ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo: Ukulwela Ukulingana Kohlanga Olulinganayo Kwaminyaka Eyikhulu

I-Uncimence Rights Amelt Reformation (ERA) ingenye yezihlongozo ezihlala njalo neziphikisanayo emlandweni womthetho-mthetho waseMelika. Yaqala ngo-1923, uhambo lwayo lokudabula izakhiwo zezombangazwe nezezomthetho lwembula umzabalazo ojulile nophikelelayo wokulingana kwabesilisa nebesifazane e-United States. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwe-ERA kuwo wonke umlando kubalulekile ekuqondeni inguquko yobulili bomzimba nemisebenzi engapheli ehlala ikhona.

Izisekelo ZeSichibiyelo Samalungelo Alinganayo

Izimpande ze-ERA zisemzabalazweni wamalungelo abesifazane wasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, owawusanda kufinyelela ukunqoba okukhulu ngokufakwa kweSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 ngo-1920, unika abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. Kodwa imibhalo ebhaliwe ngokushesha yaqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota yodwa lalingeke lisuse isimiso esikhulu sobandlululo olungokomthetho nolwezenhlalo olwaluvimbela ukuphila kwabesifazane. UAlice Paul, owayeyisazi senhlangano yezempimpi yaseBrithani nemsunguli weSizwana sikaNational Women’s Party, wathuthukisa umzamo wokulungisa isiqinisekiso esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho wezocansi.

Umbhalo wokuqala, owasungulwa eKhongolose ngo1923, wawuqonde ngokuphawulekayo: “ukulingana kwamalungelo ngaphansi komthetho akunakuphikwa noma kuvinjelwe i-United States noma yinoma yiliphi iZwe ngenxa yobulili.” [ Lenkulumo elula kodwa eqinile yabekela umthetho wonke, inkambiso, nomkhuba owelapha amadoda nabesifazane ngokwehlukile. Yahlongoza okungaphansi kokuhlelwa komthetho kobulilikanana obulili eMelika.

Ukuphikiswa Kwangaphambili Nezingxabano Zangaphakathi

Kusukela ekuqaleni, iERA yabhekana nokuphikiswa okukhulu − hhayi nje kuphela ngenxa yamagunya alwa nabesifazane kodwa naphakathi kwenhlangano yamalungelo abesifazane ngokwayo. Abashisekeli abaningi abathuthukayo nabasebenzayo babesaba ukuthi ukunqandwa kwemithetho yezisebenzi eyayilwelwe phakathi neNkathi Eqhubekayo. Lemithetho yalinganisela amahora abesifazane abasebenza ngawomsebenzi ebusuku, futhi yabeka izindinganiso ezifanele abesifazane. Abaxhasi balesivikelo babethi iERA babezoshiya abesifazane besengozini yokuxhashazwa esimisweni esisabuswa amadoda. Lokhu kwahlukanisa phakathi [[FLT:] amalungelo alinganayo kanye [FOL:] kanye [FOLD] ne[FOLD][F2][FOL:][F]][FOLD][F][FOLD]][FON][FON]]

Umkhankaso Waphakathi Nekhulu: Ukusha Okushelelayo

Cishe iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ngemva kokuthulwa kwayo, i-ERA yahlupheka kumakomiti ombuso. Yabuyiselwa futhi yonke isiqephu, kodwa isimo sezombangazwe asizange silungele ukuguqulwa komthetho-mthetho ngokomthetho ebuhlotsheni bobudoda. Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho, iMpi Yezwe II, nokugcizelelwa kwangemva kwempi kwekhaya kwagcina ukuncishiswa kwesimiso somthetho. Kodwa, i-National Women’s Party yaqhubeka ingena emzamweni wokuyamukela, futhi itshekisi elincane kodwa elinikezelwe labashisekeli bempi.

Izincwadi zikaBetty Friedan's I-Fminine Mystique ngo- 1963 kanye nokusungulwa kwe-National Organization for Women (NOW) ngo-1966 yafaka amandla amasha kunyakazo. U-ERA wayenza enye yezidingo zayo ezinkulu, negagagasi elisha lezenzo laqala ukwakha. Umzabalazo wenkululeko wabesifazane wamuva ko 1960 nasekuqaleni kuka-1970 wadala isimo sezombangazwe esivumelana kakhulu nomqondo wokulingana komthetho.

Isimangaliso Sango - 1972: Ukudlula Kwengqungquthela

Ngo-March 1972, zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu zagunyaza i-ERA eneziqu ezinkulu ze-bipartisan ezimangalisayo ($354 kuya ku 23 eNdlwini nangu-8 eNdlwini yeSigele. Ukulungisa kwabe sekuya ezifundeni ukuze kuqinisekiswe, nenkathi yeminyaka eyisikhombisa emiswe yiSishaya-Mkhandlu. Okokuqala, ukuhlaziywa kwemigqa. Kungakapheli unyaka, ama-30 emibuso engu-38 ayevote uYebo. Ithemba laliphakeme; amaningi ayebikezela ukuthi i-ERA yayizoba yiSiphendulo sama-27 ngo-1975. Nokho, ukumiswa kwemithetho eqinile yokuncintisana ne-mobil kwaqala kakade.

Inhlangano Elwa Ne - ERA: Ukuphikiswa Nokumelana Nezimo

Umkhankaso wokulwa ne-ERA waholwa uPhyllis Schlafly, umshisekeli odla ngoludala owafaka ukuguqulwa njengosongo ezindinganisweni zomkhaya ezingokwesiko, amalungelo abesifazane (njengokungabuswa kwezwe nokungabuyiseli ebuthweni), nobungcwele bekhaya. Inhlangano yakhe, iStop ERA, yaphikisa ngokuthi lenguquko yayizobalimaza abesifazane ngokuphoqelela ukuba basebenze, ikhiphe isivikelo ehlukanisweni nasegumbini lokuhlala, futhi ifune abesifazane ukuba bakhonze ezindimeni zokulwa.

Izinkulumo Eziyinhloko Zokuphikiswa

  • Iziphetho zemithetho evikelayo:[ Abaphikisi bathi iERA izakuqeda imithetho enikeza abesifazane isivikelo esikhethekile emsebenzini, njengokuphumula nokweqisa isilinganiso sehora.
  • Inkonzo yokwethusa: Ithemba lokubuthelwa empini nemisebenzi yokulwa laliyiqhinga elinamandla lokuthusa elazwakala enkathini yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
  • Isakhiwo somkhaya: Abaningi babesaba iERA ingenza i-ERA iphazamise izindima ezingokwesiko zobulili, iholela kumagumbi okugeza angenabulili, umshado ofanayo (ondulela izimpikiswano zamuva), kanye nokusekela ukukhishwa kwesisu kukahulumeni.
  • Amalungelo esizwe: Abanye abaphikisi baphikisa iERA imelelwe ukuphangwa kukahulumeni, igqekeza emalungelweni ezwe okulawula ubudlelwane basekhaya.

I-Stop ERA yabonakala iphumelela ngokuphawulekayo. Ngemva kuka-1973, ijubane lokuhlulwa kwemisebe lancipha kakhulu. Izwe laqala ukunqanda noma ukunqoba ukunqamuka. Ngonyaka wokuqala ka-March 22, 1979, amazwe angu-35 kuphela ayegunyaza (ukufinyela okuthathu kwezintathu ezidingekayo). Ingqungquthela yahlanganisa unyaka ka-1982, kodwa akukho mazwe awengeziwe agunyaza, futhi i-ERA ngokomthetho yafinyeza.

Imifanekiso Eyisihluthulelo Eyathonya I - ERA

Ukuqonda i - ERA kudinga ukuba bazi abantu ababeyilwela noma beyiphikisa, njengoba babeklama kokubili inzuzo kanye necebo lalo mkhankaso omude.

Alice Paul (1885-1977)

Umklami we-ERA, u-Alice Paul wayengumsizi wempi ofunda amasu aqondile okuthatha isinyathelo enhlanganweni yaseBrithani. Ngemva kokudlula kweSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19, wagxila ekulinganiseni umthetho ngokomthetho. Wabhala ulimi lokuqala lwe-ERA ngo-1923 futhi wacindezela ukuba luthandwe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo- 1977.

Phyllis Schlafly (1924 - 2016)

USchlafly ophumelela kakhulu ekumelaneni ne-ERA, wahlela iqembu lezimpande eziqinile elanqoba ukukhubazeka kwezwe. Wagomela ngokuthi i-ERA yayizosusa izinzuzo ezingokomthetho nesivikelo abesifazane abase besijabule kakade, futhi isigijimi sakhe sasithinta izigidi zabesifazane ababesaba ushintsho.

Gloria Steinem (b. 1934)

Izwi eliphambili labalweli bamalungelo abesifazane lama-1970, uSteinem wafaka isiqinisekiso phambi koMkhandlu ekusekeleni iERA, wabhala kakhulu ngesidingo sayo, futhi wasiza ekuhlanganiseni umfelandawo-nye wabasekeli. Umsebenzi wakhe ekusunguleni Ms. [Magazine wanikeza indawo ephezulu yemibono yamalungelo abesifazane.

UBetty Friedan (1921-2006)

Umqambi we IMzukiswano ye-piminine kanye nomthombo ohlangene wamanje, uFriedan wasiza ekwenzeni i-ERA ibe umgomo oyinhloko wenhlangano yamalungelo abesifazane. Wasiza ekusunduzeni ukulungiswa ngo-1972.

Ifa Elingokomthetho: Ingabe I - ERA Yayibalulekile Ngaphandle Kokudutshulwa?

Nakuba i-ERA ihlulekile ukufinyelela emnyango we-ratiation, ithonya layo emthethweni nasemphakathini waseMelika liye laba likhulu. Ukulwela i-ERA kwakhuthaza igagasi lamalungelo alinganayo ombuso; amashumi amabili nambili amazwe manje anezawo i-ERA efakwe emithethweni yawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhankaso wafundisa umphakathi ngokucwasa ngokwezitho zobufana futhi wabeka isisekelo sentuthuko yamuva engokomthetho.

Ithonya Enkantolo Ephakeme Lokungalungi

Impi ye-ERA yakha isimo sezombangazwe esathonya incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yeSichibiyelo se-14 seSiphakamiso sika-Claus. Ezimweni zengqophamlando njenge [FLT]]. [FLT][[3] [1971] ne[FLT][FLT][FLT][5]] [[FLT]]] [[5]] Craig v. Boren[FLT][12] [7], iNkanto yaqala ukushaya imithetho esekelwe ebulilini, isebenzisa lokho okwaziwayo njengokuhlola okuphakathi. Nakuba i-ERA ifuna ukubukeza okuphakeme kakhulu kokuhlola okukongwayo komthetho [[FLT]'ichaza ukuhambelana okukhulu engokomthetho ewumthetho.[FLT] [6] [6], iNkathi ewuchazayo ewuhlweyomthetho.], yaqala ngokulinganayomthetho.[19

Isinqumo esiye sakhishwa v. uReed sasingokokuqala iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenzise iSivikelo esilinganayo sika Clause ukuqeda umthetho ohlukanisa abesifazane. Craig v. [[FLT] Boren wamisa indinganiso yokuthi ihlelwe ngokwezici zobulili kumelwe ukuba “zingatshaniswa” ezimisweni zikahulumeni ezibalulekile. Lezi zimo zazinezelwe ngokuqondile yisithembiso sikaERA sokulingana okugcwele.

Ukuvuselelwa: Ikhulu Elisha Leminyaka, Inkathi Entsha

Iminyaka engaba ngu - 20 ngemva kuka - 1982, i - ERA yayibhekwa njengendaba efile, kodwa kusukela ngawo - 2010, isizukulwane esisha sabashisekeli sawuvuselela lo mkhankaso.

Izintaba ZaseNevada Nezi - Illinois

Ngo-2017, i-Nevada yaba yisifundazwe sokuqala sokuhlanganisa i-ERA ngemva konyaka ka-1982. Illinois yalandela ngo-2018. Kwabe sekulandela ngo-January 2020, iVirginia yaba isifundazwe se-38 sokuthola i-raify, ihlangabezana nomnyango onezingxenye ezintathu obekwe yi-Congress. Nokho, ukumiswa kwemigqa kwafika ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ngemva kokuphela konyaka, iphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nokulunga kwale komiti.

Izimpi Ezingokomthetho Nezemithetho

Ngemva kokuthatha kweVirginia, iHhovisi leTrump leSiluleko saMacala lakhipha umbono othi isikhathi se-ERA sase siphelile nokuthi ukulungiswa ngeke kuvuselelwe ngaphandle kwesenzo esisha somthetho. I House of Messagests yanikeza isinqumo ngo-2021 sokususa lo nyaka, kodwa iSigele sesingazange siwuthathe. Okwamanje, ukumangalelwa kuye kwafakwa ekufuneni ukuphoqelela umScricier wase-United States ukuba agunyaze i-ERA njengengxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo.

Ngo-2023, inkantolo yesifunda yakhipha icala elinjalo, inquma ukuthi ama-paltiff ayengenakho ukuma nokuthi isikhathi esimisiwe sasifanelekile. Isinqumo se-ERA sisakhanga. Isimo se-ERA silokhu singomunye wemibuzo ephikiswana kakhulu ngomthetho-sisekelo eMelika namuhla. Ukuze uthole intuthuko yamanje, bheka ingosi ye-webhsayithi ye- Aqualic Refecturement [[FLT: 1] yokuyiguqula ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwe - ERA Enhlanganweni Yesikhathi Esidlule

Kungani iERA inendaba namuhla, ngisho noma ingakanezelwa ngokomthetho eMthethweni?

Ukusingatha Ukucwaswa Okuphikelelayo

Nakuba umthetho ophawula izenzakalo njengo-Sihloko VII we-Civil Rights Act ka-1946 ne-Title IX yeSichibiyelo semfundo sango 1972 wenqabela izinhlobo eziningi zokucwaswa kwezocalucalulo ngocansi, lemithetho ingalungiswa noma ishintshwe yivoti evamile eMkhandlwini. Ngokungafani, inikeza isiqinisekiso esihlala njalo nesiphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ayikaze ibhekene nenkolelo yokuthi ubulili buyisilinganiso esisodwa esidinga izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuhlola ikomiti yokwahlulela, njengohlanga nenkolo. I-ERA ingashintsha, iqinisekisa ukuthi noma yimuphi umthetho ophatha amadoda nabesifazane ngendlela ehlukile, kumelwe ukhonze isithakazelo sikahulumeni futhi ube nesilinganiso esilinganiselwe ukuze ifeze.

Imingcele Entsha: Ukuchazwa Kwesihlobo Nohlobo Lwe - ERA

Ulimi lwe-ERA lwenqabela ubandlululo “ngenxa yocalulo” luye lwachazwa izazi eziningi zomthetho kanye nabashisekeli ukuba bahlanganise ubandlululo olusekelwe ekuzisweni kwabesilisa nabesifazane nasekubuhlotsheni bobulili. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sango-2020 [ku- [[FLT]] Bhostock v. Clayton County[FLT]], [isho ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwe-STI VII enkabeni yobandlululo lwezocalulo + izisebenzi, kuqinise le mpikiswano. Uma i-ERA iba ingxenye yomthetho, inganikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokuvikela abantu abavelayo, ababhekenenani eliphakeme lobudlova nobandlululo.

Ubudlova Obusekelwe Ezweni Ne - ERA

I-ERA iphinde iqinise uhlelo olungokomthetho lokulwa nobudlova obusekelwe ebulilini. Izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi ziye zabulala izingxenye ze-Dolphin Against Women Act njengegunya elidlulayo leCreast Congress Claus. Isiqinisekiso esisobala somthetho-sisekelo sokulingana kobulili singanikeza amagunya abanzi ombuso ukuba alwe nobudlova basekhaya, ukuhlasela ngokobulili, nokuhlasela.

Isiphetho: Inguquko Engenazincithakalo

I-Aumelt Rights Amencial Rights Amendment ayiyona nje insalela yezimpi zesikhathi esidlule. Iwumbhalo ophilayo ohlanganisa ingxoxo eqhubekayo yaseMelika ngokulingana. Uhambo lwawo (ukusuka ekuthulweni kwalo ngesibindi ngo-1923, ukuphumelela okuseduze kwawo-1970, ukunqotshwa okudabukisayo ngo-1982, kanye nemizamo yamuva yokuvuselelwa kwenkolo engapheli yokuthi umthetho kufanele uphathe wonke umuntu ngesithunzi nangenhlonipho efanayo.

Ukuthi iERA iyogcina ingenile eMthethweni noma cha, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo akuqiniseki ukuthi iwumphumela. Iye yafundisa izigidi ngamaqiniso obandlululo olungokobulili, yashukumisela abashisekeli abaningi ukuba bafune ushintsho, futhi yaphoqelela isimiso somthetho ukuba siqaphele ukulingana njengenzuzo eyisisekelo yomthetho - sisekelo. Kulabo abaqhubeka bekholelwa ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo kufanele uqinisekise ngokucacile ukuthi amalungelo awancishwa ngenxa yobulili, iERA iwumgomo ofanele ukulwela.

Njengoba Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg yake yaphawulwa, i-ERA ayibhekiseli nje kwabesifazane − isho ukwakha uMthetho-sisekelo ongowabo bonke ngempela. Indaba yayo iyisivumelwano samandla okuphikelela, ukubaluleka kokumelana nokuhleleka, nomsebenzi ongapheli odingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe umphakathi onobulungisa ngokwengeziwe. Umzabalazo weSigqizo Samalungelo Amanani uyaqhubeka, futhi kanye nethemba lokuthi ngolunye usuku isizwe siyogcwalisa isithembiso saso sokulingana kubo bonke abantu.