Isingeniso

Izimiso zokubusa emhlabeni wonke zibonisa umehluko omkhulu wefilosofi ngokusakaza nokusetshenziswa kwegunya lezombangazwe. Phakathi kwezibonelo ezingafani kakhulu kukhona iDemocratic Centralism nePluralist Democratic Democratic Democratic Democratic. I-Docratic Centralism, esekelwe emfundisweni yenhlangano yakwaLeninin, ihlela ubunye nokuyala phakathi kweqembu labagadeli, kuyilapho iPlulist Democracy, idweliswe emcabangweni wentando yeningi yentando yeningi, igcizelela ukuncintisana phakathi kwamaqembu anezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kuhlola okuhlola imvelaphi ecatshangelwayo, izindlela zangempela, amandla, nobuthakathaka besibonelo ngasinye, kuqhathaniswe ngokucumisayo kwabafundi nabenzi besayensi yezombangazwe.

Kuyini Ukushisekela Intando Yeningi?

I-democratic Centralism iyisimiso sokuhlela inhlangano yangaphakathi ehlelwe okokuqala nguVladimir Lenin ephendulweni lakhe lika-1902 Yini Okumelwe Iyenze? Yakha isisekelo seQela lamaBolshevik Party futhi kamuva yaba yisimiso sokuhlela amaqembu amakhomanisi emhlabeni wonke. Umqondo usekelwe ezicini ezine eziyinhloko: inkululeko yokuxoxa ngaphambi kwesinqumo, ubunye besenzo ngemva kwesinqumo, ukukhethwa kwayo yonke imizimba eholayo ngezansi, nokulandisa kwayo. Nokho, “isigaba sedemocratic sy ngokuvamile siye sabekwa ngaphansi kokulawula okuphakathi, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwemithetho ebusayo ye-Stalian.

Kusemqoka, iDemocratic Centralism ivumela amalungu ukuba axoxe ngokukhululekile ngenkambiso phakathi nesigaba sokwenza isinqumo. Nokho, uma ivoti ithathwa, ibambalwa babophekile ukwamukela isinqumo futhi basenze ngaphandle kokuphinda baphikisa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isinyathelo esisheshayo, esihlangene, inzuzo enkulu yamaqembu afuna ukucindezelwa umbuso. Isibonelo futhi sifuna ukuba zonke izitho zeqembu, kusukela kumangqamuzana endawo kuya ekomitini ephakathi, zikhethwe amalungu, ngokucatshangelwa ukunikeza izimpande zotshani ukulandisa.

Ngokomlando, iDemocratic Centralism yasungulwa eSoviet Union, i- People’s Republic of China, Cuba, kanye nezinye izifundazwe ezinengxenye eyodwa. Kule zindawo, lesi simiso sashintsha saba isimiso sokulawula esiphezulu, futhi iphikiswa ngokuhlanzwa, ukucusumbulwa, noma ukuboshwa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i- “democratic” iba yi-democratic protection lapho ubuholi bulawula izinqubo zokulawula nokucindezela ezinye izinqubo.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ekuzijwayezayo

  • Ukwenziwa kwesinqumo okungaguquguquki: izinqubo ezinkulu zinqunywa yikomiti ephakathi noma i-polituro, enamazinga aphansi kulindeleke ukuba ahambisane nawo.
  • [ Isigaba sokuyala: Amalungu kumele asekele obala izinqumo ezake zenziwa; ubu-corionism benqatshelwe.
  • Umthetho we-Oligarchy: Naphezu kokhetho, amandla athambekele ekugxileni eqenjini elincane lomholi, njengoba kuchazwe nguRobert Michels.
  • I-Pligist ehlangene: Iqembu elibusayo kuphela elivunyelwe, futhi amazwi okuphikiswa abekwa ngokwezinga eliphansi.

Kuyini Ukubusa Kwentando Yeningi Kwentando Yeningi?

I-Pluralist Democracy iyisibonelo sokubusa lapho umbuso wezombangazwe usakazeka khona phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi ancintisanayo − kuhlanganise namaqembu enzalo, amaqembu ezombangazwe, izinkampani, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi womphakathi. Izisekelo zokuhloba zazibekwa ongqondo abanjengoJames Madison (Feralist No. 10), owaphikisa ukuthi irepublic enkulu enamaqembu amaningi ivimbela noma isiphi isigaba esisodwa sokubusa. Inkolelo yanamuhla yezezeze-iningi yasungulwa nguRobert Dahl, owasebenza ngo-1961 ubani uMlawuli wemibuso? wabonisa ukuthi amandla emadolobheni amaningi ayesakazeke emadolobheni amaningi kunokuba aqondwe yilungu eliphansi.

Kulesimiso sokuvota, izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ekuvoteni, ekuhlanganyeleni amaqembu enzalo, ekubhikisheni, nasekuhlanganyeleni enkulumweni yasobala. Imiphumela ivela ekuthengiseni nasekuyekethiseni phakathi kwamaqembu, uhulumeni esebenza njengomsizi. Isibonelo sicabanga ukuthi zonke izithakazelo ezibalulekile zinethuba lokuhlela nokuthonya izinqumo, sivimbela izikhundla ezihlala njalo noma amaqembu aphakeme agxilile ukuba angabuswa.

Intando yeningi elawulwa abantu ivame ukuphawulwa yiziphetho nezilinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo, izigebengu ezizimele, amajaji, amavoti akhululekile, nesivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi. IUnited States, iUnited Kingdom, iJalimane, neNdiya ngokuvamile kucashunwa njengezibonelo, nakuba umbukiso ngamunye unezinga elihlukene lobuningi obusetshenziswayo.

Imishini Yezimboni

  • Iqembu elincintisanayo: Amaqembu azungeza izithakazelo zezomnotho, zezenhlalo, zempucuko, noma zenkolo futhi asekele uhulumeni ezimisweni ezilungile.
  • Ukulandisa okungaguquguquki: ukhetho oluvamile luvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithathe indawo yabameleli, ziqinisekise ukusabela.
  • Ukuhlukanisa amagunya:[[FLT] ukuqondisa, ukumisa, nokwahlulela kuhlolana, kuvimbele ukugxiliswa kwamandla.
  • Inhlangano yeCivil: Iqoqo eligcwele lezinhlangano, imithombo yezindaba, namaqembu omphakathi asiza ukuthatha isinyathelo.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo Kwezimo Ezibusayo

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kweDemocratic Centralism nePururalist Democracy kudinga ukuhlola izilinganiso eziningana: izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo, ukuhlanganyela, ukusakaza amandla, ukulandisa, nokuvumelana nezimo. Itafula elingezansi lifingqa ukuqhathanisa okuyinhloko, kodwa ukuhlola okujulile kulandela.

Ukwenza isinqumo: Phezulu-Down vs. Decentralized

Ku-Democratic Centralism, ukwenza izinqumo kungokobukhomba. Iziqondiso ezinkulu zibekwa abaholi abaphakathi, ngokuvamile ngemva kwengxoxo elinganiselwe. Isigaba nehele kulindeleke ukuba kusebenzise iziqondiso ngaphandle kokungabaza. Lo mfanekiso uphumelela uma kudingeka isinyathelo esisheshayo (ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenguquko noma impi. Nokho, kuvimbela ukuxazulula inkinga yokudala futhi kungaholela emaphuthani ayingozi lapho abaholi bevalelwa ekuvulweni. Ukusabela kweSoviet enhlekeleleni laseChernobyl ngo 1986 kuveza ukuhluleka okunjalo, njengoba iziphathimandla zendawo zingenakho ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha.

Ngokungafani, i-Pluralist Democracy, isakaza izinqumo phakathi kwama-nodead amaningi. Izingxoxo zomthetho zivela ezingxoxweni phakathi kwamaqembu enzalo, amakomiti ezesivumelwano, izinhlangano zezikhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziqondisa amavoti ezakhamuzi. Le nqubo ehloniphekile ayisheshi kodwa ivumela ukufakwa nokuhlelwa kwenqubo yokuguqula inqubo yezempilo yaseMelika, ukuhlanganisa amashumi eminyaka empikiswano phakathi kwabafaki bemvume, abaxhasi, amaqembu abelaphi, nabezombangazwe, kubonisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokwenza izinqumo zobuningi.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi: Kulawulwa Amaza.

I-democratic Centralism ivimbela ukuthatha iqhaza kumalungu eqembu, futhi ngisho naphakathi kweqembu, ithonya elibalulekile lilinganiselwe kubantu abaphezulu. Izakhamuzi ezivamile kulindeleke ukuba zisekele izimiso zeqembu ngezinhlangano zequmrhu kodwa zingagunyazi ukuwabekela inselele. ESoviet Union, ukhetho lwalungaphazamisi, lunelungu elilodwa kuphela elithathelwe isihlalo. Lomklamo wanciphisa ukuphikiswa kodwa futhi wahlukanisa izakhamuzi ekubuseni, wanezela ekubekeni phansi kwemithetho.

I-Pluralist Democracy ikhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokusakazeka ngezindlela eziningi. Izakhamuzi zingavota, zijoyine amaqembu ezombangazwe, zihlele amaqembu enzalo, zingene emahholo edolobha, zisayine izicelo, noma zigijimele isikhundla. Umqondo uwukuthi izakhamuzi ezithembisiwe zigcina isibopho sokulandisa kuhulumeni. Nokho, ukuhlanganyela ngokuvamile akulingani; abantu abacebile nabafunde kakhulu bahlanganyela ngokwengeziwe, okuholela ekuthatheleni izigwegwegwe ezimisweni ezifakazelwe [[FLT:] izici ezifakazelwe [FLT] [2001] nePheji (UNIKLT]].[FLT]]]]

Ukusakaza Amandla: Ukugxilisa ingqondo.

I-democratic Centralism igxilisa amandla eqenjini elilodwa noma eqenjini eliphethe. Iqembu lilawula umbuso, ibutho lezempi, umnotho, nemithombo yezindaba. Lokhu kugxilisa ingqondo kungasiza ekuqhutshweni ngokushesha kwezemisebenzi noma ukubuthwa kwesizwe − njengoba kuboniswa emacebweni kaMao eChina noma kaStalin eminyaka emihlanu qha kodwa ngezindleko ezinkulu zabantu. Ukungabikho kwezinhlangano ezizimele kusho ukuhlola ukuxhashazwa.

Umbuso wentando yeningi usakaza amandla phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi nezinhlangano. Uhulumeni uhlukaniswa ube amagatsha, futhi abadlali abangabodwa (amabhizinisi, izinyunyana, iNGO) babambe imithombo ezimele. Lokhu kusakazeka kwenza kube nzima nganoma yiliphi iqembu ukubusa, kodwa kungaholela futhi ekulawuleni noma ekuphathweni yizigebengu ezihlelwe kahle. Ikhono likaMancur Olson lokuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlanganisa [[[] lichaza indlela izithakazelo ezigcwele, ezivame ukunqoba ngayo izithakazelo ezinkulu.

Ukuvumelana Nezimo Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

I-democratic Centralism iqinile ngokuklanywa. Ukuyala kweqembu kudinga ukwethembeka ezinqumweni ngisho nalapho zibonakala zingaqondakali. Lokhu kunamathela kokungaguquguquki kwezimiso; ngokwesibonelo, ukunamathela okuqhubekayo ekuhleleni iSoviet Union ngemva kokuba i-ifficiencies iqashelwe ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuqiniswa kwemibono. Ngokuhlukile, izimiso zokuzivumela ukuba kuvumela ushintsho oluqhubekayo ngokuyekethisa. Nokho, ukuvumelana nezimiso zobuningi kungaphumela futhi ezimisweni eziphikisanayo lapho izithakazelo eziningi zithonya ezindleleni ezihlukene.

Ukuhlola Icala Elingokomlando

Intando Yeningi ESoviet Union

ISoviet Union yanikeza iDemocratic Centralism isampula kusukela ngo-1917 kuya ku-1991. Ngaphansi kwe-Lenin, lesimiso savumela ukuphikisana okulinganiselwe phakathi neminyaka yokuqala, kodwa uStalin wasusa konke ukungavumelani yi-1930. IKhomanisi Partiment yaseSoviet Union (CPSU) yalawula zonke izici zokuphila, nePolituro yenza izinqumo ezazithinjezwe ngenjoloba ngaleso sikhathi yiqembu eliphansi le-echelon. Ngo-19636 “Umthetho-Stalin” waqinisekisa amalungelo ngokomthetho, kodwa ngokomthetho, leli qembu lazilawula ngokuphelele ngesimiso se-nomenkalatura, amaphoyisa asese, nokunqandwa kokuphikiswa. Isibonelo sakuqala sempi yezemisebenzi neyokunqoba kwezwe II kodwa futhi sanikela ekuncipheni okukhulu kwezomnotho, nokuwohloka okukhulu.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Okuthandwa Abantu Abahlukahlukene E - United States

I-United States ivame ukuvezwa njengesibonelo esiyinhloko sokubusa ngentando yeningi. UJames Madison’s Federallist No. 10 waphikisa ngokuthi irepublic enkulu enamaqembu amaningi ivimbela ubushiqela bemibuso eminingi. Ukuhlukaniswa koMthetho-sisekelo wemibuso, uhulumeni, noBill of Rights kwakha amaphuzu amaningi okuthola amaqembu enzalo. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, amaqembu amelela umsebenzi, amalungelo omphakathi, ukwakheka kwendawo ezungezile nezinye izimbangela ezithile, kuye kwaveza isimiso. Kodwa izazi ezifana Gilens nePhezu elihlangene [ ziphikisa ukuthi izikhulu zezomnotho nezithakazelo zezebhizinisi zinethonya elinganayo, iphikiswa inzuzo yobuningi obulinganayo. Nokho, isimiso siye sabonisa ukuvuselelwa nokuvuselelwa kwemithetho enjenge-Ovinity Actment of 1964, njengoba kwavela ehlangene.

Ukubusa Kwentando Yeningi Okuyintando Yeningi ENdiya

INdiya, intando yeningi enkulu emhlabeni, isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sobuningi esinezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene, izinhlangano ezisekelwe ngokwezigaba, amaqembu enkolo, kanye nezithakazelo zezifunda. Isakhiwo sikahulumeni, ohulumeni abahlangene, kanye nomphakathi onamandla kwenza ukuba kuxoxiswe amaqembu aphikisanayo. Nokho, izinselele zihlanganisa ukungalingani okukhulu, inkohlakalo, kanye nobudlova bomphakathi obuye bahlolwa ngezimiso zobuningi. Isenzakalo saseNdiya sibonisa ukuthi ububili bungasebenza ngisho nasemiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, kodwa ukuphumelela kwabo kuxhomeke ezikhungweni zezinhlangano.

Izinzuzo Nezingozi Ziyaphinda Ziyafika

Izinzuzo Zokushisekela Intando Yeningi

  • Ukusebenzisa izinqubo ngokuphazima kweso, ukwenziwa kwezimiso ngaphandle kokuxoxisana okuthatha isikhathi.
  • Ubunye: Indlela eyodwa yezombangazwe inciphisa ukuhlukana nokudideka komphakathi.
  • Ukuzinza: ikhono lokuhlela imithombo yezwe emikhankasweni emikhulu yesilinganiso (umz., uhlelo lomkhathi, isisekelo sesisekelo).
  • Ukungaguquguquki: Ukuvinjwa kwe-grid lock enqamulelayo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezibucayi.

Izingozi Zokushisekela Intando Yeningi

  • Ukucindezelwa kokungavumelani: Abagxeki babhekene noshushiso, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kokusungulwa nokulandisa.
  • Iphepha lophawu: Izakhamuzi ezivamile zinezwi elilinganiselwe; isimiso singazishaya indiva izidingo zendawo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubekwa: amandla agunyaziwe ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuzimele kubangela ukuphatha nokuphatha kabi.
  • ILegitamite Deficit: Abantu bangahoxa esimisweni sezombangazwe, okuholela ekuhlukanisweni.

Izinzuzo Zombuso Wentando Yeningi Wentando Yeningi

  • Ukungaguquguquki: Amaqembu amaningi angasekela izithakazelo ezihlukahlukene, akhuthaze ukumelelwa.
  • Ukukhokha ngezimali: Ukukhetha kanye nomshini wokuhlola amandla kahulumeni okhululekile.
  • I-Picies ingalungiswa ngokuyekethisa nangokushintsha kwemifelandawonye.
  • Ukuzivuselela: ukuncintisana kwemibono kukhuthaza amakhambi okwakha izinkinga zomphakathi.

Izingozi Zombuso Wentando Yeningi Wezizwe

  • Gridlock: Izimpawu zeveto ezixhumene zingavala umthetho odingekile.
  • [ Ukulingana kwethonya:[ amaqembu acebile abusa inqubo, alulaza ukuthatha isinyathelo esifanayo.
  • Ukugxila okungasho lutho: imijikelezo ye-Electorive ifaka izinhlelo eziveza izinzuzo ezisheshayo ezingenisweni zemali ezithatha isikhathi eside.
  • [[Ukwehla]: Izithakazelo eziningi kakhulu ezincintisanayo zingadala isimiso esingesona esiqinile kanye nokungalingani kwesizwe.

IZisekelo: ULenin v.

I-Democratic Centralism ithola kakhulu emfundisweni kaLenin yeqembu labagada. Yini Okumelwe Inziwe?, uLenin waphikisa ngokuthi izisebenzi, ezilinganiselwe “ukuzwa kwesibopho,” zazidinga iqembu elifuna izinguquko ezizoziqondisa kumthetho wobukhomanisi. Leligunya eligunyazwe kahle nesiyalo esiqinile. Kamuva lavunyelwa nguStalin“ kumaBoundation of Lenicineism” futhi lamukelwa yiqembu lamakhomanisi embulungeni lonke.

Umbuso wentando yeningi, ngokuphambene, usekelwe esikweni elikhululekile. UMadison waxwayisa ngeqiniso kodwa wabona irepublic enkulu njengekhambi elingcono kakhulu lezingozi zayo. Abathandi bezindaba zanamuhla njengoRobert Dahl (]] A Prefaced to Democratic Theory[[FLT]][FLT]] [FLT]]] [i]) igcizelela ukuthi idemokramenti idinga ipolysy·3] , ibusa ngomthetho ngemibandela eminingi enjengenkululeko yokuveza, imithombo yolwazi, nezakhamuzi ezihlukeneyo. Bobabili uLenice noMacen babekhathalela ukuvimbela ubushiqela, kodwa baveza imithombo ehlukene: ULenicism owesaba izimali zombangomhlaba; uMedison wesaba ubushinehasi.

Imikhuba Yanamuhla Nezinhlobo Zobuhlanya

Kusekhona izinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-oday. Izifundazwe eziningi ezinengxenye (i-China, iVietnam, i-Laos) zisanamathela ngokusemthethweni ku-Democratic Centralism kodwa zisungule ubuningi obulinganiselwe (izentengiselwano zesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni) kuyilapho zilondoloza igunya elizimele kwezombangazwe. Isimiso sezwe saseChina sokubusa ngentando yeningi" sivezwa njengesenziwo sokulungisa, kodwa siboniswa, ukwenza izinqumo kuhlala kulawulwa ngokuqinile yi-Communist Party.

Imibuso yentando yeningi esungulwe ibhekene nezinselele ze-publisism, ukuphakama kokungalingani, nokungalingani kwezimiso ezincishinisa isithakazelo seqembu. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi idemokrasi yaseNtshonalanga iqhubekela “ebuthweni eliphansi lentando yeningi” noma“ebuphoqeleni bokulawula ngenkani,” lapho izakhiwo zobuningi ziqhubeka kodwa umncintiswano ophansi uncipha. Okwamanje, ukuhlola kwentando yeningi encishisiwe (isib., imihlangano yezakhamuzi) ihlose ukujulisa ubuningi ngokunikeza ithonya eliqondile kakhulu lezakhamuzi ezivamile, iphikise ukubusa okuphakeme.

Izisebenzi ezibusayo ezibuswayo ngezinye izikhathi zihlanganisa izici: ngokwesibonelo, iSingapore ihlanganisa ukhetho lokuncintisana nokulawula okukhulu nokwehluleka kwenkululeko yomphakathi, okuvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi “intando yeningi.” Ukushukuma kobuningi nokudlondlobala kuseyisizinda esiyinhloko sentuthuko yezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke.

Isiphetho

I-democratic Centralism ne-Pluralist imelela izisekelo eziphikisanayo ezisemkhakheni wokubusa. Izimiso zangaphambili zimisa ubunye, isiyalo, kanye nokuphumelela, ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa yinkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokuhlanganyela okukhulu. Izindinganiso zamuva zokuhlukahluka, ukulandisa, nokuncintisana, kodwa zingaba nethonya elikhudlwana. Zombili lezizimo zemvelo ziye zaveza ukuphumelela okuphawulekayo nokuhluleka okukhulu. Ososayensi bezombangazwe bayaqhubeka bephikisana ngokuthi i-synthesis ingenzeka yini (isimiso esihlanganisa nesenzo esiwujuqu sokuhlanganyela okuqotho nokuthatha isinyathelo nokuhlola amandla. Kubafundi bokubusa, ukuqonda lemifanekiso eveza ibala elibucayi lokuhlaziya amandla kanye nokuhluleka okungathisa.