Imali Eshintshashintshayo

Iminikelo yezezimali yezezimali yezombangazwe zanamuhla, eyenza abazovota bakwazi ukuxhumana nabavoti, ukwakha izakhiwo zenhlangano, futhi bancintisane ngokuphumelelayo nehhovisi lomphakathi. Nakuba lezimali ziyisici esidingekayo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, isilinganiso, imithombo, nethonya liphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokulingana kwezwi lezombangazwe. Ukuhlangana kwemali nezombangazwe akuyonakali ngokuphelele, kodwa amandla ophayo, ukuthi kungakanani, nalokho abakutholayo kufanelwe ukuhlolisiswa ukuze kulondolozwe ubuqotho bezinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda Indima Yeminikelo Yomkhankaso

Imikhankaso yezombangazwe idinga imithombo ephawulekayo ukuze isebenze. Kusukela ekukhangiseni kwethelevishini nasekuthutheni imishini yezokusebenza nezindleko zokuhamba, izindleko zokugijima ukuze uthole isikhundla ziye zanyuka kakhulu phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Iminikelo evela kubantu ngabanye, ezinkampanini, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, namakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (PAC) inikeza inhloko - dolobha edingekayo ukuze kulungiswe amapulatifomu abo futhi kuhlangatshezwe izinhlangano. Kumazwe amaningi, leminikelo ingaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho nezimfuneko zokuveza imibandela ehloselwe ukulingana nokuveza inzuzo yezombangazwe ngokukhululekile kanye nesithakazelo somphakathi.

Imithombo Nezisusa Zeminikelo

Abanikeli basekela abazonikezwa ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuvamile abanikela ngabanye banikeza ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwemibono, ukuhlangana, noma isifiso sokubona izindaba ezithile zixoxwa. Ngokuphambene, i-Corporate kanye nezinhlangano ezinikelayo, ngokuvamile kunezela ekulindeleni ukufinyelela noma ukucabangela okuhle ezindabeni ze-odrojini ezithinta isithakazelo sabo. Lomehluko ubalulekile ngoba uqokomisa umehluko phakathi kokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi nethonya lezezombangazwe.

Izisusa zeminikelo emikhulu evela kubantu abacebile kanye nezinhlangano azikho neze eziphambili, kodwa zidala indawo lapho amazwi alabo abanemithombo eqinile engathwala khona isisindo esingenakulinganiswa. Ucwaningo lubonisa njalo ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zisabela kakhulu ekuthandeni izinhlangano ezicebile namaqembu anezithakazelo ahleliwe kunakuwo wonke umphakathi.

Umshini Wethonya

Ithonya leminikelo yomkhankaso lisebenza ngezindlela eziningi ezihlangene. Ithonya eliqondile lokufinyelela cishe lisobala kakhulu: abanikeli abanikela ngezimali ezinkulu bangaba nethuba elingcono lokwamukela imihlangano nezikhulu ezikhethiwe nezisebenzi zabo, banikeze amathuba okusekela izimiso ezithile. Lokhu kutholakala akuqinisekisi ukuthi ummisi-mthetho uzoba nemvume ethile, kodwa kudala amandla ahlanganisayo angaguqula izinto eziza kuqala nezihlongozo zomthetho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ngalé kokufinyelela ngokuqondile, iminikelo ingathonya inqubo yokwenza uhlelo ngomnyango ojikelezayo , lapho izikhulu ezikhethiwe noma amalungu ezisebenzi ehamba khona ekufuneni noma ezindima zenkampani, esebenzisa khona ubuhlobo bazo nolwazi ukuze zizuze ngasese. Iminikelo ingathinta futhi ukubikelwa kwemithombo yemithetho, njengezabelo zekomiti, futhi ingathonya okuqukethwe yizindleko kanye nezinciphiso. Umphumela wokwanda yisimiso sezombangazwe esithanda ukubonakalisa lokho okuthandwa yilabo abakwazi ukuthatha igalelo ezingeni eliphezulu.

Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe njengoThomas Ferguson noMartin Gilens kunikeza ubufakazi obungokwezisekelo bokuthi izikhulu zezomnotho nezithakazelo zebhizinisi ezihleliwe zinethonya elikhulu enkambisweni yomphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zithandwa yini izakhamuzi ezivamile. Lokhu kuthola kugcizelela izinga lezimali zomkhankaso kanye nesidingo somthetho oqinile ukuze kulondolozwe ukusabela kobudemokhrasi. Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokujule kakhulu kwalezi zici, cabangela ukubukeza umsebenzi [[FLT: 0] we-Responsive Politic [, okuthatha imikhankanka yomkhankaso yezelo yezelo yezekelo nemininingwane.

Imiphumela Ekumisweni Kwezimiso Nokumelelwa

Uma iminikelo yomkhankaso isuka ngokungenakulinganiswa engxenyeni encane yomphakathi, inqubo yokwenza inqubo ingashabalala ukuze kuthandwe leyongxenye. Lokhu akusho ukuthi yonke inqubo ithengwa, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi amandla ahlela izinhlelo ezikhona abenzi beminikelo abacebile nezinhlangano ezithuthukisiwe abangela ubandlululo oluphikelelayo ezindabeni ezithola ukunakwa kwemithetho kanye namakhambi abhekwa njengasebenzayo.

Imiphumela Engekho

Ucwaningo lwezezimali luthole ukuvumelana okukhulu phakathi kokukhethwa kwezisebenzi ezicebile nokuziphatha kokuvota kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezingabonwa kakhulu umphakathi wonke. Ezindabeni ezinjengokuqondisa kwezezimali, inqubo yentela, kanye nokubusa kwenkampani, izishayamthetho zivame ukuvumelana nezikhundla zezisebenzi zazo ezinkulu kakhulu kunokuba zivumelane nemibono yezikhulu zazo ezibanzi. Lendlela iphawulwe ikakhulukazi eUnited States Congress, lapho izindleko zokuqhuba umkhankaso wokuncintisana zifinyelele khona izigidi zamaRandi ezihlalweni zendlu nezigidi zezihlalo zezindlu zeNkathi.

Ithonya leminikelo alifani kuyo yonke imikhakha yezimiso. Izihloko ezidonsa ukunakekela komphakathi nokuhlola imithombo yezindaba zithambekele ekungabini lula ethonyeni ithonya lomuntu, ngoba abashaya imithetho kumelwe balandise imiphumela yokukhetha izenzo zabo. Nokho, ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe noma ezikhethekile lapho ukuqapha umphakathi kuphansi, amathuba eminikelo yokulungisa imiphumela makhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kwakha isimiso esinezinhlangothi ezimbili zokumelela, lapho abacebile beye bathonya kakhulu khona izindawo ezithile zenqubo kuyilapho umphakathi ugcwele ulawula ngokuyinhloko ezindabeni eziphambili.

Ukumelela Nokulingana Kwentando Yeningi

Inkolelo-mbono yedemokrasi isekelwe esimisweni sokulingana kwezombangazwe: isakhamuzi ngasinye kufanele sibe nethuba elilinganayo lokuthonya izinqumo ezibusa ukuphila kwaso. Iminikelo yomkhankaso, uma igxilwe phakathi kwedlanzana elincane, ikhuphula lesi simiso ngokwakha isigaba sabasebenzi abakhulu abaphiwa kakhulu ngemithombo yezimali. Lokhu kunamandla akuvumelani nenhloso yentando yeningi lapho yonke ivoti ilingana khona futhi lapho isimiso somphakathi sibonisa intando yeningi.

Lenkinga ikhuliswa iqiniso lokuthi isigaba esinikelayo asimeleli umphakathi wonke. Abantu abacebile bathambekele ekuthatheni izinqumo ezihlukene ezitusweni ezinjengokukhokha intela, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, nomthetho, futhi cishe bahlela izinkinga zezomnotho ezithinta umphakathi noma indawo ezungezile. Uma abenzi bemithetho benakekela lezizinto ezithandwayo, umphumela uwukusongela okuqondile kukahulumeni osabela kakhulu kwabacebile kunovoti bemithombo yezindaba. Lokhu kusuka ekusabeleni okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle ngezinye izikhathi kubhekiselwa ekutheni kungu ukungalingani kwezomnotho ekumeleni kwezombangazwe [, futhi kunikeza usongo oluqondile ekuqondiseni ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokusemthethweni indlela imali kwezombangazwe ethinta ngayo ukumelelwa kwe-odoli, i-Brennan Center for Justice ikhipha ukucwaninga okukhulu ngenguquko yezezimali zomkhankaso kanye nemiphumela yayo yentando yeningi. Ungahlola lokho okutholakele e Brennan Center for Justice.

Ukubuyiselwa Nokuqondisa Imali Engokwezimali Ekampeni

Njengoba eqaphela ukuthi kungasiza ekubhikisheni inqubo yentando yeningi, amazwe amaningi aye amisa izimiso eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle, ukulinganisela ithonya elingadingekile, nokulinganisela inkundla yokudlala. Lemithetho iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokobukhulu nangempumelelo, ibonisa amasiko ahlukene angokomthetho, amasiko ezombangazwe, kanye nemithetho evimbelayo.

Indlela Evamile Yokuqondisa

Inqubo yokulawula eqondile inqubo yokubeka imingcele ye elinganiselayo, elinganisela isilinganiso noma imuphi umuntu noma into engayinika umbhalisa, iqembu, noma ikomiti yezombangazwe. Imigoqo ihloselwe ukuvimbela abanikelayo abacebile ekusebenziseni ithonya elingalinganiyo futhi banciphise ukuvela kwenkohlakalo ekhona. Imibuso eminingi ibeka imingcele eqinile, ifaka ingqikithi yemali engayinikela kubo bonke abazonikelayo nasekomitini lokukhetha.

Izimfuneko zokuvikela imfihlo zingenye yesisekelo somthetho wezezimali wezezimali. Ngokusho ukuthi iminikelo ibikwe obala, lemithetho yenza abavoti, izintatheli, nezinhlangano eziqaphile ukuba zilandele ukugeleza kwemali kwezombangazwe. Ukubona gcawu akukuqedi ukuphumelela kwethonya, kodwa kudala ukulandisa ngokudalula ubuhlobo phakathi kwabanikeleyo nezikhulu ezikhethiwe. E-United States, i-Federal Evolution Commission yezards, nakuba izikhala emthethweni zivumela ukubizwa kwemali ebizwa kanjalo i-figgggggggggggggggg [[[ izinhlangano ezingeyona inzuzo ezingadingwangadingenwanga ukuveza iminikelo yazo.

Izimiso zezimali zomphakathi zinikeza enye indlela yeminikelo yangasese, zinikeza abazocelwa imali yomphakathi ngokuvumelana nokusebenzisa imingcele noma ukuthatha iminikelo emikhulu yangasese. Lezi zimiso ziklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwabathekeli ezimpawini ezicebile nokukhuthaza isisekelo esibanzi seminikelo emincane. Amazwe anjengeCanada neJalimane aye asebenzisa izimiso ezinamandla zokuxhasa umphakathi, kuyilapho amanye amazwe ase-U.S. kanye nomasipala beye bazama izinhlelo zezimali ezihambelanayo ezithuthukisa inzuzo yeminikelo yemali encane ye-dilor.

Regulatory Approach Key Characteristics Example Jurisdictions
Contribution Limits Restrict amounts donors can give; reduce influence of large donors United States (federal limits), United Kingdom, Japan
Disclosure Requirements Mandate public reporting of contributions and expenditures United States, Canada, European Union
Public Financing Provide public funds to candidates; reduce reliance on private money Canada, Germany, New York City
Spending Limits Cap total campaign expenditures; often paired with public financing United Kingdom, France

Izinselele Zokuphoqelelwa Nokuphishekelwa

Ngisho nemithetho emiswe kahle iphumelela njengemithetho yabo yokusebenza. Imithetho yezezimali yenkampano iyaziwa njengenzima emaphoyiseni, njengoba abanikelayo nabafuna ukumiswa kungase kufune izindlela zokugwema imingcele ngeminikelo engaqondile, iminikelo enqwabelene, noma izimoto ezizimele. E-United States, ukunyuka kwamaPuciod PaC alandela isinqumo seZingalelwa zeNkantolo Ephakeme United ngo-2010 kuye kwavumela ukuba kusetshenziswe imali engenamkhawulo ngezinhlangano ezizimele zezombangazwe, uma nje bengahambisani nemikhankanti yababelo. Lokhu ngokuvamile kunzima ukulandelela futhi kunganikela ngenani eliphansi ngokuqondile kubantu abathatha igalelo.

Izinhlangano ezigunyaza ukumiswa kwemithetho, njenge Federal Evolution Commission (FEC), zivame ukuphazanyiswa yizintambo eziqinile, imithombo elinganiselwe, kanye nezinkimbinkimbi ezithatha kancane futhi zinciphise ukunqanda ukuqina. Ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa kwekhono, ngisho nohlelo lokulawula olubanzi kakhulu lungaphela. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ukugxila ekubekeni imingcele yomnikelo nasekuvulekeni akwanelanga, futhi izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu ezinjengezinguquko ezingokomthetho ezithi zilungise ukugumbuqela izakhamuzi ezihlangene, noma ukumiswa kwezimiso ezihambelanayo ezincane, kudingekile ukubuyisela ukulinganisela.

Ukuze ikhombe kabanzi izindlela zezizwe zonke zokuhlela izimali nokuqinisekisa, i-International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) inikeza imithombo ewusizo IMIFO[.

Ukubona Okusobala Njengesivikelo Sentando Yeningi

Ukubona gcaluku kuvame ukuchazwa njengento ebulala idemokrasi, futhi kunendima ebalulekile ekulungiseni imiphumela emibi yeminikelo yomkhankaso. Uma abavoti bebona ukuthi ubani oxhasa imali, bangakhipha izahlulelo ezinolwazi kakhulu ngezingxabano zesithakazelo ezingase zivele nezimiso eziseza kuqala zesikhulu esikhethiwe. Ukubona qhaza futhi kwenza izintatheli nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuba zihlole ukuhlobana phakathi kweminikelo nemiphumelo yomthetho, kudalule imikhuba engase ihlale ifihlekile.

Amathuluzi wezezinombolo wokubona ngale

Eminyakeni yamuva, amathuluzi emishini aye athuthukisa kakhulu ikhono lokulandela futhi ahlaziye iminikelo yomkhankaso. Ama-Platform afana ne-Opensets arets aspective memory evela emithonjeni eminingi, avumela abasebenzisi ukuba bahlole izindlela zokunikeza izimboni, abafuna, kanye nezikhathi. Lamathuluzi anika abacwaningi, izintatheli, nezakhamuzi amandla okugcina izikhulu ezikhethiwe zilandisa ngokuveza amabutho ezomnotho angemva kwemikhankankaso yezombangazwe. Eminye imibuso iye yasungula izimiso zokwembula izakhiwo ezikhona cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuba zibikiwe, ithuthukisa ukukhanya.

Nokho, ukubonakala qha akuyona indlela yokuqeda izindleko. Uma kungekho mingcele enamandla, ukubonakala ngokukhululekile kungaveza izinga eliphakeme lokusebenzisa imali futhi kwakhe umuzwa wokungaqiniseki ngendima yemali kwezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma imali emnyama igeleza ngemikhondo efiphele, imizamo yokubona ngale iyakhungatheka, futhi abavoti bashiyeka ebumnyameni ukuthi ubani ozama ukuthonya abameleli babo. Ukuvala lezi zikhala kudinga ukunaka kokuqapha kwemithetho kanye nokuzimisela ukuveza yonke into.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasemphakathini

Izinhlangano (NGOS) ezingezona ezohulumeni namaqembu abusayo afeza indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni izimali zomkhankaso nokusekela inguquko. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Common Campaign Legal Center, neSunight Foundation ziveza ithonya elingafanele, zichase ukuphulwa kwemithetho, futhi zithuthukise izinguquko zemithetho eziqinisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi. Imizamo yazo isiza ekulondolozeni ukuqapha komphakathi kanye nokucindezela kokubili izikhulu ezikhethiwe nezinhlangano ezilawulayo ukusekela ukuthembeka kwemithetho yezezimali yezempi.

IHealth of democracy ixhomeke ekubopheni okumatasa kwezakhamuzi nomphakathi ekufuneni ukuba sobala nokuziphendulela. Ukuze kube nombono wembulunga yonke ngezinyathelo zokubonana, umsebenzi we-Transparency International, otholakala ku- i-International [[, unikeza ukuqonda ngobuhlobo phakathi kwemali kwezombangazwe nokubusa kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuhlola Icala Ekushintsheni Izimali Emkhankasweni

Ukuhlola ukumiswa okuqondile kwenguquko yezezimali engokwezinkonzo kwembula kokubili amathuba nokulinganiselwa kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukuhlolwa kwecala kwamazwe ahlukahlukene kubonisa indlela izici ezicaciswe ngokusekelwe kuyo njengomthetho, impucuko yezombangazwe, kanye nokwakheka kwamandla okuqinisekisa.

ECanada: Isibonelo Somphakathi Esiwubufakazi

Isimiso sezezimali saseCanada sivame ukuvezwa njengesibonelo sokulinganisela ukulingana kwenkululeko nokulingana kwentando yeningi. Ngemva kochungechunge lwezinguquko ezaqala ngawo-1970 futhi zaphela ngawo-1970, iCanada manje ibeka imingcele eqinile yomnikelo, iminikelo yezinhlangano nezinhlangano ezivimbela abazohlolwa kanye nezinhlangano, futhi inikeza izimali zomphakathi ezinikezwa umphakathi ezikhungweni zezombangazwe. Lezi zinyathelo ziye zanciphisa ithonya labanikela ngentando yeningi futhi zasungula izinga eliphakeme lokudlala abazocela ukubhapathizwa. Nokho, iCanada isabhekana nezinselele zokukhangisa ngengxenye yesithathu yeminikelo yesifunda nethonya leminikelo yezifunda, okubonisa ukuthi akukho simiso somphakathi esingenaphutha.

I - United States: Umzabalazo Phakathi Kokushintsha Nokungavumelani Nezinguquko

Ngokuphambene, i-United States iye yaba nokuthambekela kokuncishiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni emashumini eminyaka amuva, eqhutshwa izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezibheka umkhankaso osetshenziswa njengendlela yokukhuluma evikelekile. Umphumela uyisimiso esihlukene nesiyekelela kakhulu esivumela ukusetshenziswa okungenamingcele kwezinhlangano, izinyunyana, nabantu abacebile. Nakuba imingcele yomnikelo nezimfuneko zokudalula kusekhona ezingeni likahulumeni, ukuphakama kwamaPACILE nemali emnyama kuye kwayiguqula ngokuyisisekelo indawo, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlaziya ngokugcwele ithonya leminikelo.

Ezinye izifundazwe zase-U.S. nomasipala baye bathatha isinyathelo sokuqinisa izimiso zezezimali zomkhankaso. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwezimali oluhambelanayo lwaseNew York City lunikeza iminikelo yemali elingana ne-8 kuya ku-1 eminikelweni emincane ye-dilor evela ezakhamuzini zasedolobheni, ikhuthaza abazofuna ukusekelwa abasekeli bezindawo ezibanzi kunokuba bathembele kubantu abanikela ngemali enkulu. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwendawo kunikeza izifundo ezibalulekile zezinguquko ezingase zibe khona.

IJalimane: Ukuhlobisa Iqembu Nezindawo Zomphakathi

IJalimane ihlanganisa ukuxhasa ngezimali zomphakathi ezivunyiweyo emabuthweni ezombangazwe kanye nezimfuneko eziqinile zokubonana kanye neminikelo. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukuncika kwamalungu ezibopho zomuntu siqu kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo yabo yezimali iyabonakala emphakathini. Umthetho waseJalimane udinga futhi ukuba amaqembu avume amagama abanikelayo adlula isilinganiso esithile, futhi iminikelo emikhulu kumelwe ibikwe ngokushesha. Lendlela isiza ekulondolozeni ukuthemba umphakathi esimisweni sezombangazwe, nakuba ikhathalela ithonya lokungenela kwezinhlangano zenkampani iyaqhubeka.

Isiphetho

Iminikelo yenkambiso isici esingenakugwenywa sentando yeningi yanamuhla, inikeza imithombo edingekayo ekuncintisaneni kwezombangazwe nakuvoti. Nokho ithonya layo esimisweni nasekumeleni kuphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína ngempilo yezinqubo zedemokrasi. Lapho iminikelo igeleza ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kubantu abacebile nezithakazelo ezihleliwe, ingozi yokuhlanekezelwa kwezimiso nokumelelwa kwezimiso okungalingani, ibekela inselele isimiso esiyisisekelo sokulingana kwezombangazwe.

Umthetho ophumelelayo, ukubonakala kahle, kanye nokuqondisa komphakathi okusebenzayo kungamathuluzi abalulekile okulawula ithonya leminikelo yomkhankaso. Nakuba kungekho uhlelo lokulawula olungasusa ngokuphelele indima yemali kwezombangazwe, izimiso ezihlelwe kahle zinganciphisa imiphumela yazo ebhubhisayo futhi zilondoloze ubuqotho bokubusa kwentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi, abalawuli bezimiso, nabasekeli-mthetho, kumelwe bahlale beqaphile ekuvikeleni isimiso sokuthi ivoti ngayinye kufanele iphathe izinga elifanayo, nokuthi ukufinyelela emandleni ezombangazwe akunakunqunywa ngokobukhulu be-akhawunti yomuntu yebhange.

Ekugcineni, inselele yeminikelo yomkhankaso ayikona nje ukubhekana nohlelo lobucukubhede bemithetho, kodwa uvivinyo olujulile lwesibopho sentando yeningi. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuvumela abacebile ukuba baguqulele amandla ezomnotho ethonyeni lezombangazwe kululaza ukufaneleka kwayo. Ngakho umzamo oqhubekayo wokuguqula izimali zezentengo uwumzabalazo womphefumulo wentando yeningi ngokwawo, ofuna ukunakwa okuqhubekayo nesenzo esinezimiso kubo bonke abakholelwa esithembisweni sokuzilawula.