Ilungelo Lemfundo: Inguquko Ephawulekayo Esikoleni SaseNdiya

I-Indiya’s Right to Education Act (RTE), eyamiswa ngo-2009, imelela isikhathi esicishiwe ekufuneni kwezwe lonke ukufunda nokubhala futhi nethuba elingalinganiyo. Ngokufundisa izingane zonke eziphakathi kweminyaka yesithupha nengu - 14, i-Act ehloselwe ukususa izithiyo ezihlala isikhathi eside zezemfundo, ubumpofu, kanye nesayensi yokuma komhlaba okwaye kwavimbela izigidi ukuba ziphume emakilasini. Ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka kamuva, uMthetho weRTE ubuye waveza isakhiwo, izindlela zokuthola imfundo, nezindinganiso zokufundisa izikole zamaNdiya, kanti futhi kunezikhawu eziqhubekayo.

Umlando NoGenesise Wale Nceku

Ngaphambi kuka-2009, isiqondiso somthetho - sisekelo saseNdiya semfundo yamahhala (iSichibiyelo somthetho - sisekelo saqhubeka siwumgomo ongenakuphoqelelwa. Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka entuthuko, izigidi zezingane − ikakhulukazi amantombazane, amaDalithi, ama-Adivasis, nabantwana abavela emikhayeni empofu − babephuma esikoleni noma babebhaliswe ezikhungweni eziphansi. ISichibiyelo somthetho se 86 soMthetho-sisekelo ngo-2002 senza imfundo yaba ilungelo eliyisisekelo, kodwa kwathatha iminyaka engaphezulu eyisikhombisa ukudlulisa umthetho osebenzayo. I-RTE Act ekugcineni yanikeza amazinyo angokomthetho aleyo ngokomthetho, yabeka isikhathi esincane sokugcinwa kwezikole ezweni lonke.

Lo mthetho wathola isikhuthazo emikhakheni yomhlaba wonke njengenhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene elwela amalungelo ezingane nakuhlolweni oluphumelelayo olunjengomzamo wombuso wokwengamela i-Kerala kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola umphakathi zeDelhi. Yasabela futhi ekutholweni kwe-Master of Education Report (ASER), eyayibonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi ngisho nezingane ezibhaliwe zazingafundi ukufunda ukufunda ukufunda nokubhala nokubhala. I-RTEPérah yayingahlosile nje kuphela ekufinyeleleni kodwa ngokwezinga eliphezulu, izibalo zomfundi/uthisha, izindinganiso zesakhiwo, nenkwehlisa i-mwana nohlobo olukhulu.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Ngaphansi Kwesenzo Sokuxosha

Ukuqonda la malungiselelo kubalulekile ukuze kuhlolwe ithonya lawo ezikoleni zaseNdiya.

Imfundo Ekhululekile Nephoqelelwe Yeminyaka Eyinkulungwane 6-14

Zonke izingane zinelungelo lokuthola imfundo mahhala esikoleni somphakathi kuze kube yilapho ziqeda imfundo yokuqala. "Inkululeko" isho ukuthi akukho mali yesikole, intela, noma izindleko ezingavimbela umntwana ukuba abe khona."Iphoqelela" ibeka umsebenzi kuhulumeni naseziphathimandlani zendawo ukuqinisekisa ukungeniswa, ukuba khona, nokuqedwa.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwezinkukhu Nokuhlolwa

I-Act ivimbela noma yiziphi izintela zokuthola inzuzo (izivumelwano noma iminikelo edingwayo ukuze ingeniswe) futhi yenqabela ukuhlolwa kwezingane noma abazali phakathi nenqubo yokungeniswa. Lokhu kuhlasela ngokuqondile umkhuba ovamile lapho izikole ezizimele zifuna khona "izivumelwano" emikhayeni ehlawulwa phansi, ngokuphumelelayo kuvimbela ukungena kwayo.

25% Ukuphindisela Izingxenye Ezibuthakathaka Ngokwezomnotho

Elinye lamalungiselelo aphikisana kakhulu ligunyaza ukuba zonke izikole ezizimele zezenqobo − ngaphandle kwalezo zemiphakathi emincane − zinikeza izingane amaphesenti angama-25 ezihlalo zazo ezisezingxenyeni ezibuthakathaka ngokwezomnotho nasemaqenjini ampofu. Uhulumeni ukhokhela isikole ngemali yemfundo yalezi zingane, uma ilinganiswa nezindleko zikahulumeni wesikole ngasinye noma imali ehhhhalayo, noma yini ephansi.

Izimiso Nezindinganiso Zokuhlela

Lo Mthetho usho izinqubo ezithi azibe yizikhawu zezakhiwo zesikole, izindawo zokudlala, imitapo, izindlu zangasese ezihlukene zabafana namantombazane, amanzi okuphuza, nokuphepha komlilo. Unikeza futhi isilinganiso somfundi-abafundisi-(PT) we- 30:1 kumabanga aphezulu nangama- 35:1, futhi unika imvume yokuhlola okuqhubekayo nokubanzi (CCE) kunokuhlola okuphakeme kwaminyaka yonke. Izifundo kumelwe zibe yi-ubuhlobo nobuhlobo, umsebenzi osekelwe, futhi zingabi naluvalo, inhlekelele, nokukhathazeka.

Akukho Kushaya Indiva (Kuze Kube ISichibiyelo Sika - 2019)

Ekuqaleni, i-RTE Act yayivimbela izikole ukuba zivale noma yimuphi umntwana ekilasini elithile kuze kube yilapho iqeda imfundo yokuqala. Le "ayikho inqubo yokuvalelwa" yasho ukuthi izingane zakhushulelwa ngokuzenzekelayo ku-Rod 8, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziqhuba yiphi imfundo. Ngo-2019, iPhalamende lalungisa i-Act, livumela ukuba ziqhube iziphetho ezivamile e-Classides 5 no-8 futhi zivale izingane ezihlulekayo ukuhlola okulandelayo, ngaleyondlela ziphinde zifake i-valve yokuphepha ekukhushumiseni okuzenzekelayo.

Ithonya Ezikoleni Zikahulumeni

Izikole zikahulumeni ziyisisekelo semfundo eyisisekelo yaseNdiya, zibhalise cishe amaphesenti angu - 50 azo zonke izingane. IRTE Act iye yaba nethonya elikhulu kulezi zinhlangano, ithuthukisa izakhiwo ezingokomzimba nezimiso zokuhleleka, kodwa iveza ukuncipha okungalawuleki nokungalawuleki kwemfundo.

Ukwakhiwa Kwezakhiwo

Izigidi zezikole zikahulumeni manje zinezindlu zangasese ezihlukene zamantombazane, izikhungo zezingane ezikhubazekile, imitapo, imidlalo, nezindawo zokuphuza amanzi ezazingekho ngaphambi koMthetho. Inqubo yesikole se-DP ikhuthaze ukuhileleka komphakathi ekunakekeleni nasekugadweni. Amazwe anjenge-Gujarat ne-Tamil Nadu aqala "amakilasi okufundisa" ezikoleni eziyinhloko zikahulumeni wasemaphandleni, ngokwengxenye ekhuthazwa yi-Rtects.

Uthisha Ukhokhelwa Futhi Aqeqeshwe

I-Act idinga ukuba bonke othisha babe nemfanelo elinganiselwe .a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) noma uDiploma kwi-Profetary Emfundo (D.El.Ed.).(nayiminyaka emihlanu yesaziso soMthetho woMthetho. Lokhu kwaholela ekutholeni ijubane elikhulu nokuqeqeshwa kwezinhlelo zokuqeqesha. Nokho, amazwe amaningi asalwa nokuswelakala kothisha ezindaweni ezikude kanye nenani eliphakeme labafundisi-parala abangazihlangani nezimfanelo ezidingekayo. Umfundi we-athory wezibalo zihlala ziyinselele, ikakhulukazi eBihar, u-Pradesh, u-Utarhard, no-Jaharkarki.

Ukufunda Ngemiphumela Nokulandisa

Nakuba ukubhalisa ezikoleni zikahulumeni kuye kwanyuka kakhulu kusukela ngo-2009. I-India yafinyelela cishe ekubhaliseni kweqembu leminyaka engu-6-14 ngo-2020(20) imiphumela engapheli isala idumaza. Ngokwemibiko ye- ASSER[, ngisho naku-2022], cishe amaphesenti angu-25 kuphela abafundi abafunda ezikoleni zasemaphandleni amathathu afunda incwadi yesikole eyodwa ngokushelelayo. I-RTE’s isho ukugcizelela kweCCE kwakuhloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukufunda, kodwa kusebenza, kwancishiswa ukugcinwa kwerekhodi ngaphandle kokulandelelwa. I-20197222 kuphela, ukuvalela iziboshwa kungaqhubela izikole ukuba zifunde kakhulu kunokuba nje zithuthukise izingane.

Ithonya Ezikoleni Zomuntu Siqu

Izikole ezizimele, ezibangela ukuba abantu abaqalayo bafunde, ziye zazuza futhi zamelana noMthetho weRTE. Isigaba samashumi amabili nanhlanu senani labantu nenani lezisebenzi ezikontiwe ezisezimalini siye sashintsha isimo sazo.

Ukuthungatha Izinhlu Zomphakathi Nge - 25%

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sabelo sidala amakilasi axubile lapho izingane ezinezizinda ezihlukene zezomnotho zisebenzelana khona, kunciphisa ubandlululo lwezenhlalo. Izifundo eziningana, njengomunye nge- u-National Council of Applied Economic Research (NSAER)[, zibonisa imiphumela engcono yezemfundo neyokungajezisi izingane ezigcinelwe izikole zomphakathi uma ziqhathaniswa nontanga yazo ezikoleni zikahulumeni. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwesizwe bekungalingani: izikhungo eziningi ziyehluleka ukugcwalisa zonke izihlalo ezigciniwe, futhi ezinye izikole ezizimele ziye zabekela inselele amazinga okukhokhelo enkantolo.

Izindleko Zokuqondisa Nezokubambisana

Izikole zangasese zikhononda ngokuthi indawo yezezisekelo zeRTE ephansi kakhulu, indawo yokwakha, kanye nobukhulu benkundla, azikwazi ukutholakala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho indawo ibiza khona. Izikole eziningi ziye zavalwa, zasuswa zayiswa engxenyeni engahlelekanga, noma zashintshwa zaba izikole ezizimele ezisebenza ngaphansi kwerada yokulawula. I-Act futhi ibeke amakhono azo okuhlola abantwana ukuze bangeniswe noma bakhokhele izindleko ezengeziwe, inzuzo yesikole ngaphambili esasithembele kulezo zindlela.

Iqoqo le-compalivement

Ngohlangothi oluhle, iRTE iye yasunduza izikole ezizimele ukuba zibonakale kakhulu ezingenisweni ezikhona nasemabhukwini akhokhelwayo. Abaningi baye bathuthukisa izimfanelo zothisha futhi bafaka amakhamera nemishini yokuphepha yeCCTV. Nokho indlela yokuzivumelanisa ivame ukuphazamisa ekuthuthukisweni kwe-pragogic. Abanye othisha baphikisa ngokuthi i-Act igxila kakhulu ekufakeni izithakazelo (izakhiwo, izincwadi, othisha) kunemiphumela (ukufunda ukuphumelela, ukucabanga okunenselele, namakhono okuphila).

Izinselele Ekufezeni Imisebenzi

Naphezu kwemithetho engokomthetho, i - RTE Act ibhekene nezithiyo eziphikelelayo ezilinganisela amandla ayo okushintsha.

Umphakathi-wezwe kanye noMphakathi wezwe

Izikole zasedolobheni, kokubili uhulumeni nohulumeni wasemadolobheni, ngokuvamile kuhlangana kalula kakhulu nemithetho ye-RTE esemthethweni yasemaphandleni. Emadolobheni akude, ukwakha isikole esinendawo yokudlala, izindlu zangasese ezihlukene, nogesi kungathatha iminyaka eyimali nokuvunyelwa. Izifunda zaseNyakatho ezifana ne-Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, ne Rajastantah deck ngemva kwezifundazwe zaseningizimu njengeKerala neTamil Nadu ekubhaliseni zonke izingane futhi ekulondolozeni isilinganiso esiphansi se-pallil. Ukungahambi kungane ngemali esetshenziswa [1] njengenkonzo yemfundo yezemfundo[FLT:].[3] [11] [ne] [i-Rajilaska] ufaka futhi igedengu: kuyilapho i-Keralaskahrelah 765,5,5,5] ngonyaka, i-up.[3]

Ukufinyela Kwabafundisi Abafanelekayo

Ngisho nangesikhathi seRTEC's sichaza imfanelo yothisha, ingxenye enkulu yothisha kulo lonke elaseNdiya isakwazi ukufezeka. Izifunda eziningi zisebenza abafundisi abakhokhelwayo ngeholo eliphansi, zidlula imfuneko kaB. Amadegree. I-National Education Policy 2020 izama ukusingatha lokhu ngokutusa uhlelo lwemfundo yothisha oluhlanganisa iminyaka emine, kodwa ushintsho luyothatha iminyaka eminingi. Uthisha ongekho eNdiya uhlala eyinkinga elukhuni, ikakhulukazi ezikoleni zikahulumeni wasemaphandleni.

Ukumelana Nesikole Sangasese Nokumangalela

Isilinganiso samashumi amabili nanhlanu siye sabekelwa inselele ezinkantolo eziphezulu eziningi naseNkantolo Ephakeme. Nakuba inkantolo ephethe isekela umthetho - sisekelo wayo ngo-2012 (Izehlo zesikole Ezingahlolwanga- muntu saseRajasthan v.Union of India), ama-ploring afunda isikole esizimele ayaqhubeka emelana nokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi ngokubika inani lezihlalo ezigciniwe, ukukhokha izimali ezifihliwe, noma ukuhlukanisa izingane ezibekwe eziqenjini ezihlukene. Futhi ama-arams avame ukukhokhela ngesikhathi, adala izikole ezikhungo zemali ezizozingeni ezizozingahambisani.

Ukungahlolwa Okubuthakathaka Nokulandisa

Iziphathimandla zendawo namakomiti okuphatha izikole agunyazwe ukuba aqaphele ukumiswa kwe-RTE, kodwa ngokuvamile awakutholi ukuqeqeshwa, ukwaziswa, namandla. I-Act ayisho izikhombo ezisemgangathweni ngaphandle kwesisekelo somthetho. Ngenxa yalokho, izikole eziningi zihlangana ne-"umbhalo" womthetho ngaphandle kokufinyelela "umoya".' Ukuhlola izibalo zezenhlalo, nakuba kuyimfuneko kwezinye izifunda, akuvamile ukuqhutshwa ngokuhlanganyela komphakathi, okuholela ekonakaleni nasekuhlwithwaleni kwemali.

Izindaba Eziye Zaphumelela: Lapho I - RTE Iye Yasebenza Khona

Emaphaketheni kulo lonke izwe, i-RTE Act isiye saguqula ushintsho lwangempela. i-Kerala ne-Tamil Nadu kakade yayinezimiso zemfundo eziqinile ngaphambi kuka-2009, kodwa lo Mthetho wanikeza uhlelo lokubhalisa yonke indawo futhi wanciphisa amazinga okuyeka ukufinyelela ku-2%. Izinguquko zesikole zikahulumeni zikaDelhi ngaphansi kwe-Aam Aadmi Party .Izimemo zokuqeqesha uthisha, ukunikeza ukuqeqeshwa kwekomiti yokuqondisa isikole, nokufaka imali eshicini elishisiwe ezikoleni zezenziwa ngemithetho yezemfundo engcono (imithetho ye-RTE) ukuze kuvezwe inzuzo yemfundo engcono.

Emaphandleni eRajasthan naseMadhya Pradesh, izinkampani zomphakathi zasebenzisa i-Act ukuze zikhiphe izingane zesikole − ngokwengxenye abasebenzi nezingane namantombazane — − ebunqakabeni emakilasini avamile. EKarnataka, amaphesenti angu-25 ezikoleni eziphezulu avumela izinkulungwane zezingane ezivela emadolobheni aphakeme ukuba zingene emfundweni yesiNgisi ephakathi, ngokuvamile ziphumele ukuphumelela kontanga yazo yesigaba esiphakathi ekuhlolweni okuvamile. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi iRTE’s ikhombayo ngempela uma ihlangene nentando yezombangazwe nomphakathi.

Iziyalezo Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

I - Ministry of Education Act ayihlanganisi uMthetho wezemfundo, ibuye ilungise inqubo yayo njalo, futhi i - National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) ihlanganisa izimiso eziningi zeRTE lapho ifuna izinguquko ezijulile.

Ukuqondiswa Kwesimiso Semfundo Sesizwe 2020

I-NEP 2020 inweba izinga lemfundo ye-RTE ngokunwebela imfundo yamahhala nephoqelelo eneminyaka engu-18 (i-Grade 12) nangokugcizelela ukufunda nokubhala nokubhala, ukuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi, nokufundisa ngezinhlamvu zezilimi eziningi. I-NEP futhi isekela izifundo zobukhoma obungaphezulu, ukudlala emaphasejini asekuqaleni (imibono evumelana kahle negunya le-RTE lengane. Nokho, i-NEP 2020 ayibophi ngokomthetho njengeRTE, ngakho ukusungula kuyodinga umthetho omusha noma ukubuyiselwa.

Gxila Ekufundeni Imiphumela

Izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo kufanele zihlanganise imiphumela yokufunda ekwaziyo kunokufakwa. Imibiko ye-ASER kanye ne-National Reception Survey (NAS) inikeza ukwaziswa okungaqondisa ukuhlelwa kwempahla nokulandisa. Ezinye izifundazwe kakade seziqalile ukuhlanganisa iziphakamiso zesikole ekufundeni i-million, ukuthambekela okungase kusakazeke kakhulu.

Ukuqinisa Amakomiti Okuphatha Isikole

AmaKomiti Okuphathwa kwesikole (SMC) anendawo engokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-RTE, kodwa amaningi ahlala enganamandla. Ukunika amandla amaSMC anamandla angempela okwenza izinqumo, ukuqeqesha, kanye nezimali ezincane kungawaguqula abe yizimoto zomphakathi. Amasiteji amanani anjengetheku leRTE kwezinye izizwe avumela abazali ukuba babhale phansi izikhalo ngokungathathi hlangothi, okwenza isimiso sithathe impumelelo.

Imfundo Ehlanganisa Ukufundiswa Kwabantwana Abakhubazekile

IRTE Act ichaza "amaqembu akhubazekile" ukuhlanganisa abantwana abakhubazekile, kodwa okukhona ukufezeka. Izikole eziningi azinazo izintambo, izinto zokwakha, nabafundisi abakhethekile. Amalungelo abantu Abakhubazekileyo aphelelisa uMthetho ka-RTE 2016 kodwa ukugcinwa komthetho kubuthakathaka. Ukuxhasa okukhethekile nokukhuliswa kwezakhiwo kuyadingeka ngokuphuthumayo.

Isiphetho

Ilungelo lemfundo lishintshe ngokuyisisekelo isimo semfundo sase-Indiya ngokwenza isikole sibe nesiqinisekiso esingokomthetho kunokuba sibe nesifiso sokusiza. Ukubhalisa cishe ingqikithi, izakhiwo ezingcono, nokuhlangana okukhulu komphakathi kuyinto okungenakuphikwa. Nokho isithembiso soMthetho semfundo ephambili asifezeki ezigidini phela. Isithembiso semfundo ephambili esikhona emaphandleni, empofu, nasezindaweni ezilwayo. Igebe phakathi kwenhloso yezezishaya umthetho kanye neqiniso elisemzindleni ezikhona liyaqhubeka ngenxa yokubekwa phansi kwemithetho yemvume, ukubekwa phansi kwezentengiselwano, nokumelana nezithakazelo ezingeni ezingeni eliphezulu. I-RTE imele iqhubekele phambili imingcele esekelwe ekuphenduleni okusekelwe kuyo, ukulungiselela kangcono, nokuhileleka komphakathi. Kungangoko iNdiya ingazisho ukuthi ikhiphe ekhonweni kwesokudla okuyisisekelo kwe-Actrine. Njengoba izwe lizama ukuzuza ulwazi lwezentengo yembulunga yonke, i-Rtet.