Table of Contents
I-National Biotechnology Development Strategy iye yaba isisekelo esiyisisekelo sokuthuthukisa intuthuko ekwakheni izingxenye zezesayensi nezezimboni. Ngokuthuthukisa ngokulandelana kwenqubo yokucwaninga, izakhiwo, nokuhwebelana, leli cebo lihlanganisa izinto eziza kuqala emhlabeni nezimiso zembulunga yonke zesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yemvelo. Indlela yalo ebanzi ayizange ikhuthaze nje kuphela ukukhula kwezomnotho kodwa futhi iye yaxazulula izinselele ezibucayi zempilo, ezolimo, ezokulondoloza indawo ezungezile. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinjongo zaleli cebo, ithonya eliphawulekayo ekuthuthukisiweni, izindaba eziphawulekayo, kanye nendawo ezungezile ezothinta ikusasa layo.
Izinto Ezihlosiwe Inqubo Yokuthuthukiswa Kwesayensi Yesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo Yesizwe
Inhloso yalo mshini ifuna ukudala isayensi ehlangene evumelanayo lapho ukusungula izinto kushintsha khona kube amakhambi abonakalayo. Izinjongo eziyinhloko ziklanyelwe ukususa amabhodlela anezinhlangothi eziqinile futhi zishukumise umjikelezo wokusungula izinto ezintsha.
1. Khuthaza Ukucwaninga Nentuthuko Kwesayensi Yesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo
Ukutshala imali okuyisisekelo nokusetshenziswa ekucwaningeni kwakha i-lick yecebo. Izinhlelo zezimali ze-Federal ne-ovel ziye zathunyelwa ezindaweni ezinezikhundla eziphakeme njenge-genometic jazin, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokusebenza kwemisebe yesayensi yezakhi zofuzo. Lolu kuzimisela kwezimali kuye kwenza amayunivesithi namazinhlangano zokucwaninga ukuba athole imishini yokusika imishini, aqashe italenta ephezulu, futhi aphishekele imisebenzi emide eyingozi kakhulu ngenkathi ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunikezwa kokwelashwa kokwelapha ngezakhi zofuzo kwasekuqaleni kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko ekulaphelweni kwezifo ezingavamile zezakhi zofuzo.
2. Yakha Izakhiwo Zokuvuselela Izakhi Zomzimba
Izakhiwo ezingokomzimba nezingokwezinombolo zibalulekile ekulinganiseni izakhiwo ezishayelwayo. Icebo liye labangela ukumiswa kwezindawo zokucwaninga zebhantshi, imishini yokubilisa izindiza, nezakhiwo zemvelo. Lezi zinto ezihlangeneyo zinciphisa isithiyo sokungena kuzo zombili izimboni zemfundo kanye nezinkampani ezincane. Ubudlelwane bomphakathi buye badala izikhungo zokusungula izinto zokwenza izakhiwo zebhantshi lapho isiqalo singaqasha khona indawo yebhentshi nemisebenzi yokusebenza. Izakhiwo ezinjalo azinciphi izindleko kodwa zinciphisa umjikelezo womklamo wezemklamo weze-ne-ne-ne-ne-ne-neset-livelm ezichaza isayensi yanamuhla yesayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.
3. Ukusekela Iziqalo Nezitho Ezincane Ezigatsheni Zezinto Eziphilayo
Iqaphela ukuthi izinto eziningi eziphazamisayo zisuka ekuqaleni okusheshayo, lendlela ihlanganisa izisekelo zokusekela. Lokhu kusuka ezinxuseni zentela futhi kuyahambelana nezimali zokucwaninga kwasekuqaleni kwesiteji ukuya ezindleleni ezilandelanayo zokuhlola. Imishini nezinhlelo ezihlangene namayunivesithi amakhulu ziye zanda, zinikeza usizo, ukusekela izingosi, izingosi zezokuxhumana, nemali egciniwe. Ngokunciphisa isigodi sokufa phakathi kobufakazi obuqinile nobezentengiselwano, lelicebo liye lasiza inqwaba yezinhlangano ezincane eziletha ukwelashwa okuqanjiwe, izikhangiso, kanye namakhambi ezokulima emakethe.
4. Ukuthuthukisa Ubudlelwane Phakathi Kwe - Academia, Kwezemboni, Nohulumeni
Ukucwaninga okukude akuvamile ukuholela ekuchaphazeleni intuthuko. Isu likhuthaza ngokuqondile ukuba i-comnilia edlula imingcele yezinhlangano. Izinhlelo zokucwaninga ezihlangene, izakhiwo ezihlangene, namahhovisi obuchwepheshe adlulisele ulwazi kuthuthukise ukuqhubekeka kolwazi. Izinhlangano zokuqondisa manje zisiza abathuthukisi bakuqala ukucacisa izindlela zokuvunyelwa, kuyilapho izimboni zinikeza izinhlelo zemfundo ezingokwezikole zangempela. Le projekthi yehelix ibonise ukuthi iyasebenza emasimini anjenge-biomanufectration, lapho ama-maqualicture, lapho ama-master akha khona imigqa, imishini iwalinganisa khona, kanti ohulumeni baqinisekisa ukulondeka nezindinganiso.
Ithonya Ekuthuthweni Kwemvelo
Ithonya laleli cebo libonakala ezindaweni eziningi eziqalayo, kusukela kumthamo wezincwadi zesayensi nezinga eliphezulu kuya enanini lezincwadi ezigciniwe nemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo. Ngezansi sihlola izindawo eziyinhloko lapho icebo liye lashintsha khona.
Ukucwaninga Nokuhumusha Okusheshayo
Ukusetshenziswa kwezimali okukhulisiwe kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokukhula kwezincwadi ezibhalwe phezulu. Izinhlangano zokucwaninga ziye zabika ukwanda kwezihloko ezibukelwe ontanga ezihlobene ne-biotechnology kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwaleli cebo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuncipha phakathi kokutholwa okuyisisekelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano. Ngokwesibonelo, umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwamapulatifomu e-MRNA wancintiswa iminyaka ngezinyanga, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokucwaninga nge-actic acid ephambili enziweni ye-incic acid eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili.
Ukuthuthukisa Umkhuba Oyinkimbinkimbi
Lelicebo liye lachitha i-silos evimbela intuthuko yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ngokomlando. Umphikisi wesiphambano manje uhlale esingatha izinselele ezinkulu − ukumelana kwe-anti-microbial, ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni, nokuthunjwa kwekhabhoni. Imishini yokuxhumana nezindinganiso ze-data ezivumelanayo, ezikhuliswe yinqubo, zisiza abacwaningi ukuba bahlanganise ulwazi lwe-genomec, i-proteomic, kanye ne-panoticscism ngokwesilinganiso esingakaze. Lendawo esebenzela kuyo iye yakhuthaza futhi ukuvuleka kobungako lapho imishini ithumela khona ubuchwepheshe obuvela emayunivesithi bese ithuthukisa imuva kwezemfundo.
Ukuqinisa Isimiso Semvelo Sakuqala
Imisebenzi yebhayothech iye yachuma ngaphansi kwecebo. Inani lezinkampani ezintsha ezisebenzisa ibhayolithi liye laphindeka kabili unyaka ngamunye, futhi inhloko mlilo ethunyelwa engxenyeni yebhizinisi iye yanda ngokuphindwe kathathu. Impumelelo ephawulekayo ihlanganisa izinkampani ezithuthukisa amathuluzi esayensi yokwelapha asekelwe kubuchwepheshe bokuhlola imithambo yegazi obusekelwe kuketshezi, obaheha kakhulu izinkampani ezisizana nemishini yokuthaka imithi. Ukucwaninga kwaleli cebo ekususeni iqophelo lokuqala lesiteji kwenza inkampani yaba nemboni yezesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yemvelo eyayiyibheka njengeqanjiwe kakhulu ngaphambili.
Ukulawula Izindlela Zokuqondisa Nendlela Yokuthola Imali
Ukusungulwa kwezimiso kuye kwaba umphumela ovumelanayo. Le nqubo iye yakhuthaza ukuhlelwa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezithuthukisiwe nokuhlola imikhiqizo edinga ukwelashwa okungenazo izakhi zokwelapha. Lokhu kunciphise isikhathi esivamile sokudayisa amanothi ebhayoloji cishe ngamaphesenti angu-20. Kwezolimo, izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izakhi zofuzo zezitshalo ziye zabangela ukuba iziviwo zasemasimini zikhululwe ngokushesha futhi kukhululwe izikhangiso kuyilapho kugcinwa izindinganiso zokuphepha endaweni ezungezile.
Izindaba Eziye Zaphumelela Nezifundo Zecala
Izindlela ezintsha ezitholakalayo zibonisa ukuthi leli cebo liyasebenza.
Intuthuko Yemithi Yokugoma Esebenzisa Izindlela Zokwelapha
Impumelelo evelele kakhulu ukusungulwa kwemijovo ye-MRNA enqanda ukuvela kwezifo ezithathelwanayo. Ukuxhasa okuqeqeshiwe kwe-MRNA nanolidicle cishe eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambi kokuba umqedazwe unikeze ulwazi oluyisisekelo oluvumela izinkampani ukuba ziklame, zihlole, futhi zikhiqize imithi yokugoma ngesikhathi esigciniwe. Lokhu kufezwa akusindisanga nje kuphela izigidi zabantu kodwa futhi kwaqinisekisa itheku lezezomjovo wesikhathi esizayo we-mijovo, i-Zika, kanye nomdlavuza. ukuhlolwa komkhanyo eMpheni wezingemuva we-Nature[[FLT] kuqokomisa indlela amasu engoko esizwe enqubo yesayensi yesayensi yokwakheka komzimba.
Izinqubo Zokuvuselela Izolimo Ezinezinga Eliqinile Ngezitshalo EziyiGM
Izilimo ezishintshwe ngezakhi ezishintshwa ngenxa yokubekezelela isomiso, ukumelana nezinambuzane, nokudla okunomsoco okukhuliswe kakhulu kuye kwashintsha ezolimo ezindaweni ezithambekele ekucindezelekeni kwesimo sezulu. Ukusekela komphakathi ngezindlela zokusebenza nomphakathi ekutshaleni isayensi yezitshalo kwaholela ekusungulweni kwezinhlobo ze-injini ye-beon nesilinganiso sesifo esiyingozi sezambane. Lezi zitshalo ziye zakhuphuka kakhulu nge 25% kuyilapho zinciphisa isidingo samakhemikhali amakhemikhali. Ngokwe-data ye- [[FLT]], izinga lokutholwa kwezitshalo ze-GM emazweni anezici ezinomthelela kakhulu. Ziye zanda kakhulu, ziletha izinzuzo ezingokomnotho kubalimi abancane.
Intuthuko Ekwelapheni Nezinqubo Zokwelapha Ezingatshazwa Abantu
Ukwelapha ngenqubo yokuzivuselela kuye kwazuza kakhulu ekugcizeleleni lenqubo ye-genomics kanye nokuthola i-biomirker. Ngokuxhasa imishini emikhulu elawula isayensi yomzimba kanye nokusebenza kokwaziswa, abacwaningi baye bathola izisulu ezintsha zezidakamizwa zomdlavuza, izifo ze-autoimmune, nezimo zezakhi zofuzo ezingavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusungulwa kokwelapha kwamangqamuzana e-CAR-T . Ukwelapha okuthi kwenze amangqamuzana omzimba wesiguli angakwazi ukuhlasela izimila, kwasheshiswa ukuvunyelwa okusemkhakheni wegazi.
Isayensi Yemvelo Yesayensi Yemvelo: I - bioplastics kanye Ne - bioprediction
Amathuluzi esayensi yezinto eziphilayo aye asetshenziswa ekusebenziseni amagciwane angakwazi ukuhlukanisa ipulasitiki futhi akhiqize ezinye izindlela ezingabonakali. Impumelelo ephawulekayo ingumphumela ophawulekayo womonakalo oguqula ipolyethylene terephtate (PET) ibe yi-monomer, eyenza ukuba ikwazi ukuphinda isetshenziswe ngokuvala. Isu lenqubo igxile emikhiqizoni esekelwe kwibhayoloji iye yakhuthaza ukusungulwa kwepolyhydroxalkanote ipulasitiki ekhiqizwa emfucucwini yezolimo. [[FLT: 0] I-WHOP] iqaphela ukuthi izinto ezinjalo ezicishintshwayo ziyingozi ekunciphiseni ukungcola kwendawo ezungezile.
Izinselele Nezimo Ezizivumelanisa Nezinto
I - National Biotechnology Development Strategy iye yabhekana nezinselele eziningana eziye zadinga ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Ukusekela Ukusekela Izimali Nezinguquko Zezomnotho
Ukuvela kwe-biotech kudinga isikhathi eside, kodwa kudinga isikhathi eside. Ngokuvamile, kusukela ekutholeni noma ngaphezulu kusukela ekuthengeni. Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho kungaphazamisa ukuqhubekeka kwemali, ukusongela imisebenzi yasekuqaleni. Uma kuphendulwa leli cebo liye lahlanganisa izimali ezihambisana nemali ekhona kanye nemali ehambisana nemithombo yomuntu siqu evimbela ukunqanyulwa kwemali. Amanye amazwe aye amisa izimali ezizimele zokuxhasa isayensi yemvelo, aqinisekisa ukusekelwa okungaguquguquki kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imijikelezo yaminyaka yonke.
Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kokuqondiswa Nokuvunyelwa Obala
Ngisho noma kunezindlela ezinamanzi, izithiyo ezilawulayo zisebalulekile, ikakhulukazi kulezizinto ezintsha ezihlelwe ngezakhi zofuzo nemikhiqizo yokwelapha ethuthukisiwe. Ukungaqiniseki komphakathi ngokudla nezindlela zokwelapha izakhi zofuzo kusalokhu kubangelwa ukudukiswa. Ngakho - ke leli cebo liye lafaka izinhlelo zokuxhumana kwesayensi nezinqubo zokuhlola izingozi ezisobala. Ukuhlanganyela kweziguli amaqembu ozakwalusayo nezinhlangano zabalimi kuye kwasiza ekwakheni ukwethemba futhi kwasiza ekusebenziseni ngokushelela intuthuko.
Ukucabangela Okuhle Nokutholakala Ngokulinganayo
Njengoba i-biotechnologies iqhubeka, imibuzo yokungaguquguquki nezimiso zokuziphatha iyacindezela. Ubani ozuza kwezokwelapha ezizimele uma ukwelashwa kungakholeki? Siqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi izitshalo ze GM azifaki imali ezinkomeni? Lelisu manje lihlanganisa ukubukezwa kwezimiso zezimiso zokusebenza kanye namalungiselelo okuhlobana okuphoqelelwa ukuxoxa ngalezi zinto. Ukugcizelelwa kokuvulwa komthombo wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nokwehliswa kwemikhakha yesayensi yemvelo ehloselwe ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezinzuzo zezinhlangano ezimbalwa ezinkulu.
Indima Yezobuchwepheshe Ezixubile
Ukuvumelana kwaleli cebo kubonakala ekuhlanganiseni kwalo ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo obusekela ubuchwepheshe besayensi yemvelo.
Ukuhlakanipha Okusebenzayo Nokufunda Ngomshini
I-Al iguqule isimo sokwakheka kwamaprotheni, ukutholakala kwezidakamizwa, nobunjiniyela bezidakamizwa. Icebo liye labela izimali amaqoqo aphezulu asebenzayo kanye nokuqeqesha ukwaziswa okuqondile kwisayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Amaplatfomu manje acwenga izigidi zabafuna izidakamizwa e-silico, enciphisa isidingo sokuhlolwa kwemisebe ebiza imali. Ngokwesibonelo, izibalo ezijulile ezifundwayo ziye zathola izibulala-bhakitiriya ezintsha ezivela emniningo we-metagenomic kanye nama-enzyme afaneleyo ebhayoloji yezemboni. Isiqondiso se-FDAT] ku-A emishini yokwelapha iveza ukuhlelwa kwemisebe yezokwelapha.
Isayensi Yesayensi Yesayensi Yezakhi Zofuzo Nokuhlelwa Kwazo
Amathuluzi asekelwe kwi-CRISPR asesebenza kakhulu kulokhu kuhlola okuyisisekelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Isu liye lasekela ukusungulwa kwabahleli abayisisekelo, abahleli abayinhloko, nabaqondisi be-epigenetic abanweba izinga lobunjiniyela obuqondile be-genenome. I-Synthetic biology idlulela ngalé kokuhlela ukuklama izifunda ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo (ngokomzekelo, imisinga yemvubelo eveza ama-alkaloid ayinkimbinkimbi asetshenziswa ekulawuleni izinhluno. Le ntuthuko isekelwe ekuthengiseni i-DNA enziwe nge-synthesis kanye namapulatifomu e-ngqungquthela.
Izimiso Zokukhululeka Kukasethi Nemisebenzi Yezinto Eziphilayo
Izimiso zokuveza izimpawu ezingenayo ingqamuzana zivumela ukuhlelwa kwezindlela ezisheshayo zokukhiqiza ngaphandle kwemigoqo yamangqamuzana aphilayo. Lobu buchwepheshe, ngaphambili indawo ephezulu, manje iyinto ephambili ngenxa yamandla alo okukhiqiza imithi yokugoma, amakhambi, nezinto zokwakha. Inqubo isekela izinto zokukhiqiza amangqamuzana angenayo isivinini esingalungiselwa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene (ukuhlola ukuvuleka kwesifo nokusakazwa kwemisebe.)
Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo Nokutuswa
I - National Biotechnology Development Strategy iye yabeka isisekelo esiqinile, kodwa ukulondoloza ubuholi kudinga ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo.
Ukunyakaza Kwangaphakathi Ngezinqubo Zamanani
Izimiso zezokusebenza zesayensi yezokusebenza kolwazi ziyoba ezibaluleke ngisho nakakhulu. Izindawo zokufaka imali ezinamaqoqo afulelwe, ezihlelwe ngokwezinga elifanele, nezivumelwano ezilondekile ezilawula imininingwane ziyovula amathuba agcwele okuhlaziywa kwemisebe eminingi. Icebo kufanele lithuthukise ukusungulwa kwamawele ezinto eziphilayo ukuze kukhiqizwe futhi kuncishiswe imfucumfucu.
Gxila Ekuthuthukisweni Kwezisebenzi
Ukukhula kwe-biotech kuxhomeke ezisebenzini ezinekhono ezihlanganisa amangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo, isayensi yokwaziswa, ubunjiniyela, nezindaba zokuqondisa. Lendlela kufanele yandise amaprojekthi okufundisa, ama-inthanethi asebenza ngemicroby, kanye nokubambisana namakholeji omphakathi. Ukuqashelwa okukhethekile kuyadingeka ukuze kukhange futhi kugcinwe ikhono elikhethekile emaqenjini angaphansi kwe-athonsi ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimo ezihlukahlukene ezithuthukisa intuthuko.
Yamukela Ukukhandleka Kwembulunga Yonke Lapho Uvikela Izithakazelo Zesizwe
I-biotechnology ayazi imingcele. Ukucwaninga ngemingcele yesiphambano, izindinganiso zomthetho, nezincwadi ezivulekile kufanele zikhuliswe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, leli cebo kumelwe lilungise izingozi zesayensi yokwehlukanisa isayensi yesayensi yesayensi yemvelo futhi liqinisekise ukuthi ikhona isayensi enzima edinga izidingo zasekhaya. Indlela elinganiselweyo yesayensi . `i-‘open sayense, ivaliwe' ihlanganisa ukubambisana kokucwaninga kwezizwe zonke kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-othoricology.
Linganisa Izindlela Ezihlukile Zokusebenzisa Izakhi Zomzimba
Ukuhlangana kwe-biotechnology kanye noshintsho oluluhlaza kunikeza amathuba amakhulu. Isu kufanele libeke izisulu ezifuna ukuvelela zokuthatha indawo yemikhiqizo ye-petrochictic esekelwe kwizinto eziphilayo ngezindlela ezisetshenziswayo: i-biofluel, i-bioplasticstics, i-bioplastics, i-biotics, ne-biotic. Ukubeka kuqala lendawo ngeke nje kunciphe ukukhishwa kwekharbon kodwa futhi kubangele izingxenye ezintsha zezomnotho nemisebenzi.
Ekuphetheni, i-National Biotechnology Development Strategy iye yabonakala iyisici esinamandla sokusungula intuthuko. Ngokuhlela izimali zokucwaninga, izakhiwo, ukubambisana, nomthetho, iye yasheshisa ukuhunyushwa kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kusukela elabobhn kuya ekuphileni. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo nezinselele zembulunga yonke ziguqula indawo, ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi ehleliwe nokulawulwa kwesayensi yesayensi yemvelo kuyokwenza ukuba ihlale iyingxenye yentuthuko yembulunga yonke nempumelelo yayo.