amacala enkantolo e-Landmark ngokuvamile amisa izandulela eziqondisa ukuchazwa kwesikhathi esizayo kwamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo.
Hlola intuthuko enkulu yomthetho-sisekelo emlandweni wezwe lakho. Qonda izikhathi eziphuthumayo lapho izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zahlolwa, zacwengisiswa, noma zashintshwa. Ukuqonda le nqubo engokomlando kunikeza umongo obalulekile wempikiswano yamanje futhi kukusiza ukuba uqaphele ukuthi izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo zingamukelwa kanjani izilaleli ezihlukene.
Naka ngokukhethekile ukuthi izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo ziye zasetshenziswa kanjani ekuxazululeni izinhlangano zezenhlalo, izinguquko zezobuchwepheshe, ushintsho kwezomnotho, nezinselele zokulondeka. Lombono ongokomlando ubonisa ukuvumelana komthetho-sisekelo futhi uqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi enkulumweni engokomthetho-sisekelo.
Ukuthola Amathuba Okuhlanganyela Ngokomthetho
Izinhlelo Zokuchithwa Komthetho - sisekelo
Elinye lamathuba aqondile kakhulu okuhlanganyela komthetho-mthetho liyenzeka phakathi nezinqubo ezingokomthetho. Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi imisa izinqubo eziqondile zokulungisa nokulungisa, ngokuvamile idinga izikhulu eziphezulu eziqulwini zomthetho, imvume yamazinga amaningi kahulumeni, noma amavoti athandwayo aqondile ngemikhakha e-tempel.
Uma kuhlongozwa ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, ohulumeni banikeza amathuba okuthola ulwazi lomphakathi. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, ukuphendula, imihlangano yehholo ledolobha, nezinqubo zokuhlola. Hlala waziswe ngokulungisa okuhlongozwayo ngokuhlola amakhalenda emithetho, ukubhalisela izimpawu zikahulumeni, nokulandela ukuhlanganiswa kwezenzakalo zomthetho-mthetho.
Phakathi nezinqubo zokulungisa, izakhamuzi zinganikeza amazwi abhaliwe, zifakazele ekuqulweni kwecala, zihlele imikhankaso yokucela, futhi ziqoqe ukusekela noma ukuphikiswa komphakathi. Ukuqonda izimfuneko zesikhathi nezinqubo zokulungisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwakho kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezilimaza kakhulu.
Ukubukezwa Komthetho - sisekelo Nezinhlelo Zokwahlulela
Emazweni amaningi, izinkantolo zinendima eyinhloko ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, “‘ amandla okuhlola ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho.
Ama-Amicus curiae amafiji, noma "umngane wenkantolo" ukuzithoba, uvumela amaqembu athakazelayo ukuba anikeze izinkantolo imibono eyengeziwe, ulwazi, noma izimpikiswano ezihlobene namacala omthetho-sisekelo. Izinhlangano eziningi zi-amicus amafiji okumelela izithakazelo zamalungu azo noma iziphakamiso ezisemthethweni ezibalulekile.
Izakhamuzi zingasekela futhi ukumangalelwa komphakathi ngokunikela emalini yokuzivikela engokomthetho, ziphakamise ukuqashelwa kwamacala omthetho - sisekelo, futhi zikhuthaze izincazelo ezithile zemibandela engokomthetho. Ngemva kokudingida amacala amakhulu omthetho - sisekelo nokuqonda izimpikiswano ezinikezwa amaqembu ahlukahlukene kuthuthukisa ikhono lakho lokuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezibanzi zasobala ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.
Impikiswano Engokomthetho Ngezindaba Zomthetho - sisekelo
Imithetho iphendula njalo imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo lapho ihlela imithetho emisha, iziphakamiso zezimiso, noma ukuqondisa izinhlelo zezikhulu. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kulezi zinqubo zomthetho ngezindlela eziningi. Xhumana nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe ukuze baveze imibono yakho ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo ezicatshangelwayo. Yiba khona ukuqulwa kwezindaba zekomiti yemithetho lapho kuphikiswana ngezindaba zomthetho-mthetho. Phonsa ubufakazi obubhaliwe noma izinkulumo lapho izishaya-mthetho zicela ukufakwa komthetho obala kanye nezici ezihlongozomthetho - sisekelo.
Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zilondoloza amakomiti ezindaba zomthetho-mthetho aphendula imibuzo ekhethekile yomthetho-mthetho. Zijwayelane nala makomiti, amalungu awo, nezindawo zawo ezigxile kuzo. Ukwakha ubuhlobo namalungu amakomiti nezisebenzi kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela kwakho ekuthuthukiseni inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo.
Imihlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo Nemihlangano
Amanye amazwe aqala imihlangano yomthetho - sisekelo ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze enze imithetho - sisekelo emisha noma enze izinguquko ezibanzi zomthetho - sisekelo. Lezi zinqubo zivame ukuhlanganisa izinqubo zokuhlanganyela komphakathi kabanzi, kuhlanganise nezakhamuzi zezezakhamuzi, imihlangano emikhulu exekethile, nezinqubo zokudweba izivumelwano.
Uma izwe lakini lithatha inqubo enjalo, lisebenzise ithuba lokuhlanganyela. Yiba khona emphakathini, uthelele ekuhleleni amakomiti uma izakhamuzi zivunyelwe, futhi uhlanganyele nengxoxo yasobala ebanzi ngomklamo womthetho-sisekelo. Imihlangano yomthetho-sisekelo inikeza izikhathi eziyivelakancane lapho izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zokubusa zivulekele ukucatshangelwa, okwenza ukufakwa kwezakhamuzi kube yigugu kakhulu.
Ukuhlola Nokwenza Izicelo
Ohulumeni bavame ukumisa imikhankaso engokomthetho, izindikimba zomthetho eziguqulayo, noma amakomiti akhethekile ukuze bahlole izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo futhi batuse izinguquko.
Izaziso zokuhlola okunjalo futhi zilungise ukuzithoba okunengqondo okuphendula imibuzo eqondile noma izinkenenezo ezimiswe yindikimba ehlolayo. Ukuphenya kahle, ukuzithoba okucaciswe kahle kungathonya kakhulu ukutusa okuvela kulezi zinqubo.
Izinhloso Zokuxhumana Eziphumelelayo Zokuthuthukisa Umthetho - sisekelo
Ukuthuthukisa Amazwi Athonyayo
Ukuqondisa umthetho-sisekelo okuphumelelayo kudinga ikhono lokwakha izimpikiswano ezithonyayo ezithinta izilaleli ezihlukahlukene. Qala ngokuveza ngokucacile ukuma kwakho endabeni yomthetho-sisekelo okhona. Iyiphi incazelo eqondile, ukuguqula, noma ukusebenza okusekelayo omelene nakho?
Sekela ukuma kwakho ngezinhlobo eziningi zobufakazi nokucabanga. izimpikiswano zombhalo zisebenzisa ulimi oluqondile lwemikhakha yomthetho-sisekelo, zibonisa indlela incazelo yakho evumelana ngayo nencazelo ecacile noma isimo sombhalo. iveza izimpikiswano eziphikisiwe[ izinhloso zama-frames, izimo ezihlobene nokwamukelwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, noma ukusetshenziswa komlando kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. [[[FLT: 4.]] iveza izimpikiswano ezingoko, imiyalo yemithetho, noma izenzo zezikhulu ezisekela ukuchaza kwakho.
Izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zihlaziya indlela amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ahlukene ahlangana ngayo nendlela incazelo yakho egcina ngayo ukuvumelana phakathi komthetho-sisekelo wonke. izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo[[ zidingida imiphumela esebenzayo yezincazelo ezihlukene, zibonisa indlela isikhundla sakho esithuthukisa ngayo ukubusa okuhle, ukuvikela amalungelo, noma ukuthuthukisa izindinganiso ezibalulekile zomphakathi.
Ukuvuma imibono ephikisanayo nokuchaza ukuthi kungani isikhundla sakho singcono kubonisa ukwethembeka kwengqondo futhi kuqinisa ukuthembeka kwakho.
Imiyalezo Enikeza Isigijimi Ezifundweni Ezihlukahlukene
Izingxoxo zomthetho zihilela izibukeli eziningi ezinezizinda, izithakazelo, nezinga lobuchwepheshe elihlukene.
Lapho bekhuluma [[QL:0] abamisi-mthetho kanye nezishaya-mthetho , bagcizelela imiphumela esebenzayo, izithakazelo, nokuhleleka ngezinhloso ezibanzi zezimiso. Abameli bavame ukusabela ezimpikiswaneni ezibonisa indlela izikhundla zomthetho-sisekelo ezithinta ngayo abantu abazimele noma izindinganiso eziphambili ezibalulekile ezihlangeneni zabo zezombangazwe.
Lapho ihlanganyela [nezezekhono zomthetho] namajaji , ibeka kuqala ukuhlaziywa okuqinile komthetho, isibonelo, nokuvumelana kwemfundiso. Izilaleli ezingokomthetho zibheka ukucabangisisa, ukunaka imininingwane yombhalo, kanye nokuthembisana nezindlela zokuchaza ezimisiwe.
Lapho uxhumana nomphakathi womphakathi wonke [[FLT: 0], sebenzisa ulimi olufinyelekayo, izibonelo zikakhonkolo, kanye nokuhlobana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke. Gwema ukuqiniswa kwemiqondo enzima engokomthetho futhi uchaze imiqondo enzima ngemisho engakwazi ukuqondwa. Izindaba nokulandisa okubonisa indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwabantu bangempela kungaba namandla kakhulu emphakathini.
Lapho ukhuluma izikhangiso ze-media[, nikeza izinkulumo ezicacile, ezithatha incazelo yesikhundla sakho. Izintatheli zivame ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezikhathi ezimisiwe eziqinile futhi zidinga okuqukethwe ngokufingqiwe, okushukumisayo. Lungisa amaphuzu okukhuluma adlulisa imiyalezo yakho eyisihluthulelo ngemishwana, ngemigqa ekhumbulekayo.
Ukuzithoba Okulotshiwe Neziphendulo Zeningi
Ukuzithoba kumakomiti omthetho, amakhomishane omthetho-mthetho, noma izinqubo zokuhlola umphakathi kudinga ukulungiselela nokunikeza incazelo yolwazi olucacile. Qala ngokufingqa okucacile okusho ukuma kwakho nezimpikiswano eziyinhloko. Lokhu kuvumela abafundi abamatasa ukuba bawaqonde ngokushesha amaphuzu akho ayinhloko ngisho noma bengawafundi wonke ukuzithoba.
Hlela ukuzithoba kwakho ngokunengqondo, usebenzisa izihlokwana nezihlokwana ukuze uqondise abafundi empikiswaneni yakho. Ingxenye ngayinye kufanele ikhulume ngesici esihlukile sendaba yomthetho - sisekelo, yakhela ukuma okuvumelanayo. Sebenzisa izigaba ezinombolo noma izingxenye ukuze kusetshenziswe kalula ukubhekisela.
Sekela izimpikiswano zakho ngemithombo ethembekile, kuhlanganise nombhalo womthetho sisekelo, izinqumo zokwahlulela, ukuhlaziywa kwezazi, ukwaziswa okuthathelwe izimpawu ezivela kwezinye izindawo.
Gwema ulimi olushubile, ukuhlasela, noma ukunxusa okungokomzwelo okungase kukwenze ungabi nethemba. Gxila ekuhlaziyweni kolwazi kanye nokuphikisa kobufakazi.
Qeda ngokutusa okucacile nokuqondile. Isiphi isinyathelo ofuna owamukelayo asithathe? Uma usekela ukulungisa okuthile, ukuchaza, noma indlela yokusebenza, yenza umphumela ofisayo ube sobala.
Ubufakazi Obudluliselwa Ngomlomo Nokukhuluma Kwasobala
Amathuba okunikeza ubufakazi obudluliselwa ngomlomo ezinkantolo zemithetho, ezinhlalweni zomphakathi, noma emihlanganweni engokomthetho-sisekelo adinga amakhono ahlukile kunokubhala ubuciko. Lungiselela ngokucophelela ngokuhlola indlela ehlelwe ngayo, imingcele yesikhathi, namathemba okunikeza ubufakazi. Izikhulumi eziningi zilinganisela izikhulumi ezinikeza izinkulumo ezimfushane, ngokuvamile imizuzu embalwa, ngakho kumelwe udlulisele amaphuzu akho ayinhloko ngokufingqiwe.
Zichazele ukuthi unesithakazelo kule ndaba futhi usho ngokucacile ukuthi umiphi.
Sebenzisa ubufakazi bakho izikhathi eziningi ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okushelelayo phakathi nesikhathi esinzima. Nokho, gwema ukufunda amagama abhalwe ngendlela elula, angazwakala ephoqelelwe futhi edidekile. Kunalokho, khuluma ngamaphuzu noma ngohlaka, ugcine ukubhekana kwamehlo nezilaleli zakho futhi usebenzise ulimi olungokwemvelo, olukhuluma ngengxoxo.
Lungiselela imibuzo evela kumalungu ekomiti noma abanye abahilelekile. Lungiselela imibuzo engase ihloselwe izici eziphikisanayo zesikhundla sakho noma izikhala ezisemqoka empikiswaneni yakho. Phendula ngokuqondile futhi ngokwethembeka; uma ungayazi impendulo yombuzo, kuvume lokhu futhi uthembise ukunikeza ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kamuva.
Hlale uzolile futhi uqeqeshiwe ngisho noma ubuzwa ngemibono ephikisanayo.
Ukuhlanganyela Kwezokuxhumana Nezokuxhumana
Iziteshi zemishini ziye zaguqula umthetho-sisekelo ukuba ufunde, zaveza amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela ezakhamuzini kuyilapho ziveza izinselele eziyingqayizivele. Izokuxhumana zikuvumela ukuba ufinyelele izibukeli ezibanzi, uhlanganyele ezingxoxweni zangempela, futhi usekele izikhundla zomthetho-sisekelo.
Lapho ufaka i-media yezokuxhumana, vumelanisa indlela yakho yokuxhumana nezimiso ze-plut kuyilapho ugcina okuqukethwe okungathandeki. Imicu ye-Twitter ingahlukanisa izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho-sisekelo zibe izingxenye ezididayo. Izindawo ze-Facebook zingahlanganisa ukuhlaziywa nokulandisa komuntu siqu noma imibono yomphakathi. Izihloko ezihlangene zinganikeza ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe obucuphekayo ukuze kuhlolwe izilaleli ezinezinqubo ezizinzile.
Sebenzisa ama-media amaningi ukuze uthuthukise ukuthembisana. I-Intergraphics ingabonisa izakhiwo zomthetho-mthetho, izinombolo zesikhathi, noma ukwaziswa okuqhathanisa. Amavidiyo angadlulisela izindaba zomuntu siqu noma izincazelo ezingochwepheshe. Izinhlelo zemidlalo zingasiza ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zomthetho-sisekelo nabantu abahlukene.
Yakha imiphakathi esebenzisa i - Internet esekelwe ezindabeni zomthetho - sisekelo ngokudala noma ngokuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni, emikhankasweni yezingxoxo noma kuyi - Internet.
Nokho, qaphela ukulinganiselwa nezingozi zokusebenzisa i-metalog. Imithombo yezokuxhumana ingathuthukisa ukwaziswa okunganembile, ikhuthaze ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo ezihlukene, futhi ivuze ukuhlaziywa okungacaci. Qinisekisa ukwaziswa ngaphambi kokukunikeza, hlanganyela ngenhlonipho nalabo abangavumelani nokungavumelani nomthetho wegciwane. Gcina izindinganiso ezifanayo zobufakazi nokubonisana ezingosini ongazifaka kuzo ngokusemthethweni noma ebufakazini obuhleliwe.
Ukwakha Izinhlangano Nezikhungo Ezivelele
Ukuhlangana Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi
Izakhamuzi ngazinye zingandisa ithonya lazo ngokuhlanganyela noma ukusekela izinhlangano zomphakathi ezihileleke ekubuseni umthetho - sisekelo.
Izinhlangano zokucwaninga ezisebenza ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo ezivumelana nezindinganiso zakho nezithakazelo. Lezi zingahlanganisa izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, amaqembu angokomthetho okulawula amaqembu, izingqwembe, izinxulumani ezingochwepheshe, noma imifelandawonye eqondene nezindaba. Izinhlangano ezisekelwe embhalweni wazo, ulwazi, ukubonakala, nokuvumelana nezinto eziza kuqala.
Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, amathuba okunikeza amakhono obuchwepheshe, noma ukuthuthukisa ukuhola okungathuthukisa amakhono akho okuqeqesha.
Izinhlangano zivame ukukwazi ukuxhumana nabenzi bezimiso, imithombo yezindaba, nemithombo yezinhlangano kunezakhamuzi ngazinye. Ngokusebenza ngezinhlangano ezimisiwe, ungasebenzisa lezinzuzo kuyilapho unikela ngemibono yakho eyingqayizivele nokuhlangenwe nakho ukuze uhlanganise imizamo yokulawula.
Ukwakha ama - Alliances oMphathi wesiphambano
Ukulawula umthetho - sisekelo okuphumelelayo ngokuvamile kudinga ukwakha izivumelwano ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene, emiphakathini, nasemibonweni ehlukahlukene. Izindaba zomthetho zivame ukuthinta ababambisi bemigoqo abahlukene abangase bangasebenzelani. Ukuhlukanisa isisekelo esifanayo nokwakha imifelandawonye kungadala izinhlangano ezinamandla zokulawula izinhlanga.
Qala ngokudweba abaphethe abahlanganyela ezimisweni zakho zomthetho-sisekelo, ngisho noma besondela kulendaba bebhekene nezici ezingafani. Ngokwesibonelo, abameleli bezindaba zomuntu siqu, amaqembu ezamabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi kungasekela konke ukuvikela komthetho-sisekelo ukuze kutholakale ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo, nakuba kungezizathu ezihlukile. Ukuthola lamaphuzu okuhlangana kukuvumela ukuba wakhe imifelandawo ebanzi.
Izivumelwano ezivumelanayo ezivumelana kahle nezivumelanayo kodwa ezithinta ukungafani kwezindlela zokuxhumana. Izinhlangano eziphumelelayo zilinganisela ubunye ezimqoka kanye nokuvumelana namasu nokuthumela imiyalezo.
Izivumelwano zeqembu lezinkolo zingaba namandla kakhulu ngoba zibonisa ukuthi ukuma komthetho-sisekelo kudlulela ngalé kokuhlukana okuncane okubangelwa ukuhlukana kwemibono. Uma amaqembu ahlukene ehlangana ngezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, anikeza ukusekela okusekelwe kakhulu okungathonya abakhi bezimiso futhi kulolonge umbono womphakathi.
Ukuhlanganyela Imfundo Nemiphakathi Ephambili
Izazi zomthetho - sisekelo, ochwepheshe bezomthetho nabacwaningi bezemfundo bangayisekela kakhulu imizamo yezakhamuzi yokuthola amalungelo.
Yakha ubuhlobo nochwepheshe bezemfundo ngokuba khona ezifundweni zomphakathi, ukuhlanganyela ezinkonzweni zaseyunivesithi, noma ukufinyelela izazi ezicwaninga ngezindaba zakho ezingokomthetho-mthetho. Izazi eziningi zijabulela amathuba okuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi futhi ziqaphele isithakazelo somphakathi emsebenzini wazo.
Mema ochwepheshe ukuba babe neqhaza emikhankasweni yokuqasha ngobufakazi obungochwepheshe, imibiko yokucwaninga, ama-op-ed, noma ama-amicu mishwana. Ukuhlolwa kobukhazikhazi kunganikeza ukuthembeka ezikhundleni zobufundisi futhi kunikeze izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho ezisekela ukuqoqwa kwezimpande zotshani.
Ngokuphambene, abasekeli bezakhamuzi banganikeza izifundiswa ukuqonda okuwusizo ngendlela izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo ezithinta ngayo imiphakathi, izinselele ezingokoqobo, kanye nemibono yomphakathi engase ingacaci ngokuhlaziya nje okucatshangelwayo.
Izimpande Ezinomsila Ziyaphazanyiswa Futhi Zihlelwe Ngomphakathi
Nakuba kubalulekile ukuba abahleli bezimiso nezinhlangano eziphambili zifune ukubuswa, izimpande zotshani ziveza ukusekela okukhulu komphakathi izikhundla zomthetho - sisekelo futhi zibangela ukucindezela kwezombangazwe ukuze kushintshwe.
Imikhankaso yokuthuthukisa izimpande zotshani ezifundisa amalungu omphakathi ngezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo, zikhuthaza ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yokuzisebenzela, futhi zibonise ukusekela komphakathi ngezicelo, imibuthano, noma ngokuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Sebenzisa imihlangano yomphakathi, ukuvalwa kweminyango yomnyango, ukugcinwa kocingo, namathuluzi okuhlela umshini ukuze ufinyelele futhi uhlanganyele nabasekeli.
Izindaba ezifushanisiwe zomthetho-sisekelo ngokwezimo ezihlobene nokuhlangenwe nakho komphakathi nezindinganiso. Ukucubungula izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kuba mandla uma kuhlangene nethonya eliqinisekile ekuphileni kwabantu, ekuziphatheni, nasemphakathini. Izindaba zomuntu siqu nezibonelo zendawo kungenza ukuvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo kube lula futhi kushukumise.
Intuthuko yezemfundo iqinisekisa ukuthi imizamo yokulawula isekelwa futhi kumelelwe amazwi ahlukahlukene ezingxoxweni ezingokomthetho-mthetho.
Ukuphikisa Impikiswano Yomthetho - sisekelo
Ukuqonda Ukushintsha Umthetho - sisekelo
Izimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo eziningi ziphikisana kakhulu, zibonisa ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngezindinganiso, izinto eziza kuqala, nemibono yomphakathi.
Qaphela ukuthi ukungezwani komthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile kusekelwe ezinkolelweni ezihlukene kodwa eziqotho ngobulungisa, inkululeko, ukulingana, nendima efanele kahulumeni. Nakuba ungase ungavumelani ngokuqinile nezikhundla eziphikisanayo, ukufinyelela izimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo ngokuthobeka kokuhlakanipha nenhlonipho ngokuphikisana okuhle kungasiza ekuxazululeni okunenzuzo ngokwengeziwe.
Gwema ukudelela labo abanemibono ehlukile yomthetho-sisekelo. Abaphikisi baveza abangazi lutho, abanonya, noma abamelene nedemocratic ngokuvame ukubangela ukuhlukana kunokuba baqhube impikiswano eyakhayo. Gxila ekungeneni ezinguqulweni ezinamandla kakhulu zezimpikiswano eziphikisayo kunokuba uhlasele izikhundla zabahlaseli.
Ukuthola Isisekelo Esifanayo
Yisho ukuthi abantu abahlukahlukene ngokwezombangazwe bawazisa kakhulu ukuqina komthetho - sisekelo, ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo nokubusa okunesibopho, ngisho noma bengavumelani ngokuthi bafeze kanjani lemigomo.
Hlola ukuthi izivumelwano ze-procedia zingahlanganisa izivumelwano eziseceleni. Izingxenye ezingavumelani ngemiphumela engokomthetho-mthetho zingavumelana noma kunjalo ngezinqubo ezilungile zokuxazulula izingxabano, njengokuzicabangela ngokukhanyayo, ukuhlanganyela okuphelele, noma ukunamathela ezinqubweni ezimisiwe.
Cabangela ukuthi izikhundla zokuyekethisa noma izinguquko ezingase zixazulule izinkathazo ngezindlela eziningi. Ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo akudingeki lube yize; amakhambi okusungula ngezinye izikhathi angahlanganisa izithakazelo nezindinganiso ezihlukene.
Ukulondoloza Umphakathi Nokuxoxa Okukhuthazayo
Izingxoxo zoMthetho - sisekelo zingashuba, ikakhulukazi lapho zithinta izinkolelo ezigxilile noma zithinta amalungelo ayisisekelo nezithakazelo.
Zijwayeze ukulalela ngokucophelela lapho uhlanganyela nalabo abanemibono engafani. Funa ukuqonda ukucabanga kwabo, izindinganiso, nokukhathazeka ngaphambi kokunikeza izimpendulo. Buza imibuzo ecacisayo ukuze uqonde ngokunembile izikhundla eziphikisanayo. Lokhu kubonisa inhlonipho futhi kungaveza izici ezingalindelekile zesivumelwano noma amathuba okuxoxa.
Sebenzisa "I" izinkulumo zokuveza imibono yakho kunokuveza "u" izisho. Ngokwesibonelo, "Ngikholelwa ukuthi le ncazelo ivikela amalungelo abantu kangcono" ayiphikisani kakhulu kuno-"Uzama ukululaza isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo." Lendlela igxila ekucabangeni kwakho kunokuhlasela abanye.
Ukuvuma ukungaqiniseki noma ukuqaphela ukukhathazeka okufanelekile okuphakanyiswe imibono ephikisanayo kubonisa ukwethembeka kwengqondo futhi kungakha indawo yokuxoxa okucatshangelwe kangcono.
Beka imingcele yokuthembisana. Uma izingxoxo ziba ezihlambalazayo, ezidelelayo, noma ezingakhiqizi, kuyafaneleka ukulahla. Ukuvikela inhlalakahle yakho nokugcina ikhono lakho lokuqamba ucingo libalulekile kakhulu kunokuphumelela yonke impikiswano.
Ukukhuluma Ngezindaba Ezingeyizo Nezinga
Ngezinye izikhathi izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo zihlushwa ukwaziswa okungamanga noma okunganembile okuhlanganyelwa ngaphandle kwenhloso embi, futhi kudiscioliwe okungamanga okusakazwayo ukuze kutholwe noma kusetshenziswe. Kokubili kululaza inkulumo yomthetho-sisekelo enolwazi futhi kungaphazamisa ukuqonda obala izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo.
Amakhono okufunda athuthukisiwe okuthola ukwaziswa okunganembile. Ukuqinisekisa ngokubheka imithombo enegunya enjengezincwadi zomthetho-sisekelo ezingokomthetho, izinqumo zokwahlulela, ukucwaninga, noma izinhlangano zezindaba ezinedumela elihle. Ungakukholelwa ukusho okuvusa isithakazelo, uhlole ukukholeka kwemithombo, futhi ufune ukuqinisekiswa emithonjeni eminingi ezimele.
Uma uthola ukwaziswa okunganembile ezingxoxweni zomthetho-sisekelo, kulungise ngenhlonipho nangobufakazi.
Izinhlelo zemfundo, izinhlangano ezihlola amaqiniso, kanye nokubhala amaphephandaba abalulekile konke kunengxenye enkulumweni yomthetho-sisekelo enolwazi oluthe xaxa.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukufunda Nokuqapha Komthetho - sisekelo
Imithombo Yemfundo Nokutadisha Ngokwakho
Ukuqinisa ukuqonda kwakho umthetho - sisekelo kuthuthukisa ukuphumelela kwakho njengomsekeli.
Iqala ngokungena komthetho-sisekelo obhalelwe abantu abalalele. Izazi eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo nochwepheshe bezomthetho-mthetho baye babhala izincwadi, izihloko, nemithombo ye-inthanethi echaza izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, umlando, nezimpikiswano zamanje ngolimi olufinyelelekayo. Imishini yaseYunivesithi, izingcingo zezengqondo, nezinhlangano zemfundo zivame ukunyathelisa izinto ezilingana kakhulu kubafundi abangezona abakhethekile.
Funda imithombo eyinhloko, kuhlanganise nomthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakini, izinqumo zokwahlulela ezibalulekile, nezimpikiswano ezibalulekile zemithetho. Nakuba ulimi olungokomthetho lungaba yinselele, ukuhlanganyela ngokuqondile nemithombo eyinhloko kuthuthukisa ikhono lakho lokuhlaziya izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo futhi wakhe izahlulelo ezizimele.
Landela intuthuko yomthetho-sisekelo ngezincwadi eziphambili. Izinkonzo zezindaba ezisemthethweni, izingosi zomthetho-mthetho, kanye nomagazini bezemfundo zinikeza ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo kwezindaba zomthetho-mthetho-siseko, izinqumo zokwahlulela, nezimpikiswano zezazi. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Constitute Project [ inikeza imithombo engokomthetho elinganayo engathuthukisa umbono wakho.
Sebenzisa izifundo ze-inthanethi nemfundo. Amayunivesithi amaningi afundisa nge-inthanethi ngamahhala noma ngezifundo eziphansi ku-inthanethi ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, amalungelo abantu kanye nezihloko ezihlobene nazo. La mathuba ahleliwe okufunda anikeza izingeniso ezihleliwe emibonweni yomthetho-sisekelo nezici zesayensi yemvelo.
Ukuya Ezindlini Zokuvocavoca, Ezingqungqutheleni, Nasemahholo Emisebenzi
Uma ungena shí futhi cishe izenzakalo zinikeza amathuba okufunda kochwepheshe, ukusebenzelana nabanye abasekelana, nokuhlala ukhona ezinqubweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Izimo ezingekho emthethweni, izinxulumani, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nokucabanga ngamathangi njalo kungenisa izinkulumo zeningi, izingxoxo zezindawo ezihleliwe, nemihlangano ephathelene nezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo.
Yibani nalezi zenzakalo ukuze nizwe imibono ehlukahlukene, nibuze imibuzo, nengosi yezokuxhumana nabanye abanesithakazelo ezindabeni zomthetho - sisekelo.
Uhlanganyele ezindaweni zokushala izinhlelo ezithuthukisa amakhono akhethekile okuthuthukisa ukuqamba, njengokucwaninga ngokomthetho, ukubhala ngokukholisayo, ukukhuluma obala, noma isakhiwo sokwakha esihlangene.
Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathaniswa Nomthetho - sisekelo
Ukuhlola indlela amanye amazwe asingatha ngayo izindaba ezifanayo zomthetho - sisekelo kunganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile nezinye izindlela zokuzisingatha.
Lapho uhlola izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo, cwaninga ngendlela ezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi eye yabhekana ngayo nezinselele ezifanayo.
Izibonelo eziqhathanise izibalo ezingaqinisa izimpikiswano zokungavumelani ngokubonisa ukuthi izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zomthetho-mthetho ziye zasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kwezinye izindawo noma ngokuqokomisa izihibe zokugwema ezisekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamanye amazwe. Nokho, khumbula ukungafani komongo; amakhambi omthetho-sisekelo asebenza kahle kwelinye izwe angase angafaneleki ngenxa yemiphakathi ehlukene, amasiko, noma izakhiwo zezakhiwo.
Ukwakha Ubuhlobo Nochwepheshe Bezomthetho
Nakuba izakhamuzi kungadingekile ukuba zibe abameli ukuze zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezingxoxweni zomthetho - sisekelo, ukwakha ubuhlobo nochwepheshe bezomthetho kungathuthukisa ukuqapha kwakho.
Abameli abaningi banikela ngesikhathi sabo ngokuzithandela ukusekela izimbangela zesithakazelo somphakathi futhi bangase bazimisele ukunikeza ukuhlaziywa okungokomthetho, ukubukeza ukuzithoba, noma ukunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho.
Ingxenye ebuhlotsheni bommeli nomphakathi lapho ochwepheshe bezomthetho kanye nomphakathi bebambisana ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo.
Lezi zikhungo zenza amathuba okufunda kochwepheshe bezomthetho futhi zakhe ubuhlobo obungasekela imizamo eqhubekayo yokulawula izikhungo zomphakathi.
Izindlela Ezifanele Zokucatshangelwa Komthetho - sisekelo Wesikhathi Eside
Ukubeka Imigomo Nezikhathi Ezingokoqobo
Ushintsho olungokomthetho luvame ukuthatha isikhathi eside. Izinguquko ze-Formal zidinga ukuhlelwa kwemigoqo eyinkimbinkimbi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi kwakhe ukuvumelana okubanzi kwezombangazwe. Ukushintshwa komthetho-sisekelo ngezinqumo zokwahlulela noma ngemikhuba ejikelezayo kungathatha iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka. Abasekeli abaphumelelayo babeka imigomo engokoqobo futhi balondoloze isibopho isikhathi eside.
Umehluko phakathi kwesikhathi esifushane, isikhathi esiphakathi, nemizuzu emide. Imigomo emifushane ingahlanganisa ukuqaphela indaba yomthetho-sisekelo, ukwakha amandla okuhlela, noma ukuthonya impikiswano ethile yomthetho-mthetho. Imigomo yangaphakathi ingahilela ukushintsha umbono womphakathi, ukumisa izenzakalo zomthetho, noma ukwakha imifelandawo. Imigomo emide ingahlanganisa ukufinyelela ukuguqulwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ukushintsha ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, noma ukuguqula izinhlangano zikahulumeni.
Yakha amacebo asebenzayo alandelanayo ahlela imisebenzi yokuhlanganisa izigebengu ukuze kwakhiwe amandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imizamo yokuqala ingagxila emfundweni nasekwakheni isakhiwo esihlangene, ikhe isisekelo senqubo yamuva yokulawula nokuguqula izikhungo. Ukugubha intuthuko yokwenezela intuthuko kuyilapho ulokhu ugxila ezimisweni eziphelele.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nesimo Sezombangazwe Nezenhlalo
Izinguquko zezombangazwe nezenhlalo, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, izimo zezomnotho, nentuthuko yomhlaba wonke konke kuthinta amathemba okushintshwa komthetho - sisekelo namasu okungenzeka aphumelele.
Hlola isimo sezombangazwe futhi uphawule amafasitela ethuba lapho ukushintsha komthetho-sisekelo kuba nokwenzeka kakhulu. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izikhathi zangemva kokhetho, ukusabela ezinkingeni noma emahloni, noma lapho izinhlangano zomphakathi zidala inguquko. Zilungiselele ukuqinisa imizamo yokuzimela lapho amathuba ephakama.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, qaphela lapho izimo zezombangazwe zingakufanelekeli ukufinyelela izinjongo ezisheshayo.
Zigcine uvumelana namasu kuyilapho ulondoloza izimiso ezivumelanayo. Amasu aqondile, imiyalezo, nezinhlangano ezibonakala ziphumelela zingashintsha njengoba izimo zezombangazwe nezezenhlalo zishintsha. Abasekeli abaphumelelayo bavumelanisa izindlela zabo lapho behlala bevumelana nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo nezinhloso.
Ukulinganisa Umphumela Nokufunda Kokuhlangenwe Nakho
Ukuphumelela kokuqapha kudinga ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kokusebenza nokungasebenzi. Yakha imibhoshongo yokuhlola ithonya lemizamo yakho yokulawula. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izinyathelo ezilinganayo njengenani labantu abafinyelelwayo, abagcinwayo, noma abathunyelweyo abakhankanyiwe, noma abezindaba basho ukwenzeka, kanye nokuhlola okungaqondakali kokwakha ubuhlobo, amandla ahlangeneyo, noma ukushintshana kwenkulumo yomphakathi.
Zindla njalo ngokuhlangenwe nakho kobuwula ukuze uthole izifundo ozitholayo. Yimaphi amasu abonakala ephumelela kakhulu?
Ukunikela ekufundeni ndawonye kuqinisa umphakathi ogcwele womthetho - sisekelo wokuphatha izigebengu futhi kusiza abanye ukuba bagweme izingibe noma basebenzise izindlela eziphumelelayo.
Ukusekela Ithuba Lokwenza Inkonzo Nokugwema Ukutubeka
Ukuqasha umthetho-mthetho kungafuna okukhulu, ikakhulukazi uma intuthuko ithatha ijubane noma kuvela izithiyo. Ukuqinisa isibopho isikhathi eside kudinga ukunaka enhlalakahleni yomuntu siqu nasekuzinziseni kwenhlangano.
Beka imingcele ukuze uvimbele ukutubeka. Ukuqasha akumelwe usebenzise sonke isikhathi namandla akho. Zimise amazinga aqinile okuthembisana okukuvumela ulondoloze ezinye izibopho nenhlalakahle yakho. Kungcono ukuba unikele ngokulinganiselayo kunokukhathala ngemva komzamo omkhulu kodwa ongalawuleki.
Ukuhlanganyela okuhlangenwe nakho, izinselele, nokuphumelela nabanye abahlanganyela emsebenzini ofanayo kunikeza ukusekela okungokomzwelo nosizo olungokoqobo.
Ukuhalalisela impumelelo, ngisho nezincane. Ukuqondisa komthetho-mthetho kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukulwa isikhathi eside nentuthuko esheshayo. Ukuvuma ukufezwa kwempumelelo − ukuthi ukuzithoba okuphumelelayo, umhlangano ozuzisayo nomenzi wemithetho, noma ukushintshwa kwezindaba okuxoxwayo − kusiza ukuba kuhlale kunezisusa nokuziphatha okuhle.
Uhlale ubheka umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo ngokubaluleka komlando. Uhlanganyela emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzilawula kwentando yeningi, ofaka iqhaza ezimpikiswaneni ezizolololonga umphakathi wakho izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Lombono wesikhathi eside unganikeza incazelo kanye nesisusa ngisho nalapho imiphumela ingaqondakali ngokushesha.
Ukucabangela Okungokwemfundiso Ezomthetho - sisekelo
Ukwethembeka Nobuqotho Obungacabangeli
Ukumelela amaqiniso okungavumelani, ukusonta izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo, noma ukusho okungasekelwe ngobufakazi kululaza ukufaneleka kobuqaba futhi kulimaza inkulumo yasobala.
Ukwaziswa kunikezwe ngokunembile, ngisho noma amaqiniso aphazamisayo enza kube nzima ukuphikisana kwakho.
Lungisa amaphutha ngokushesha lapho uthola ukuthi wenze amaphutha noma uthembele ekwazisweni okunganembile. Ukuvuma nokulungisa amaphutha kubonisa ubuqotho nokulondoloza ukwethemba izilaleli kanye nabanye abasekela ubudlelwane.
Ukuhlonipha Izinhlelo Zentando Yeningi Nezinhlangano
Inhlonipho ngezindlela ezisungulwe zokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo, ukuchaza, nokusebenzisa, ngisho nalapho lezi zinqubo zithatha kancane noma zikhungathekisa.
Yamukela ukuthi ukwenza isinqumo sentando yeningi ngezinye izikhathi kuveza imiphumela ongayivumelani nayo. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi komthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukwamukela izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezenziwe ngezinqubo ezifanele, kuyilapho kuqhubeka ukusekela ezinye izikhundla ngezindlela ezifanele.
Ukusekela ubuqotho nokuzimela kwenhlangano. Hlonipha izindima ezihlukene zamagatsha kahulumeni nezinhlangano. Ukubusa okululaza ukuzimela kokwahlulela, ukuhlongoza ukumiswa kwemithetho, noma ukulandisa okuphethe kululaza ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo ngisho nalapho kushukunyiswa izinhloso ezifanelekile.
Ukuhlanganyela Okuphelele Nokufanele
Izingxoxo zoMthetho - sisekelo kufanele zihlanganise amazwi nemibono ehlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi leyo yemiphakathi ethinteka kakhulu yizindaba zomthetho - sisekelo. Abameleli kufanele basebenze ngenkuthalo ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi inkulumo yomthetho - sisekelo ihlangene futhi iyavumelana kunokuba ibuswe amaqembu ahloniphekile noma anamandla.
Ilula amazwi alulazayo ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-sisekelo. Yakha iziteji zemiphakathi eye yakhishwa ngokomlando ezinqubweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukusekela ukukhula kobuholi phakathi kwamaqembu azimele ukuqinisekisa ukuthatha isinyathelo esihlukene ekulawuleni komthetho-mthetho.
Qaphela indlela isikhundla sakho emphakathini, amalungelo, nemibono yakho okulawula ngayo imibono yakho engokomthetho - sisekelo.
Abameleli bezinqubo zomthetho - sisekelo ezitholakala ngobuqotho kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, hhayi nje lezo ezinemali, imfundo, noma ezihlobene nazo, bayakwazi ukusekela ukuxhumana nabantu abakhuluma ulimi, abahlukanisiwe, abakwazi ukubhekana nezimo ezingokoqobo.
Ukulinganisela Ukungagwegwesi Nokungaqiniseki
Abasekeli bomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo abazona izingqapheli ezingathathi hlangothi; bathuthukisa izikhundla ezithile futhi bafuna imiphumela ethile. Nokho, ukuqasha i-codecia okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokwethembeka ngobunkimbinkimbi, ukuvuma ukuhweba, nokuqaphela izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezincintisanayo.
Umehluko phakathi kokuqamba amanga nenkulumo - ze. Ukuqamba amanga kuveza icala elinamandla kakhulu uma kubhekwa isikhundla esiphikisanayo futhi kuhlonishwa imibono ephikisanayo. Inkulumo - ze isebenzisa kabi, ikhohlisa, noma icindezela ezinye izindlela. Londoloza umehluko ngokumisa ukuqamba amaphutha ekuhlaziyweni ngokwethembeka nasekuthembiseni ngenhlonipho.
Ukwehluleka ukuveza izindinganiso zakho, izithakazelo, kanye nezijoyinano. Ukungavumelani kwamalungu enhlangano, imithombo yezimali, noma izigxobo zomuntu siqu ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo uma zifanelekile. Lokhu kubonakala kuvumela izilaleli ukuba zihlole izimpikiswano zakho ngomongo futhi zigcine ukuthembela ezindleleni zobuntwana.
Izihloko Ezikhethekile Ekuhlanganyeleni Komthetho - sisekelo
Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Agunyazwa
Ukubusa kwagxila emalungelweni omthetho - sisekelo − njengenkululeko yokuveza, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ukuzifihla, ukulingana, noma inqubo efanele — ukunaka ngokukhethekile ukuthi amalungelo ahlotshaniswa futhi alinganiswa kanjani ezithakazelweni ezincintisanayo.
Lapho usekela isivikelo samalungelo, uchaza ngokucacile ukuthi ayini amalungelo ahilelekile, ukuthi asongelwa kanjani nokuthi kungani kudingeka avikelwe umthetho - sisekelo.
Yisho indlela amalungelo okufanele alinganiswe ngayo lapho ephikisana namanye amalungelo noma izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile. Ambalwa amalungelo aphelele; amaningi angalinganiselwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ukuqapha kuvuma lokhu kunkimbinkimbinkimbi futhi kuveza izimiso zokulinganisela ukucabangela okuncintisanayo.
Cabangela kokubili amalungelo aphambene (inkululeko ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni) namalungelo aqondile (iziqu zezenzo zikahulumeni noma imithombo). Amasiko ahlukahlukene omthetho - sisekelo agcizelela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamalungelo, futhi izindlela zokuqapha zingase zidinge ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Inguquko Yomthetho - sisekelo Wokwakha
Ukulwela izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ongokomthetho - sisekelo − njengokushintsha kwezimiso zokuvota, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, noma amalungiselelo kahulumeni — kubonisa indlela izinguquko zokwakha ezingathuthukisa ngayo ukubusa, ukuthuthukisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi, noma izinkinga zesimiso sokulungisa.
Isimiso sokulungisa izakhiwo sizuza ngokuhlola okuqhathanisayo okubonisa ukuthi amalungiselelo ahlukene asebenza kanjani. Gwema izibonelo ezivela kwamanye amazwe noma izifundazwe ukuze ubonise izinzuzo nezinselele zezinguquko ezihlongozwayo.
Amakheli athintana nemiphumela engahlosiwe. Izinguquko zohlelo zingaba nemiphumela efinyele kakhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi engalindelekile. Ukuqapha kulindele izinkinga ezingase zivele futhi kusikisele ukuvikela noma ukulungisa ukunciphisa izingozi.
Ukwakha imifelandawonye phakathi kwemikhakha elwayo nemibono ukuze kushintshwe izinguquko zokwakha. Ukushintshela ezakhiweni eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni kudinga ukuvumelana okukhulu. Ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo ngezindinganiso zentando yeningi ezihlangeneyo kunokuba kube usizo oluncishisiwe kungasiza ekwakheni izakhiwo.
Amandla Aphuthumayo Neziphazamiso Zomthetho - sisekelo
Izindaba zomthetho ngokuvamile ziba zimbi kakhulu lapho kunezimo eziphuthumayo noma lapho ohulumeni befuna ukuba nemibuso ethé xaxa noma lapho kusongelwa imithetho engokomthetho.
Phakathi nobunzima obuphuthumayo, basekela ukuvumelana nomthetho - sisekelo ngisho nalapho ohulumeni bethi izimo ezingavamile zithethelela ukusuka ezimisweni ezivamile. Ukubheka ukubonakala, ukulandisa, nokunamathela ekubekeni umthetho-sisekelo ezindaweni eziphuthumayo. Ukusekela amalungiselelo okuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zingezesikhashana futhi zifanele ukubukezwa njalo.
Uma kuvela izinhlekelele zomthetho-sisekelo − njengokhetho oluphikiswayo, izingxabano zezinhlangano, noma izinsongo zokubusa kwentando yeningi − ukubuthwa kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo kungavikela ukuhleleka komthetho-sisekelo. Hlela imiboniso enokuthula, izinkulumo zomphakathi, ukusekela izinhlangano ezizimele, nokufuna ukunamathela ezinqubweni zomthetho-sisekelo.
Lungiselela izinkinga ezingase zivele ngokukha izinhlangano eziqinile zomphakathi, ukufundisa izakhamuzi ngesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, futhi umise izinhlanganisela ezingazihlanganisa ngokushesha lapho kusongelwa ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo.
Izinkinga Zomthetho - sisekelo Wezizwe Zonke Nezezizwe Zonke
Izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo zinezici ezikhulayo emhlabeni wonke, kungaba ngomthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu, ukuhlanganiswa kwezifunda, noma izinselele ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukufuduka, noma ukulawulwa kwemishini. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kulezizilinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo wezizwe zonke ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.
Ingxenye ekuhloleni izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezithinta ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Amathuluzi amaningi amazwe ngamazwe adinga ukumiswa kwasekhaya ngezinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo, adala amathuba okuthola isilinganiso sezakhamuzi.
Ukuhlanganyela nezimiso zamalungelo abantu zesifunda noma izindikimba ezihlola amazwe wonke eziqondisa umthetho-sisekelo wezimiso zomhlaba. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Amnesty International[ noma Amalungelo abantu Watch[ kusiza isakhamuzi ukuba sithathe iqhaza emalungelweni abantu emhlabeni wonke.
Izinhlangano ezisekela ukulawulwa kwezizwe ngezizwe ezidingida izindaba zomthetho - sisekelo emazweni amaningi. Ukuma komthetho - sisekelo, amalungelo emishini, kanye nezinhlangano ezilwa nokonakala zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo emingceleni, zihlanganyela amasu nokwakha ubunye phakathi kwabasekeli emazweni ahlukahlukene.
Amathuluzi Awusizo Nemithombo Yabameleli BoMthetho - sisekelo
Ukucwaninga Nokwaziswa
Ukwazi ukuqapha kudinga ukuthola ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa namathuluzi okucwaninga. Yakha ukujwayelana nemithombo eyinhloko yokucwaninga ngomthetho-sisekelo:
- imithombo kahulumeni: imibhalo yomthetho-mthetho, amarekhodi omthetho womthetho, izahlulelo, nemibiko kahulumeni inikeza imithombo eyinhloko enegunya.
- [[UMTH: 0] Izindawo zokusekela izimali: Amazwe amaningi anikeza umphakathi amathuba okuthola izahlulelo zokwahlulela nezimpahla ezingokomthetho ngamawebhusayithi enkantolo angokomthetho noma amachweba kahulumeni.
- Imithombo ye-Academic:[ imitapo yezincwadi yaseYunivesithi, omagazini bemfundo, nezincwadi zezazi zinikeza ngokucubungula okujulileyo kwezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo. Izihloko eziningi zemfundo zitholakala ngemidalo evulekile.
- Inhlangano ibika: isebenza ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile inyathelisa imibiko yokucwaninga, izikhawu zezimiso, kanye nezinto zokusungula inzuzo ezinikeza ukuhlaziywa nokwaziswa okuwusizo.
- [[FLT]News nemithombo yezindaba: ihlanganisa intuthuko yomthetho-sisekelo nemibono ehlukene ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-sisekelo.
- Imithombo yomhlaba wonke:[ Iqoqo lomthetho-sisekelo elihambelanayo, izindikimba zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, kanye nezimiso zezimiso zezizwe zonke zokulawula igebe lomthetho-sisekelo zinikeza imibono yembulunga yonke ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo.
Iziyalezo
Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza amaprojekthi neziqondiso ukuze kuvuleke ukuthatha isinyathelo ekwakheni umthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zingahlanganisa izincwadi ezimfakelayo, ubufakazi, amalebula anxusayo, noma amathuluzi okuhlela ukuhlelwa kwempahla.
Yakha amafaktire akho asekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okuphumelelayo kokulawula. Yenza uhlelo oluhle lokuhlaziya izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuthobela ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, noma ukuhlelwa kwemikhankaso yokuhlela ukuphatha. Lamathuluzi angathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokungaguquguquki emsebenzini wakho wokulawula.
Amathuluzi Obuchwepheshe Okuthuthukisa
Amathuluzi emishini angathuthukisa ukusetshenziswa komthetho - sisekelo ngokuthuthukisa ukucwaninga, ukuxhumana, ukuhleleka nokuhlongoza. Cabangela ukusebenzisa:
- [ Amathuluzi okuhlola: izithobo ezinjenge-Zotero noma Mendeleley zisiza ekuhleleni izinto zokucwaninga, ukulawula imicaphulo, kanye nemithombo yemikhondo.
- Amaplatifomu ahlotshisiwe: Amathuluzi anjenge-Google Colorbacture, Amaqembu eMicrosoft, noma ukungaxhumani phakathi kwamaqembu asebenza ngokuphambanisa kanye nama-studia.
- [ Amathuluzi okuhlanganisa: Amasiteji e-information, amathuluzi okulawula izokuxhumana, kanye nabakhi bewebhusayithi basiza abasekeli ukuba bafinyelele futhi bangene ezibukelini.
- [[[NTL:0] Amasiteji okulungisa ama-mobial:[ Izingosi ezinxusayo, amathuluzi okulawula izenzakalo, kanye ne-software yokuhlela ukuhlelwa kwemikhankaso kanye nesenzo sokuhlela.
- [[UMTH:0] Amathuluzi okubona: Izihloko ezithathelwanayo, i-software yokudweba, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokubona kokwaziswa kungasiza ekunikezeni ulwazi ngokuthungatha.
Amathuluzi alula, atholakala kalula asekela kakhulu kunezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ukuqeqeshwa noma ukunakekelwa okukhulu.
Ukwakha Ithuluzi Lakho Lobungcweti
Yakha iqoqo lemithombo yemali, abantu oxhumana nabo, nezinto ezisekela ukuqondisa kwakho komthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise:
- Amakhophi emibhalo engokomthetho, imithetho, nezinqumo zokwahlulela ezihlobene
- Ukuxhumana nezikhulu zikahulumeni, izintatheli, nabasekeli abakanye nabo
- Iziqondiso zemisebenzi evamile yokubuswa kwesizwe njengezincwadi ezizithobayo noma ubufakazi
- Izinto zokucwaninga ezimayelana nezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo uhlangene nazo
- Izibonelo zemikhankaso yokuthungatha noma yezokuxhumana ephumelelayo
- Izihloko ezivela ezimisweni zokuqeqesha, emihlanganweni, noma ezimisweni zemfundo
- Imibiko yemisebenzi yakho siqu yokuzitika ngezidakamizwa, ukuzithoba, nokuxhumana
Hlela lezi zinto ngezindlela ezenza zitholakale kalula uma zidingeka. Ithuluzi elihlelwe kahle lokusebenzisa i-advocat likuvumela ukuba uthathe isinyathelo ngokushesha kumathuba futhi ugcine ukungaguquguquki emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yokufunda.
Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wokuba Izakhamuzi Zomthetho - sisekelo
Ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomthetho-sisekelo kuyilungelo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuba isakhamuzi sentando yeningi. Imithetho-sisekelo ayiwona amabhukwana ahlelile adluliselwe kusukela esikhathini esidlule, kodwa izimiso eziphilayo ezidinga incazelo eqhubekayo, ukusebenza, nokuvuselelwa. Ngokuthembisa ngokusebenza, izakhamuzi ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo kuhlala kusabela ezidingweni zamanje, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo, nokulandisa kubantu.
Ukuhlanganyela komthetho-sisekelo okuphumelelayo kudinga ulwazi, amakhono, nokuzibophezela okuqinile. Ngokuqonda izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlukanisa amathuba okuthembisana, ukuxhumana ngokukholisa, nokulondoloza izindinganiso zokuziphatha, izakhamuzi zingathonya ngokunenzuzo ukuthuthuka komthetho-sisekelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhuthaza ukubuyiselwa okukhethekile, uvikela amalungelo asongelwayo, uthuthukisa izinguquko zokwakha, noma umane unikele enkulumweni yomphakathi ephathelene nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, ukuthatha kwakho kuqinisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi.
Izakhamuzi ezivamile ziletha imibono ebalulekile, okuhlangenwe nakho, kanye nokuqonda ezingxoxweni zomthetho-mthetho. Izwi lakho liyathinta. Ukuhlanganyela kwakho kuyawenza umehluko. Izici zomthetho sisekelo ezilawula imiphakathi yethu zilolongwa yilabo abakhetha ukuzihlanganisa nazo.
Njengoba uqala noma uqhubeka uhambo lwakho njengomsekeli womthetho-sisekelo, khumbula ukuthi uyingxenye yesiko elide lezakhamuzi eziye zasebenzela ukubusa ngokuphelelisa umthetho-sisekelo. Kuzo zonke izifekethiso ezamisa izincwadi ezisekela abashisekeli abandisa amalungelo nezinhlangano ezithuthukisiwe, intuthuko yomthetho - sisekelo ngaso sonke isikhathi ixhomeke ekwakheni izakhamuzi eziboshweni. Iminikelo yenu kulo msebenzi oqhubekayo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa komthetho - sisekelo kufeza ubulungisa, kuvikela inkululeko, futhi kuthuthukisa okuhle okuvamile ezizukulwaneni zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.
Umsebenzi wesizwe somthetho-sisekelo awupheli. Izinselele ezintsha zivela, izincazelo zishintsha, futhi imiphakathi iyashintsha. Ngokuthuthukisa amandla akho okuthembisa umthetho-sisekelo nokuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo, usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo kuhlala kuqinile, kungokomthetho, futhi kuthatha isinyathelo. Qala lapho ukhona, sebenzisa imithombo otholakalayo, futhi uthathe isinyathelo ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuwe nasemphakathini wakho. Ukuhlanganyela kwakho ezingxoxweni zomthetho-mthetho kuyinzuzo ekuthuthukiseni idemokrame.