Ukuqulwa kwezindlebe ze-Congress kumelela elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu kodwa avame ukunganakwa ekwakheni isimiso sokuhwebelana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Nakuba igatsha eliphethe izingxoxo futhi limisa amazinga omthetho, iSishayamthetho silondoloza igunya elingokomthetho kwezentengiselwano zakwamanye amazwe, futhi ukuzwa kusebenza njengendlela eyinhloko abenzi bomthetho abagomela ngayo ukuthi igunya. Le misebenzi ayikona nje ukufinyelelwa kokwaziswa okuncane; iyizindawo lapho izivumelwano zezombangazwe, ezentengiselwano, nezikhungo zezohwebo ziphikisana obala, izingcindezelo ezisetshenziswa khona, futhi icebo lezentengiselwano lisebenza ngokuyisisekelo. U. Ukuqonda indlela ukuthonya kwezentengiselwano emhlabeni wonke kudinga ngayo ukuhlolwa kwendlela yokuhlelwa kwezimiso zomthetho, amathuluzi ezindaweni ezingokomlando ezikhona engquzuzwayo, nomlando wezokuhwebelana kwezwe kwezombangazwe ezisebenza kuyo.

Indima Engokwenhlangano Yokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezinhlangano Zomphakathi Emkhankasweni Wezohwebo

Amandla eSiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana 8 soMthetho-sisekelo, esinika igatsha lemithetho igunya lokuhlanganisa i-"Primenterology nezizwe zangaphandle". Lombuso ngokwengxenye uye wanikezwa ngemishini enjenge Trade Protectionion Authority (TPA), kodwa ukuzwa kuseyindawo eyisisekelo yeSishaya-Mkhandlu ukuba iqondise, iqoqe ukwaziswa, futhi ithonye ithonya izivumelwano zezohwebo. Isimiso sekomiti ye-Complicatenti yezenter Committenment neHlunt House neHlomenti yeNdlela ne-Qumkhasi (T) ilawula ngokuyinhloko isimiso sezohwebo, futhi ukulalela kwazo kusekwenzisa izimo zemithetho yezomthetho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesinqumo Sekomiti

Ukwabelwa kwegunya lezentengiselwano kuKhongolo kusho ukuthi akukho sivumelwano sohwebo esingasebenza ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Ukuzwa kuyinyathelo lokuqala ekwakheni irekhodi elazisa ukuthi liyavunyelwa noma liyalahlwa. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yezezimali yeSishaya-mthetho iqhuba ukuzwa ngezinhloso zomongameli ezihlolwayo ngaphambi kokuba kuqale izinkulumo ezingokomthetho, kubukezwe umbhalo wokugcina wezivumelwano, futhi kukhethwe ukutusa ukuhlaziywa. Ngokufanayo, iGaza neHlambhu neNdlela lokuHlahlela iTrakethes iphethe ukuhlola ukumiswa kwezivumelwano ezikhona nemiphumele yezentengo yezentengo yezenteko yezentengiso. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzwa kwezincwadi akuqaliziwe kodwa kunezigaba eziyisisekelo zokuhlelwa kwemithetho engokomthetho.

Izinhlobo Zezindlebe Nemisebenzi Yazo Yokuzwa

Izindlebe ze-Congregation ezihlobene nokuhwebelana zinezimo eziningi, ngalinye elinemiphumela ehlukene. [[FLT: 0]] Izindlebe ezizwakalayo zigcinwa ukuze ziqoqe ukwaziswa ngaphambi kokuhlela izindleko, ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa kwe-Bipartisan Congregational Tradies Prativession and Accouncibility Act ka 2015 kwasiza ekulolongeni ukuvuselelwa kweTPA. [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] ukuzwa kwezindlebe [ kuhlola indlela izinhlangano ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho yezentengiselwano, njengendlela yokuzibopha izivumelwano zezentengiselwano ezimweni zokulwa kwezentengiselwano.[5] [ngendlela engavamile, izimpawu ze-FFoctive.[5], i-flatempone ye-svomss, izimpawu zezwi lomfamess.[5], i-svoluption, i-fic.[5]

Imishini Yethonya Ekwenqabela Umthetho Wezohwebo

Izindlebe zithonya isimiso sokuhweba ngezinqubo eziningana ezihlukile: ukucindezela okuqondile kwemithetho, umbono womphakathi ongaqondile oguqula, kanye nokuhlanganisa amazwi agunyazayo. Inqubo ngayinye isebenza phakathi kwemo yezombangazwe lapho amaqembu alwela ukuchaza izihlalo zamakomiti, ukuhola kweqembu, nenzalo encintisana khona ukuze achaze izinkulumo zenkulumo - mpikiswano.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezingxoxo Eziqondisayo

Mhlawumbe indlela eqondile yokuzwa inqubo yokuma kwezendlebe iwukubeka izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ngaphansi kokuqashelwa. Uma uNobhala wezentengiselwano enikeza ubufakazi, amalungu asebenzisa imibuzo ukuze afune izincazelo eziphoqelelwe, athethelele ukuvumelana, noma akhiphe izithembiso. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nonyaka ka-20181818-2019, izindlebe ze-Mexico-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USKA), uDemocrates wacindezela ukuphathwa kwe-TRUMP ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kanye nelungiselelo lezemvelo. Isimiso ekugcineni savuma ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo eziqinile, ezibangelwa ukucindezela kulezo zindlebe. Lokhu kufakazelwa okunamandla kuvela ku-Genegathensi yesimiso sokulalela. [[FLT:]

Umbono Womphakathi Nokuthuthukiswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Ukulalela kuyizenzakalo zomphakathi, ezivame ukusakazwa noma zithuthelwe kuyi-intanethi, ezivumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba baxhumane ngokuqondile nezinhlangano. Ukugxila kwemithombo yezindaba ekuhwebelaneni okuphawulekayo − njengokusekela umkhiqizo owenziwe phesheya ukuze kuboniswe ukulahlekelwa kwemisebenzi, /kungabangela ukuguquguquka komphakathi futhi kubangele ukudlondlobala kwezombangazwe. Phakathi nonyaka ka 1993 iNaFTA, izinyunyana zezisebenzi ezihleliwe ukuphikisa okusakazekile, nobufakazi obungathandekiyo obuvela kuRososs Peros Perot ukukhathazeka okukhulu nge "inkcant sound" yemisebenzi ehamba eningizimu yomngcele. Okubangela ukucindezela kwezivumelwano zezemisebenzi ezindaweni zomsebenzi eziseceleni izivumelwano zemisebenzi nezindawo ezingekho embhalweni ekuqaleni. Enkathini yokuqala, izinyusi ezihambisana nokuzwa kwemizwa kwezindawo ze-China, ukuhova nokuhoxana kwe-oka.

Ubufakazi Nokubopha Okungalawuleki

Ukuzwana akuzona nje kuphela izimpikiswano phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho nezikhulu; futhi zinikeza iqophelo labahleli be-partist , amaqembu angekho nzuzo, izifundiswa, nohulumeni bangaphandle . Ukunikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano. Ukuhlela kuhlanganisa iqoqo lofakazi, ngalinye elinezibonelelo ezibhaliwe ezikhishwayo embhalweni. Le rekhodi iba yikhombo lezisebenzi zekomiti ezilungisa izikhungo ze-athonsi noma ezinye izinhlangano ezihlola izindlela zokulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa nge-Trans-Pacific Pactershiptashipship (TP) kuveza ubufakazi obuvela ezinkampanini ezithaka imithi ezisekela izikhundla zezezezelelwe izivikelo ezinamandla, okushicilelwe ubufakazi obuvela emaqenjini empilo yomphakathi ngezindleko zezidakamizwa eziphezulu. Ukuxoxa okuphikisana okuqophayo kulezo zihloselwe ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zokugcina ze-empty. [R.][10]

Ucwaningo Olungokomlando Lwezono Zezohwebo

Ithonya lokuqulwa kwamacala esonto liboniswa kangcono kakhulu ngezibonelo ezingokomlando lapho ukuqulwa kwamacala kwawushintsha khona ngokuqondile umkhakha wezivumelwano ezinkulu zezohwebo. Amacala amathathu avelele ngenxa yobukhulu bawo nemiphumela ehlala njalo.

INAFTA Nezindlebe Zango - 1993

I-North American Free Trade Agreement yasayinwa ngo-1992, kodwa ukudilizwa kwayo kwancike ekuvumeni okuqinile. Phakathi kukaFebruary noNovember 1993, iKomiti ye House ne-Fractal Insting Committee ne-Grate yabamba inqwaba yezimemezelo. Izinhlangano zezisebenzi, amaqembu emvelo, nabalimi bafakaza, ngokuvamile benokwaziswa okungqubuzanayo ngemisebenzi nangemiphumela engokomnotho. Izindlebe ezaveza ukuphikisa okujulile phakathi kwe-Didemocratic Party, futhi i-Clinton yaphoqelelwa ukuqhubelana izivumelwano zokubambisana kwezisebenzi nesivikelo sezemvelo. Lezi zivumelwano ezingaphezulu zafaka ubufakazi obuqondile, zafakwa emfundweni we-NAFTA Ilption Act. Abasekeli bakhomba kulokhu kulokhu kubekwa njengesibonelo sendlela yokulungisa izindleko zokuhwebela; abagxeki abasekeli basekela izisebenzi baseMelika bayazi ukuthi zivikela izisebenzi ezisezinhlangothini, kodwa zokugcina zezokugcinwa.

IU.S.-Cchina Trade War Views (208-2019)

Amajaji abekwa yiziphathimandla ze Trump ezimpahla zaseChina ekuqaleni abekwa ngegunya eliphethe ngaphansi kwe-Candelo 301 le-Trade Act ka-1940. Kodwa ukuqulwa kwecala kwasheshe kwaba yindawo yokuphikisana ngemiphumela yabo yezomnotho. NgoJulayi 2018, iKomiti yezezimali yanikeza isiqu esiyinhloko esithi "Intengo Yezimali KuMabhizinisi AseMelika NakuMabhizinisi. Abalimi, abadayisi, nabadayisi bafaka isiqinisekiso ngokudilizwa kwemigebedulo nokungaza amaketanga. Lokhu kwanikeza ipulatifomu lokugxeka i-bipartisan, futhi ukuphendula, kwaveza isikhwama sepulani sepulani sepulazi esingu yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-awulini ezingu-R3 [20] phakathi ne-R3] [201] phakathi nencwadi lokugunyaza izimvume zokuzwa kwezincwadi zeposi. Okunye ukuzwa kwe-A.[5]

I - TPP Ne - USMCA: Kusuka Ekuphikiseni Kuya Ekubukekeni

I-Trans - Paccificant international yaxoxiswa ngasese phakathi kuka-2010 no-2015, kodwa lapho nje umbhalo ukhululwa, uMkhandlu walalela kakhulu ukuphikisa okusakazekile. Abagxeki kokubili kwesokudla nakwesokunxele bakhomba akwanele ekusebenziseni imali, amalungelo ezisebenzi, nenqubo yokuthaka imithi. Ukuqulwa kwecala kwaveza ukuvumelana okusheshayo ngokumelene nokuvunyelwa kwemithetho, futhi ngo-2016 ukugcinwa kwemithetho ebekwe eKhongosini. Lapho uMongameli uTrump ehoxa eTPP, ukuzwa kwabhekiselwa e-Renegoti eyaba i-USMCA. Ukuzwa kwe-USMA. Kwase-2019 kwaveza ukuvunyelwa kwecala ngenxa yendima yesigaba sekomiti yentando yeze yeze, kwaholela ekuhlanganisweni kwezindawo ezisheshayo zemisebenzi eMexico. I-UCC kwagunyazwa ngokuka kakhulu ngenxa yokuzwa kweminye yemiqulo yezincwadi.

Imibuso Nezigaba Zezombangazwe

Ithonya lokuzwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano limelelwa abalawuli abalwayo, abaholi bamakomiti, nethonya lezokusetshenziswa kwemishini. Ibhizinisi liye laba isigaba esiphambanayo ngokomlando, kodwa emashumini eminyaka amuva liye lahlukahluka kakhulu.

Ukuhola KweKomiti Nokumiswa Kwayo

Izihlalo zamakomiti zinamandla amakhulu okuhlela ukuzwa, ukumema ofakazi, nokumisa isilinganiso sokubuza. Isihlalo esimelene nesivumelwano sezohwebo singabambezela ukuzwa noma sifake izimpawu ezingezinhle, kuyilapho isihlalo esisekelayo singayiqeda inqubo futhi simeme ofakazi abahle. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nonyaka ka 2007-2008-2008 ukuzwa kwe-Free Trade Aglition, futhi i-Chester of the House Committensions uCharles Reangles ingavumela ubufakazi obubanzi obuvela emaqenjini asebenzayo aqokomisa ubudlova obumelene nabaholi benyunyana eColombia, ngokuphumelelayo kuze kufinyelelwe izivumelwano eziseceleni. Ngokungafani, ngaphansi kokulawula kwekomiti yeRepublican Republicementalism kwabekwa izinzuzo ezifanayo, okuholela ekuthuleni ngokushesha. Lokhu kunikeza ukuba ukuzwa okungangeni kwezimiso ezingokomthetho zezelelwe ezingokomthetho zempi.

Indima Yamaqembu Anesithakazelo

I-Congregary caucalial caucuses .Njengoba ngo-2002, ukuzwa okwenziwa i-Congregational Trade Working Group noma i-Congregational Steel Caucus . Ngokuvamile kusebenzisa ukuzwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzwa kwamalungu abo. ngokwesibonelo, imboni yezensimbi iye yaba iziteji ezingokomlando zokufuna imisebenzi elwayo noma ukunqanda ukuthenwa kwezindawo ezingaphandle. Ngo-2002, ukuzwa okwenziwa i-Steel Caucus kwangaphambi kokubekwa kwesimiso sobush sokuvikela insimbi, kamuva okwashaywa yiWTO kodwa kwaba nomphumela ophawulekayo. Amaqembu anesithakazelo alalela ukuhlelwa kwezindaba ze- “io - .” ukuze afakaze, ukuhlanganiswa kwemikhakhakhaza eliwundayo. I-ccus kanye ne-mss proced projectsssss.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Indlela Eminye Imithetho Esingatha Ngayo Ukuhweba

Isimiso sase-U.S. asisona sodwa isibonelo sokuqondisa ukuhweba ngemithetho, futhi siyiqhathanisa namanye amazwe siqokomisa amandla ayingqayizivele okuzwa kwezindawo zomphakathi. Ezinye imibuso yentando yeningi ngokuvamile ayinazo izinqubo zomphakathi nezingokwesiko.

AmaKomiti Ezohwebo EPhalamende LaseYurophu

Kuyi-European Union, isimiso sokuhweba ngokuyinhloko sincishiswa yizikhulu ze-technocratic nge-European Commission, kodwa i-Committee ye-European Palamente on International Trade (Inta) inezinqumo zayo siqu futhi ivote ezivumelwayo ezivumelwaneni zezohwebo. Ngokungafani ne-U.S., i-Inta mindeni ayiphikisani kakhulu futhi i-technocratic, ngokuvamile ihilela ukufushaza uchwepheshe kunokubuza imibuzo ngezikhulu zezentengiselwano. Nokho, iPhalamende laseYurophu lingakwazi ukudayisa izivumelwano, njengoba yenza ngezivumelwano ze-Antiferiting Tractivement Arective Accorement (AA) ngo-20121) futhi izivumelwano zingabonakali kahle. Izivumelwano ze-ACTAtastua zibonisa ukuthi ngisho nasemisweni yemithetho ye-mthetho, ukuphatha izikhulu ze-uniwayo.

Izimiso ZaseWestminster Nesimiso SePhalamende

EUnited Kingdom, eCanada, nase-Australia, umthetho wezohwebo wenganyelwe amakomiti akhetha iphalamende. La makomiti asingatha ukuthethwa kwamacala ngemva kokuphothula, kunokuba agqitywe phakathi nawo, elinganisela ithonya lawo embhalweni wokugcina. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK’s International Trade i-Committee iyakwazi ukuqulwa kwe-post Brxit esebenzelana ne-Australia, kodwa ukutusa kwawo akubopheki. ECanada, iKomiti Emisha ye-International Trade ibamba amakhase, kodwa ithonya layo lincitshiswa ukulawulwa okunamandla kwesimiso sangaphandle. Isibonelo se-U.S. siphuma ngaphandle ngenxa yokuvumela ukugcinwa kwemithetho ekwazi ukuzwa ezigabani eziningi, kodwa izinhloso zayo zokuyilawula umthetho.

Ikusasa Lezindaba Zomphakathi Ezomnotho Ezishintshayo Zembulunga Yonke

Njengoba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kushintsha, nendima yokuzwa kwe-conodion. Izinselele ezintsha njengezohwebo lwe-minuber, izindlela ezihlobene nesimo sezulu, kanye nokusekela iketanga lizodinga amathuluzi okwengamela okusheshiswa kanye namafomethi.

Ukushintsha Kwezinombolo Nezindlebe Ezingokoqobo

Isifo se-COVOID-19 saphoqelela uKhongolo-kapulda ukuba athathe amapulatifomu okuzwa, ukushintsha okuye kwaqhubeka ngenxa yobufakazi obuthile. Ukuthatha isinyathelo kude kuye kwandisa izinhlobonhlobo zofakazi, kuhlanganise nalezo zezindawo ezihlukene noma ezinemali elinganiselwe yokuhamba. Nokho, ukuzwa kungantula ukucindezeleka okukhulu okushukumisa ukudluliswa kwemithombo yezindaba, okungase kunciphise ithonya labo emphakathini. Amakomiti manje azama ama-protheni alondoloza i-person enamandla kuyilapho evumela ukufinyelela ekude. Le nguquko yezobuchwepheshe ingenza ukuzwa kube okunempumelelo kakhulu kodwa futhi okungasasebenzi kakhulu kwezombangazwe okungahlobisa ukuphatha kwawo esikhathini esizayo.

Izindaba Ezithakazelisayo: Ukuhweba Ngezinombolo, Isimo Sezulu, Nezinto Ezitholakalayo

Izindlebe zesikhathi esizayo cishe ziyogxila ezindaweni ezintathu ezixhunyiwe. Ukudayisa kwezentengiselwano ze-digital [i-divonial profects] impikiswano zokwenza i-data enqamleziwe, ukudluliswa komdaba, nezimiso ze-technoloji (i-Crequarire) ezobuchwepheshe ezisakhiwa amakomiti. Ukuzwa nge-EUV. Ukuzwa nge-EUPARY. Izivumelwano ze-EU-U. i-DCAMETry seyaze yaveza ukushumayeza phakathi kwabalwe-mfihlo nezinhlangano zezobuchwepheshe. [[FLT:] ukuhlanganisa nokuthengwa kwe-carbon synctions [[FFFOT]] kuhlola izimiso zekhasime, nokusetshenziswa kwezentengo yezokuzwayohlo ezisemuva kwezelelwe izifunda. Imishini yezezwe eliphansi, imishini esetshenziswayonke, kodwa ezisetshenziswayo, ezisetshenziswayokusetshenziswayo.

Isiphetho

Izindlebe ze-Congregation aziyona nje inqubo yokugcinwa kwemithetho. Ziyigumbi le-injini lethonya lomthetho enkambisweni yezohwebo yomhlaba wonke, njengesehlo ekwakheni igunya lokulawula, i-asmeorm ukuze ifake i-paneoper, nenqubo yokuhumushela ukukhathalela komphakathi ezimisweni zikakhonkolo. Kusukela kwisivumelwano se-NAFTA sokuqinisekisa izivumelwano ze-USMCA, ukugcinwa kwemithetho egciniwe kubonisa ukuthi ukuzwa kushintsha izivumelwano zezivumelwano zezentengiselwano ezikhona. Njengoba inqubo yokuxhumana ishintsha isimo sezokusebenza kwezokuhwebelana. Inqubo yezohwebo ihlela izakhiwo, i-auquastridiactriactriact, ikomiti yomphakathi, ubufakazi bomphakathi, i-mendensi nomthetho wokuzimende, futhi ayiqaphele ukuthi ngisho nalapho i-Genevalevini, noma i-od komiti yezentengo yezentengo yeze, ingenzala yezentengo yezentengo, futhi ingenziwa ngezinkulungwane yezigidi zezigidi zeze yezigidi