Isingeniso: Inselele Ephikelelayo Yemali Kwezombangazwe

Sekungamashumi eminyaka, inguquko yezezimali yezezimali ilokhu ingenye yezimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu nezingalawuleki kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Ingxenye yayo enkulu, inhlangano yenguquko ifuna ukunciphisa ithonya elingenakulinganiswa lezisebenzi ezicebile, izinhlangano, nezithakazelo ezikhethekile, kuyilapho ukwanda kokubonakala nokulandisa kwendlela okhetho abaxhaswe ngayo. Phakathi kwale mpikiswano kunamaKomiti e-Political Action (IziNkathi ZamaP), amaqembu aphakamisa imali futhi asebenzise imali ukuze athonyele okhethweni. Nokho, akuwona wonke ama-PACC afana. Ukuphakama [okuhlanganiswa kwamaPaCC nokuzingamelanisa okungamenywayo ngokwezimali, labo abangahlangene ngokusemthethweni nenqubo yokuncintisana nenhlangano yezentengo yezentengo yeze yezentengo yeze.

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe manje abusa ingxenye enkulu yokusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe. Ngokungafani nemisebenzi yawo ehlangene nenkampani, umsebenzi, noma inhlangano yezohwebo i-PACs, ehlanganiswe nenhlangano ethile futhi engacela iminikelo emaqenjini achazwayo. Ama-PAC axhumeka emaqenjini abanzi abenzi beminikelo futhi akhululekile ukuphishekela ukuthatha inzuzo eyodwa noma amaphuzu ahlangeneyo. Ukwanda kwawo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ewuphawulweyo [Umthetho]] u-Citazens [United[FLT:] (20)], uye wandisa ukugeleza kwemali "izentengiselwa kwezente" kanye" nezindleko ezizimele zokuvotela. Ukuqonda umphumela walemikhankampane yemiza yezekelo yezentengo yezentengo kuya kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma yisiphi esinye isithiyo esifuna ukuqondwa kwesimiso sombuso wamanje nesithiyo sokuguqula.

Yiziphi Izincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe?

Incazelo Nokuhluka Okungokomthetho

I-PAC engekho exhunyiwe yikomiti yezombangazwe engasungulwanga, engalawulwa, noma elawulwa yi-accompli, inhlangano yezombangazwe, noma inhlangano/inhlangano. Ngaphansi kwe-Federal Eutsation Campainsel Act (FECA), lamakomiti kumelwe abhalise ne-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) futhi ahlale ngemithetho ethile, kodwa asebenza ngemithetho ekhethekile enciphileka kancane kune-PACs. Igama elithi "non exhunyaniswe i-PAC" lihlanganisa izigaba ezimbili ezibanzi:

  • ngokwesiko i-PACs (i-multidate PCs):[ Lama-PAC ayamukela iminikelo efinyelela ku-R35 000 ngonyaka kubantu ngabanye, futhi anganikela nge $5 000 (R1 000) kukhetho oluya ku-komiti ye-palitiki noma yeqembu. Nokho, akukho mngcele wokuthi zingasebenzisa malini ezizisebenzelayo ($]'expendis' noma ezinye izingxoxo ezisekela ngokuveza ukuvota noma ukunqotshwa kombhalisa], futhi uma nje ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuzimele futhi kungahlangabelwa nanoma yimuphi umkhankaso.
  • I-PACS (ezimele kuphela izindleko): Idalwe ngemva kwe-D.C. iNkantolo yesifunda ebusayo SpeechNOW.org v.FEC [2010] [lamakomiti] [lamakomiti] angaphakamisa izilinganiso ezingenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye, izinkampani, izinyunyana, namanye amaqembu. I-PACs yenqatshelwa ukwenza iminikelo eqondile kubangenisi noma emadilini, kodwa angachitha izilinganiso ezizimele. Bangabika izinikezi zabo ku-FEC, kodwa izikhala, njengokusetshenziswa kwe "i-MSC" imali, inzuzo, engaqondakali, inzuzo yokuqala.

Zombili izinhlobo zama-PAC angaxhunyiwe zihlanganyela isici esiyinhloko: inkululeko. Azinandaba nezinqumo ezisemkhankasweni wesigaba sezikhulu zesonto, ezizenza zivumelane kakhulu kodwa futhi zibangela ukukhathazeka ngokulandisa nokubona.

Indlela Abakhulisa Futhi Bachithe Ngayo Imali

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ancike ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene zokukhokha imali. Amaningi akhiwe ezindaweni ezithile zenkambiso yenqubo ethile (ngokwesibonelo, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, amalungelo okudubula, noma intela) futhi anxuswa njengabanikazi abaqondile ngeposi, ngemishini yezibalo, nangezimo zelanga eziphezulu. Amanye agxile kakhulu, njengamaqembu anezinkomfa aphezulu noma amanani ahlukene. Ngenxa yokuthi awalinganiselwe ngezimali ezifanayo ezisebenza ekomitini yeqembu noma emikhankampani yezentengiselwano, i-PaC ngokuthumela, i-Pacs egadregragra inqwaba kakhulu evela kubantu abacebile noma amagugu amasheyawoyela. Kuwo wonke ama-otimenti angaphezulu ayishumi akhushuliwe. Lezi zimali ezigelekeqe ngomthamo onyaka owedwayo, izikhangiso ezikhangiso zethelevishini, futhi ziqondise i-thele i-thele, i-togggrac, inombolo ezindaweni ezikhokhe ezikhokhelwayo, ezikhokhelwayo, ezikhokhelwayo ezikhokhelwayo, ezikhokhe ezikhokhelwayo ezi

Ukwanda Kwezinkulumo Ezingaxhunyiwe: Inkolelo Yomlando

Inkathi yanamuhla ye-PACCs engekho ezinhlanganweni yaqala ngawo-1970 ngezinguquko zangemva kweWatergate ezafakwa ku-FECA. Umthetho wamisa imingcele eqinile eminikelweni futhi wasungula i-PAC ukuze ivumele abantu ukuba bahlanganise ingcebo yabo. Eminyakeni eminingi, ama-PAC aye ahlangene nezinhlangano, noma ama-astricity. Nokho, ngo-1990, "i-PaCs" ne "iNhlomelo le-PC" (indikimba yamuva elawulwa yizazi zezombangazwe zokuhamba nezindleko) yanda ngenani. Isilinganiso sangempela se-ftion savela nenani [[FLT:] iqoqo lezinhlangano zezindawo ezizimele [FLT: 0] iqoqo elizimele, futhi inciphiswe kakhulu izinhlangano ezihlukene.[4] Iminikelo ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kakhulu kwezindawo ezingokomthetho.[FCC]

Namuhla, ama-PAC angekho ayisici esihlala njalo kukhetho lukahulumeni. Ngokwe-Opensecrets, phakathi nonyaka ka-2022, ama-PAC (kuhlanganise namaPUI aphakeme) achithelwa ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R2,5,5% yazo zonke imali ezisetshenziswa ngaphandle. Ithonya lawo likhulu kakhulu ekuthatheni izigebengu eziphezulu nasemijahweni yezindlu, lapho izindleko ezizimele zivame ukufiphaza khona ukusetshenziswa kwemikhankaso engokomthetho ngokwayo.

Ithonya Lemizamo Yezimali Yokushintsha

Umphumela we-PAC engaxhunyiwe ekushintsheni kwezezimali ezisemkhankasweni ujulile futhi ngokuvamile awuphumeleli emigomweni yabashisekeli benguquko. Ngezansi sihlola izindawo ezine eziyinhloko lapho lezinhlangano zivuselela khona isimo sokuguqula isimo.

Ukusebenzisa imali kakhulu kanye nomdlalo we-"Arms"

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye andisa ngokuphawulekayo ingqikithi yemali egelezela okhethweni. Ngokungafani namakomiti afuna ukubhalisa imali, abhekene nemingcele yomnikelo futhi adinga ukuyisebenzisa ngesilinganiso esimisiwe semali, amaPUI akhulu angaphakamisa futhi awachithe ngaphandle kophahla. Lokhu kuye kwabangela "umjaho wezikhali" lapho amaqembu, amaqembu enzalo, nabantu abacebile, bonke bazizwa bephoqelekile ukuba bathuthele imali eningi kakhulu emikhankasweni yokuhlala benombano. Umphumela yisimiso lapho umbangi ongadonsa khona kakhulu ukusekela kwangaphandle ngokuvamile unenzuzo enkulu, kungakhathaliseki izinga lezikhundla zabo zemithetho yabo noma izikhungo zotshazo zotshani. Imizamo yokuguqula inzuzo encishisiwe ekunciphiseni indima yemali enkulu ewundandayo njalo inciphekaliswa ikhono le-msakazo ze-mfanda.

Izinselele Zokubona Kahle kanye "Nemali Enganqamuki"

Mhlawumbe inselele ebaluleke kakhulu yokubonana ivela ekhonweni le-PAC elingaxhunyiwe lokufihla imithombo yokuqala yezimali. Nakuba kudingeka i-Super PACs ukuze yambule abanikeli bayo, bangathola imali ezinhlanganweni ezingazuzi inzuzo enjengama-501 (c)(4) "izenhlalakahle yabantu," amaqembu angeke adingeki ukuveza abanikeli bawo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "imali emnyama," kuvumela abantu abacebile nezinhlangano ukuba babhange ukuhlasela kwezombangazwe ngaphandle kolwazi lomphakathi. Kumjikelezo wemali emnyama esetshenziswa cishe i-PACNAT yizigidi ezingu-300 (R1), ngokwezingcingongo ze-BS yeSikhungo soMasal. Abashisekelinguquko baye babiza imithetho eqinile, kodwa abangaziwayo i-PaCsss ivame ukulwa kwezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-omfanday.

Ukudlula Imingcele Yeminikelo

Ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-Super PACs, umthetho kahulumeni ukhiphe iminikelo eqondile kwabazohlolwa ngokhetho (oluhloselwe ukwehla kwamandla). Leyomingcele isasebenza eminikelweni evela kubantu ngabanye nase-PCs emikhankasweni. Nokho, engaxhumelwanga i-PACs / ngokuphandle, izindleko ezingapheli ezikhokhelwayo ezizuzisa umbhalisa, eziwukwephula ngokuphumelela imingcele ehloselwe umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-biliyoni yezigidi ezingasakwazi ukunikela ngemali ku-R2,7 [2,7 000 000 000], kodwa zinganikela ngenani elifanayo le-PACIRC esekela lowo mkhangiso. Lokhu kudala umnyango owenzela ithonya elingenamkhawuloyo, owehlisa injongo yokuqala yomnikelo wokwehlisa inzuzo noma inkohlakalo. [i-FFoctive] [0]

Izithakazelo Ezikhethekile Neminyaka Emincane

Ama-PAC angenamdlandla ngokuvamile ayizinhlangano eziqinile noma ezinhlanganweni eziqinile ngokwemibono. Amelela izithakazelo zemboni ethile, njengengxenye yemivubukulo noma imboni yemithi, noma acindezela imboni ethile yomhlaba, njengaleyo ekhuthaza ukuthatheka kwezentengiselwano ezikhethekile, noma i-paCs. Ngenxa yokuthi la ma-PAC awabange necala kukhetho olubanzi noma kubaholi beqembu, angathenga ukuthatha izikhundla ezingaphezulu kakhulu noma afake izikhangiso ezingezinhle kakhulu zokuthi umkhangisi angasoze athintana nazo. Lokhu kuboniswa kwezithakaze kuphazamise impikiswano yasobala, okuphoqelela abanikele ngecala ababo ababo abavela ngemva kwe-PAC kunokhetho lwezezindaba. Abashisekelinguquko abafuna ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwemali ezombangazwe kakhulu lamaqembu athola ukuthi ashintsha kakhulu, ngenxa yokuzimela kwabo imvelo ezindaweni eziphini.

Izinselele Zemizamo Yenguquko

Izici ze-PAC ezingaxhunyiwe zidala izithiyo zikakhonkolo kunoma isiphi isimiso sokulungisa imithetho noma sokuqondisa. Ngezansi ezinye zezinselele eziphikelela kakhulu.

Izihibe Ezingokomthetho Nezithiyo Zomthetho - sisekelo

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iwuchaza njalo umkhankaso osetshenziswa njengendlela yokukhuluma evikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ikhampathi leNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakulinganisela izindleko ezizimele ngezinhlangano, izinyunyana, noma ezinye izinkampani. Kubantu abangahlangene. Kunoma iziphi izindlela zokulinganisela imali yabo ezimele noma ikhono lokuphakamisa izimali ezisekelwe emthetho. Izindleko zenguquko, njengezindleko ze-DISCLOS Act (okungadinga ukubika okuningi okungakhonziwa), ziye zadlula izikhathi eziningi zendlu kodwa zigcinwe ezingxenyeni zendlu, ngenxa yokuphikisa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ethembekile, izimali ezikhokhelwayo, ngokuvamile, njengoba i-DYCLOS Act, noma ihluleka ukukhipha imvume yokujeza noma ukujeza ngokungemthetho.

Izinethiwekhi Eziyinkimbinkimbi Ezifihla Ithonya

Isakhiwo sezimali se-PACs esingesiso esixhunyiwe sivame ukuba lukhuni ngamabomu. I-PAC eyodwa ingathola iminikelo evela ezinhlobonhlobo ze-LLLC nasemalini, nayo ethola izimali ezivela kwezinye izinhlangano. "Lemali efakwayo" umphumela" cishe ngokomthetho ngaphansi komthetho wamanje" yenza kube nzima kakhulu kubacosheli bezindaba, amaqembu aqaphe i-oggle, nabalawuli ukuba balandele umthombo wangempela wemali esetshenziswa kwezombangazwe. Ubunkimbinkimbini ngokwabo busebenza njengesithiyo ukuze kulungiswe, ngoba noma yisiphi isidingo esisha sesambulo kumelwe sibekwe ngokucophelela ukuze sigwenywe imiphumela engalindelekile noma izinselele zomthetho, futhi sidinga imithombo edinga ukuba i-FEC i-FEC ingasebenzi.

Ukumelana Nezombangazwe Nemibuso

Izikhulu eziningi ezikhethiwe zona ngokwazo ziyazuza esimisweni samanje. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ngokuvamile achitha imali eningi ekusekeleni abameleli bemikhankaso − ngokungaphezulu ezifundeni ezincintisana kakhulu − futhi abamisi-mthetho abaningi bayanqikaza "ukuqinisa isandla esizozisekelayo ezinhlanganweni zomkhankaso" okungaphezulu, bobabili abantu abayinhloko baye bathembela ezimalini ezinkulu ezithelelwa ama-PAC angezona ezimikhankasweni, izikhangiso, kanye nokuvota. Umphumela, ukusekela kwe-bipartistan kwezelo yezempi yeze yezentengiselwano ayinqaba. Ngisho nalapho kusungulwa izikwe izindleko zenguquko, ngokuvamile babhekana nezithiyo ezithiyo ezibayo ezithena amandla.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuhlukaniswa

I-FEC ibhajwe kabanzi. Abakhomishane bayo abayisithupha .(3: Abathathu bamaRepublic namaDemocrates) athatha ivoti enkulu yanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa, okusho ukuthi izinqumo eziyinhloko zivame ukunqanyulwa. I-PACs engaxhumeneki ingasebenzisa lokhu kuphazamiseka ngokuhlanganyela emisebenzini evimbelayo, njengokusebenzelana nabachaphazeli (okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho kwabaqondiswe (okusezintabeni eziphezulu ze-PAC) noma ukuhluleka ukubhala imibiko efike ngesikhathi. I-aunithi yemali elinganiselwe futhi efaka i-paCs ekwazini ukuhlanganisa izinkulungwane zemijikelezo ngayinye. Ngenxa yalokho, izimfuneko eziningi zokuvezwa kwezincwadi aziqashelwanga kahle, futhi ngokuvamile abaphulangajekile noma abaxazululwa ngemiciswe ngemicisholo ephambili ngemva kokuba kukhethwe.

Izifundo zecala: Izenzo ze PAC ezingaxhunyiwe

Ukuze ubone imiphumela esobala yama - PaC angayihlanganisi le ndawo, cabangela izibonelo ezimbili:

Ukhetho lwamashumi amabini anamashumi amahlanu anamashumi amahlanu ananye amashumi amahlanu angaphezulu, amaqembu angaphandle, ebuswa amaProfes Prefect (Usekela Joe Biden) neMelika Isenzo esingaphambili (Ukusekela uDonald Trump), akhushulwa futhi achithwa cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane zezigidi ezingu-awundilinga. Inani elikhulu lalemali yavela kubathengi abambalwa abanikela ngemali ephansi kakhulu. Naphezu kwezithembiso ezivela kwabanye abazimisele ukuguqula izinguquko ukuze banciphise ithonya lemali enkulu, iqiniso laliwukuthi imikhankambiso yomiza yayithembele kakhulu kulamaqembu angaphandle. Ngemva kokhetho, akukho mithetho emikhulu yezimali eyadluliselwa.

Umthetho we-DISCLOSE nokwehluleka Kwawo okuphindiwe: Umthetho we-DISCLOSE, owaqala ngo-2010, wamiswa ngokuphendula u-Citizens United[[[FLL:3], ungadinga amaqembu azimele ezindleko ukuze adale abanikeli abanikezeli abangu-R10 000 noma ngaphezulu. Isivumelwano sadlula indlu elawulwa yidemocratic House ngo-20202019, no-20222], kodwa isikhathi ngasinye sife eSigeqeni, sivinjwe yinhlanganise yokuphikiswa kweRepublican kanye ne-Diaster. Amandla ezombangazwe e-PACC aphikisana kakhulu nezikhangiso ezinkulu, njengoba esekela intengo yokwethu.

Ukuqhubekela Phambili: Izinguquko Nethemba Lazo

Uma kucatshangelwa isimo esinzima salenkinga, abashisekeli benguquko baye bahlongoza indlela ehlukahlukene yokusingatha ithonya lama-PAC angaxhunyiwe. Icebo ngalinye libhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu, kodwa futhi linikeza ithemba elithile loshintsho oluqhubekayo.

Ukuqinisa Izimfuneko Zokuthola Imfihlo

I-PACS esekelwa kakhulu inguquko i-Procs etholakele kakhulu. Ibuza bonke abangaxhunyiwe, kuhlanganise nalabo abathola imali evela emalini emnyama engazuzisi, ukuveza imithombo yokuqala yezimali zabo kunganika abavoti amandla okukhetha abazifundile. I-DSCLOSE Act ihamba phambili enqoleni yezemithetho, kodwa ukudluliswa kwayo kungadinga iSigele esinemithetho evimbelayo esinenani elikhulu noma ukushintsha kwemithetho. Okanye, i-FEC ingaqinisa iziqondiso zayo ekubikeni, kodwa leyo nhlangano idinga ivoti enkulu engalindelekile. Omunye umzila wobumongameli oyisikhulu odinga ukukhishwa okuphelele kweze kwabaphathi bezindawo zikahulumeni abathatha i-Obama ngo-2022.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemikhankaso Yomphakathi

Iziphakamiso ezinjengethi "Fair Evolutions Now Act" zinganikeza umphakathi imali ehambelanayo yeminikelo emincane ye-dollar, inciphise isisusa sokuba abazofuna ukuxoshwa ngeminikelo emikhulu evela e-PAC. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeMaine ne-Arizona, ziye zamukela izimiso zezimali zomphakathi ngempumelelo ethile. Nokho, izimali zomphakathi zingadinga umthetho omusha kanye nokuhlelwa kwezimali okuphawulekayo, okunzima kwezombangazwe. Ngisho noma ngabe, ama-PAC amukelekile, angaxhunyiweyo, angaqhubeka esebenza ngokuzimele, ngakho inzuzo yomphakathi iyodwa ayilona ikhambi eliphelele.

ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Kulabo abakholelwa ukuthi izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziyimsuka yalenkinga, okuwukuphela kwekhambi elihlala njalo yinguquko yomthetho-sisekelo yokugumbuqela iCitizens United nezinqumo ezihlobene nayo. Izigaba eziningi zezwe ziye zadlulisa izinqumo ezibiza ukulungisa okunjalo, futhi "Izinguquko Zesizwe zisungulwe ngokuphindaphindiwe eSingqungqungqutheleni. Nokho, ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo kudinga izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko emagumbini nasekwakheni anezingxenye ezintathu ezintathu ezingamashumi amane ezifundazwe − aphakeme kakhulu. Ngisho, kanjalo, inhlangano igcina impikiswano iphila futhi inikeza abashicileli bamazwe indawo yokuhlangana.

Inguquko Ye - FEC

Enye indlela iwukuhlela kabusha i-Federal Ecommution Commission ukuze iphumelele kakhulu. Izinhlelo zihlanganisa ukunciphisa inani lamakhomishane abe bathathu noma abahlanu, noma ukuwabeka esiletini esingabandlululi ukuze anciphise i-grid lockle. Izinguquko ezinjalo zingasiza ekuphoqeleleni imithetho ekhona futhi zinganika amazinyo enhlangano ukuba ahambe ngemva kwemithetho engekho ehlangene. Kodwa noma iziphi inguquko ze-FEC kumelwe zidlulise i-Congress, futhi iqembu eliphuma emadolobheni lima ukunikeza igunya engomeni elikhona elingase lisetshenziswe ngokumelene nezinhlangano zayo.

Isiphetho: Umphumela Ohlala Njalo We - pacs Engaxhunyiwe

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe abuye alungisa isimiso sezezimali somkhankaso ngendlela ephakeme futhi, kusukela ekulungiseni isimo, kakhulu. Aye anda kakhulu ekusebenziseni imali, ehlisa ukubonakala, enza ukuba kube nokungalingani kwemingcele yomnikelo, futhi anikeza izithakazelo ezikhethekile iphike. Isivikelo sawo esingokomthetho ngaphansi kweSiphendu Sokuqala, sihlangene nesimiso esiqinile sokulawula isimo sezentengiselwano sezombangazwe, senza inguquko esobala ngokunzima kakhulu. Nokho ukuphoqelelwa kwenguquko eqhubekayo, okubangelwa ukukhungathekiswa yincintiswa ukonakala okucatshangelwayo kwesimiso sezombangazwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngemithetho echazayo, noma ngenguquko engokwezikhundlayo, umgomo owengeziwe, uhlala unjalo: ukudala isimiso sezentengo seze yezezimali esivulekile, esiwubufakazi, nesihle. Ithonya lenguquko yezentengobo yeze yeze yeze yesithembiso sezentengo ethembekile.

ukuze uqhubeke ufunda ngesakhiwo nomthetho we-PACs, hlola [ i-Federal Evotion Commission ye-PAC . Ukuhlolwa okucacisweyo kwemiphumela yala makomiti kungatholakala e [[FLT:] Brenan Center yeJaji [[FLT:] ne-[FLT:] i-BRANT] i-Intect i-Unition[[FLT:][FLT]]. Imininingwane yezezombangazwe ingatholakala ekusetshenzisweni kwala hlangothi [[FLT:]] [FLT] [FLT]]