I - Goagne Yama - Matriyatare: Yaneliswa Ukulahlekelwa Yizihlobo

Izimiso ze-Electoral zakha i-lick yomthetho-sisekelo lapho kwakhiwe khona idemokrasi. Ziyizincwadi zokulawula ezihumushela izigidi zamavoti abantu ngabanye equnjini elibusayo. Phakathi kwezimiso ezindala kakhulu nezithandwa kakhulu yi-Four-Past- Post (FTP), futhi eyaziwa njengeqembu elilodwa lobuningi (SMP). Isetshenziswa kuhulumeni onamandla njenge United Kingdom, i-United States, i-Indiya, ne-Canada, i-FPT ivame ukudunyiswa ngenxa yobulula bayo, ukuhlobana kwayo okunamandla okukhona phakathi kwama-39) nommeleli wabo, kanye nokuthambekela kwabo ekuvezeni isigaba esisodwa sohulumeni. Lokhu kuyisitshengiso esikhulu esiwumphumela esingcono kakhulu esisekelwe ekuhlelelweni kwezekwe-omphingokwayo. Nakuba i-FP engcono kakhulu, kungadunyiswa ngokusetshenziswa kwezentengosi yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezelelwa, noma isiphi sezimo zezentengo yezeli yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwayo engcono kakhulu, noma i-FP

Indlela I - FPTP Ethonya Ngayo Isimo Sezombangazwe

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ukuthi ithonya liyini emaqenjini amancane, kumelwe aqale aqonde izingcindezi ze - FPTP ezibangelwa inqubo nengokwengqondo ezithinta sonke isimiso sezombangazwe.

Owasemgwaqweni Uthatha Yonke Incazelo

Kuhlelo lwe-FPTP, izwe lihlukaniswa libe yinani lezifunda ezinezingxenye eyodwa. Umvoti ngamunye ufaka ivoti eyodwa kulowo ozokhetha, futhi ovota kakhulu uwina isihlalo. Wonke amavoti akhashelwa noma imuphi omunye umvoti alahliwe ngenjongo yokubekwa esihlalweni. Lomakhampani ovamile unemiphumela emikhulu. Iqembu eliwina i-40% yevoti ekwisihlalo liwina i-100% yamandla aso. Ngombuso wesizwe, iqembu lingawina i-palmater eningi ethokomele ngama-40% noma ngaphansi kwevoti ethandwayo, njengoba kubonakala emananini amaningi eUK nase-costance. Lokhu kuviswa phakathi kokuvota kanye nokuhlanganyela isihlalo kungumvala.

Umthetho ka-Averentir nokucindezela kokuzivumelanisa

Isazi sezepolitiki uMaurice Duverger saphawula ukuthi i-FP ithambekele ekukhiqizeni isimiso esinezingxenye ezimbili. Waveza izinqubo ezimbili zokuqinisa. ithonya elingokwenqubo ukuthi amalungu amancane ajeziswa ngenqubo; angawina ingxenye enkulu yevoti kodwa ahluleke ukuwina izihlalo. ithonya lengqondo [ lingulowo ovotayo, oqaphela isijeziso semishini, ngokuvamile olahla ukuthandwa kwawo okungokoqobo "isikhala sobubi obubili" onethuba langempela lokuwina. Lokhu kuvota okusemthethweni kuveza umsindo ohlukile, ukwenza ithonya elihlukile.

Ubukhulu Besigodi Nesimiso Sezwe Samandla

FPTP isebenza ngesilinganiso sobukhulu besifunda esisodwa (isihlalo esisodwa esifundeni ngasinye). Lena imingcele enzima kakhulu. Uma iqhathaniswa nezifunda ezinamalungu amaningi ezisetshenziswa ngokwezimiso ezilinganisayo, izigodi ezinezingxenye eyodwa zinciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuthi idlanzana elisakazekile emhlabeni wonke lingakhetha umlandeli walo. Okuwukuphela kweqembu elincane elingakhetha ukumelelwa ngokulondekile ngaphansi kwe-FPTPP yilelo elikhulu ngokwaneleyo futhi ligcwele kakhulu

Ubuchwepheshe Bokuncipha Kwezinto Ezincane Ngaphansi Kwe - FPTP

The exclusionary nature of FPTP is not an accidental bug; it is a structural feature of the system. The impact manifests through several distinct but overlapping mechanisms.

Imithombo Yamanzi Nemiphakathi Ehlakazekile

Isici esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu esinquma amandla amavolontiya amancane ngaphansi kwe-FPTP ukusakazeka kwawo. Iqembu elikha i-10% yomphakathi wesizwe kodwa elisakazeke cishe kuwo wonke amazwe angu-100 lizothuliswa ngokuphumelelayo. Abasekeli balo bayiqembu elihlala njalo esifundeni esisodwa, elingakwazi ukufinyelela ku-35-40% ohlohlohlohlohlohlohlo oludingekayo ukuze lizuze ubuningi. Ukuvota kwabo kuhlala njalo "kwamukeleka" ekulahlekeni kwabaqondisi. Ngokungafani, iqembu eligcwele ezindaweni ezimbalwa eziyinhloko lingawina izihlalo. Isibonelo, i-Scotland National Party izuza izinzuzo zokuhlalisa abantu, kuyilapho i-Greatting Partive eUK iveza ukwabelana kwesizwe esingu-34% kodwa ihlala kanye kuphela. Lokhu kuveza ukuncitshiswa ngokulingana ne-'i-Fetmagted [0] [ixmap] [ixmall], njengoba kuveza njalo, i-Fetmotemple protives , njengoba i-export iveza i-prori

I - "Spoiler" Isinqamu Nokwenziwa Kwezinto

Abambalwa ababhekana nehlazo elikhulu lokwakha: imiphumela elimazayo. Abavoti abavela emphakathini omncane bavame ukucindezelwa ngonya yizikhulu nabezindaba ukuba bashiye umlandeli ozimele weqembu elincane noma iqembu elincane ukuze basekele iqembu elikhulu "elingase libalimaze." Lokhu kwenza ukuba abavoti abambalwa bakhethe ngokuqhubekayo phakathi kokuvota okungachaphazeleki (ukusekela ummeleli wabo weqiniso) kanye nokuvota ngamaqhinga (ukuzama ukuvimbela iqembu elikhulu elizondwayo). Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwamavoti amancane kufundisa amaqembu amakhulu ukuthi akudingeki ukuba bancintine ukusekela idlanzana emibanweni yomphakathi; badinga ukukhetha kuphela ukuba bakhethe phakathi kokuvota okunga okungashosho lutho (ukusekela ummele) kanye kunomunye ummele kakhulu.

UGrerymandering Nobunjiniyela Be - Demographic

Ngoba imingcele yesigodi inamandla amakhulu ngaphansi kwe-FPP, inqubo yokuwadweba iba yindawo yempi ehlukanisa kakhulu. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-gerrymanider. Amaqembu amancane abusayo anga "crack" umphakathi omncane ngokuhlukanisa amalungu awo ezifundeni eziningi lapho engaphansi kwezifunda, noma "ewasha" endaweni eyodwa egcwele ukulingana. Nakuba ukupakisha kungaqinisekisa izihlalo ezilondekile ezimbili ezinamadlana, kunciphisa ithonya lalowomphakathi ngokuwasusa ezifundeni ezingomakhelwane. EUnited States, kuyilapho i-Voting Rights Act iholele ekudaleni "omotammist" ekwakheni izifunda ezinamabalazwe ezigcweleyo" ukuthuthukisa ukumelelana kwabamnyama, abagxeki futhi baphikisa le ndawo egcwele i-Dmocractic, benza ithonya elilondekile leRepublican Republics encilvaning.

Ukuhlola Izifo Zembulunga Yonke: Ukusebenza Kwe - FPTP

Izikweleti ezicatshangelwayo ze-FPTP ziboniswa embhalweni onzima kuwo wonke amademokrasi amakhulu emhlabeni.

I - United Kingdom: Igebe Eliqhubekayo Elimelela Izwe

Ukhetho oluvamile lwe-UK lwango-2019 lwanikeza umfanekiso ocacile we-FPP' yokusontwa. I-Conservative Party yawina i- 43.6% yevoti kanye no 56.2% yezihlalo (inani elikhulu lama-80). ILiberal Democrats yawina 11.5% yevoti kodwa i-1.7% yezihlalo (11) kuphela). I-Greenter yawina 2.7% yevoti nesihlalo. Le ngxenye enkulu "ivoti" igxila eqenjini elikhulu kakhulu futhi ibulala izitho ezincane, ipestristat noma ezinye izigaba. Izigaba ezihlukene. Izigaba zesizwe, isithombe sixube kodwa sithulwa ngokuhleleka okukhulu. Nakuba inani lezinhlanga ze-MPMMP zikhuliswe, ukucwaninga [Foctive] [Frectal] [Foctal] ezimbalwa]

E - United States: Impikiswano Yokuxosha

I-US yindawo endala kakhulu eqhubekayo ye-FPTP elawulwa ngentando yeningi, futhi isimiso sayo esinezigaba ezimbili siqinile kakhulu. Isithiyo sokungena kwamalungu esithathu sicishe singanqotshwa. Ngo-1992, u-Ross Perot wawina ivoti engu 18.9% yevoti ethandwayo kamongameli kodwa wawina i-zero ekholeji elinokhetho. Lokhu kulawula i-FPTPP. ISigelethiwele kusho ukuthi izitha zeqembu lamaqembu amabili akuvamile ukusekelwa ngokweqiniso; zithathwa kuphela uma zilingana kahle neqembu elikhulu. Imiphumela yezinhlanga, imiphumela inzima kakhulu. Indlu yabamele i-Greaustra igcwele kakhulu i-germander. Igean, esebenza ekwakheni elinqoba isisekelo sezwe lonke, ezinye izinkinga ezibangelwa yizimo ezivayo, iziphendulo eziva kakhulu eziphumayo ezimhlophe eziva ezindaweni zasemaphandleni kakhulu. I-Greageals, iyakukhushuza izikhulu, i-ogle kakhulu, i-ogle i-ose.

ENdiya: Ukuphathwa Kwezinhlobonhlobo NgeziNkantolo Zama - Geoditarian Lens

INdiya inikeza indaba ethakazelisayo, eyinkimbinkimbi. Iwumbuso wentando yeningi omkhulu emhlabeni futhi isebenza isimiso se-FPP phakathi kwe-FP ehluke kakhulu, izinhlanga eziningi, umphakathi wezinhlanga eziningi. Ngokungafani ne-UK noma u-U, i-FPTPP, i-Fsology yaseNdiya ivunyelwe ngokomlando ukuba kube nesimiso sezindawo eziningi ezichumayo ezweni nasemasikweni esizwe, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuphakama kwezenhlalo, isiqeshana sesigaba, ulimi, nesifunda. Kodwa, isimiso siye sadala iziphazamiso ezinkulu zezizwe ezincane. Ukumelelwa kwamaSulumane eLok Sah kulokhu kungaphansi kwesabelo sazo zomphakathi. Isimiso se-FPP, sihlangene nokudlondlozela kwe-Bhardatbate (iBancta Partice).

INew Zealand: Ubufakazi Benguquko

Impikiswano eshukumisa kakhulu ngokumelene ne-FPTP ivela eNew Zealand, izwe elayilahla ngokuqaphela. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokukhula kokungahlangani kwe-FPportaliation (umz., ngo 1978 nango 1981, ukhetho lapho i-National Party yawina khona uhulumeni naphezu kwamavoti ambalwa kakhulu kunawoMkhosi), i-New Zealand yaba nesibopho sokulawula i-mendendamu ngo-1993. Imiphumela yaba ukushintshwa okunganqamukiyo kwe-FPPPP kusuka ku-[FLTP:0] ku-Mixted-Mberportonal (MPropoionment). Ithonya le-hlelo le-PLT [[FLT:] [[FLT1] lesimiso] esivelele esiphawulekayo [[FTLT1]. Imiphumela ye-mfonsone, i-mfonsone, i-ose-osenyukelele i-Newse. I-Greallsss.

Imiphumela Ewubuningi Empilweni Yentando Yeningi

Ukuncishiswa kweqembu elincane ngaphansi kweFPTP akuyona nje indlela yokungabi nabulungisa engokomfanekiso.

Ukungavumelani Nokuncipha Kwengxenye

Uma abavoti abambalwa bebona amavoti abo ehluleka ngokungaguquki ukuguqula ukumelelwa, amandla ezombangazwe ancipha. Kungani kuvota esihlalweni esiphephile uma umphumela uyinto eyenzekayo? Kungani uvotela ingxenye yesithathu uma wazi ukuthi ayinakuphumelela? Lokhu kuthuthukisa umjikelezo onzima wokuzimela phansi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abasebasha nabambalwa. U-Lowmout uqinisa amandla omuntu omdala, omhlophe, kanye nesisekelo sokuvota esithathekayo esikhokhwa kakhulu esimelelwe phezulu.

Ukunganakwa Kwemithetho Nokubhebhetheka Kwempikiswano

Amaqembu ezombangazwe, njengabadlali abanengqondo, asabela ezinhliziyweni ezihloniphiswayo. Ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, isisusa ukwakha umfelandawonye othola imali encishisiwe ka-50%+1 wevoti ezihlalweni eziseceleni eziyinhloko. Impikiswano ethinta izihloko ezijulile kubantu abambalwa abayishumi% kodwa ayibavuli abavoti abavela ezifundeni ezikwehlelayo iyancishwa noma inganakwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindaba ezifana namalungelo esizwe, ukucwasa ngokwesigaba, ukucwaswa kwamaphoyisa, noma inkululeko ethile yenkolo. Isimiso sicabangela ukubonakalisa izithakazelo zeqembu elikhulu, sishiya izinkathazo zedlanzalo ezincinyaniswayo.

Ukuncipha Kokwethembana Nokuhlukana Kwezenhlalo

Uma ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi inomuzwa wokuthi isimiso simelene nabo, ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi kuyakhukhuleka. Lokhu kudala isisekelo esivundile se-populist, i-grastism, futhi ukudideka. Idemokrasi ehluleka ukumelela izingxenye zayo ezihlangeneyo iba buthakathaka. Ukuntula amazwi ahlukene esimisweni somthetho womthetho futhi kuholela ezimisweni ezingasungulwanga kahle futhi ezingaphumeleli, ezijulisa ngokwengeziwe umuzwa wokuzehlukanisa phakathi kwemiphakathi ethintekile.

Izindlela Ezihlukile: Izimiso Eziklanyelwe Ukuxabana Nomzimba

Izindaba ezinhle ziwukuthi isintu siye sasungula izimiso zokukhetha ezingcono kakhulu ezifanelekela ukusingatha izinhlobonhlobo zezinto.

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) / Runoff Voting (IRV)

RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bahlele abavoti ngokukhetha. Uma kungekho mvoti owina iningi lamavoti okuqala athandwayo, othatha indawo yokugcina uqedwe, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa okhethweni lwesibili. Lenqubo iphindeka kuze kutholakale umnqobi weningi. Ngokususa umphumela womonakalo, i-RCV ikhuthaza isakhiwo somfelandawonye futhi ivumela abavoti abambalwa ukuba basekele umvoti othandwayo kuqala ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuchitha ivota yabo. Ingaphumelela kakhulu ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezinesigaba esisodwa, yenza ukumelela kwezwe elisabela ngokwengeziwe. Isetshenziswa eMaine nase-Alaska ukuze kutholakale ukhetho olungohulumeni nasemadolobheni amaningi nasemadolweni amaningi ngaphesheya kwe-US.

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

Njengoba kwaboniswa yiNew Zealand neJalimane, i-MMP inikeza ukulinganisela okuphoqelelayo. Amavoti amabili. Enye ivoti iya kummeleli wendawo esifundeni se-FPTP-style. Ivoti yesibili ibhekisa ohlwini lweqembu. Ivoti yeqembu isetshenziselwa ukuvota "phezulu" izihlalo ezisesihlalweni esisendluni yomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo sonke sephalamende sivumelana kakhulu nesabelo sovoti yesizwe. Le nqubo igcina icala lendawo kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukulingana. Lesimiso siye saboniswa ngokuphawulekayo ukukhuliswa kommelelo wabesifazane neqembu elincane lesizwe epalamende ngaphandle kokwehlisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-63 ne-MP yabo.

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

I-STV isebenza ezifundeni eziningi. Ukuze bawine isihlalo, ozobhapathizwa kumelwe afinyelele isilinganiso esithile samavoti. Lesi simiso silinganisene kakhulu futhi sinikeza abavoti ukukhetha okukhulu. Ivumela abameleli abaningi abavela esifundeni esifanayo, isho iqembu elincane elikha 25% wesifunda esinezingxenye ezine ukuba ulindele ukukhetha omunye wabathandi bazo abathandekayo. I-STV isetshenziswa e-Ireland nase-Malta kanye nokhetho oluthile lwendawo eScotland nase-Australia. Iqeda i-"isigodi esisodwa, i-oll" i-octives" elimaza kakhulu abantu abambalwa.

Ukukhuluma Nezisebenzi Zezohwebo

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso zokuhlela zingaholela kohulumeni abahlangene abaguquguqukayo futhi zinikeze amandla amakhulu kakhulu emaqenjini amancane, ashisekelayo. Lokhu kuyinto efanelekile, kodwa kuvame ukushiwo ngokweqile. Ohulumeni bezesivumelwano bavamile kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi bavame ukuqina futhi bavumelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingozi "zokuhlela" zingalawulwa ngeminye imigoqo yezindawo, njengasemikhawulweni ekhethayo (inezingalo ezintathu-5% zevoti ukuze bathole izihlalo). Ukuziseka okunikezwa yi-FPTPTP kuvame ukuvela ngezindleko zamazwi amancane alinganiselwe, okungancitshiswa kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo ezinde kunemibono ehlukahlukene.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Se - eectoral njengesisekelo

I-Past-past ayithathi hlangothi, ayithuluzi lokubala amavoti. Iwumklamo onamandla owenziwe ngokushukumisa umhlaba wezombangazwe. Isiza izinhlangano ezinkulu, ipesentistt futhi ijezise amaphimbo amancane, ahlukene. Kumaqembu amancane, lokhu kuguqulela ekushintsheni okungapheli, ukuvota, ukuphoqelelwa, ukuphoqelelwa kwezinhlelo zobuchwepheshe, nokuhlelwa kwesimiso. Ukuhlola okuvela e-UK, e-US, nase-Indiya kubonisa ukuthi lezi zingozi azikho kodwa ziphila. Ngokuphambene, inguquko ephumelelayo eNew Zealand ibonisa ukuthi ushintsho olukhona kuphela kodwa luzuzisa kakhulu ngedemocralitial eqeni nasebunini besikhathi esizayo. Ukukhetha kwesimiso sokhetho kuyisinqumo esisekelwe embusweni sezwe lonke. Izimiso zezombangazwe ezisezingenisweni ezisezinziwayo zonke.