Imakethe yezezindawo yaseNdiya, itshe eliyinhloko lezwe, liye lashintsha kakhulu phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule. Ingxenye isiphawulwe ngemisebenzi efiphele, ehlukene, nentengiselwano yemali, manje ihlelwe kabusha ngochungechunge lwezinguquko zentela eziqinile. Lezinguquko, eziholwa ohulumeni abaphakathi nohulumeni, zizimisele ukuletha ukuveza ukukhanya, zihehehe kokubili imali yasekhaya neyangaphandle, futhi zivikele izithakazelo zezigidi zabathengi bezindlu. Ukuqonda umphumela walezi zinguquko zentela akuyona nje inqubo yezemfundo yezemfundo; kubalulekile kubanikazi, abathuthukisi, nabakhi bemithetho yokuhamba ngokushesha ezindaweni ezingaphandle. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa kokuncitshiswa kwentela okuyinhloko, ukusukela ezinkonzweni naseMnyangoni (GST) nakwembusweni (Regratic Activesmentations) nezinye izimali zezindawo zezentengo.

Izinguquko Eziyinhloko Zentela ElaseNdiya Ezishintsha Ifa Langempela

Intela Nezinkonzo (GST)

Ukusungulwa kweMapros kanye neNkonzo yezezimali ngo-July 2017 kwakuyinguquko eyingqophamlando eyahlela inqwaba yentela engaqondile njenge VAT, intela yomsebenzi, nemisebenzi esemthethweni. Kuleyo ndawo, iGST yaletha kokubili izindlu ezilula neziyinkimbinkimbi. NgoApril 2019, i-GST Council yanciphisa amazinga ezakhiwo zezindlu zangaphansi kwesivumelwano: izindlu ezibizayo zabekwa ngesilinganiso esingu 1% GST (ngaphandle kwe-ICTC), nezindlu ezingangenisingenisiyo ezingu 5% (ngaphandle kwe-ITC). Lokhu kwehlisa kakhulu intela ebathenginiwashini uma kuqhathaniswa nenkathi yangaphambi kwe-GST, lapho intela eminingi yayingabekwa khona ngaphezu kwesilinganiso esingu-12%.

Nokho, ukususwa kwe-ITC kwabakhi ngaphansi kwecebo elisha kwasho ukuthi abakhi babengasakwazi ukuqeda intela ekhokhwa ngokufakwa njengosimende nensimbi. Lokhu kwanda kwezindleko zokwakha, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni eshibhile yezindlu lapho imigqa yephepha incane. Ngokwezinga elilungele ukususwa-kunye, i-GST ayisebenzi, ethanda abaxhasi abaqediwe ngamayunithi aqediwe. Umbuso we-GST futhi uthuthukise ukucaca ngokufuna abathuthukisi bentela emalini kanye nokugcinwa kwemitapotimende, unciphisa isilinganiso semisebenzi engaphansi kwe-stable. Ngokwe-[FLC] , isilinganiso sokwakha esilula ukwenza kube lula ukuthengwa kwentela emakhaya ukuze baqonde ingxenye ethengwayo.

Izakhiwo Nezakhiwo Zangempela (Isivumelwano Nentuthuko) Act (RERA)

Ngo-2016 futhi yasetshenziswa ezizweni eziningi ngo-2017, i-RERA ingumthetho oshintshe kakhulu wokuguqula indawo yase-Indiya. I-RERA igunyaza ukuba yonke imisebenzi yokuhlala esendaweni engaphezulu kwamamitha-skwele angu-500 noma amafulethi ayisishiyagalombili abhaliswe nge-Real Monation Regative Aguement Ague. Abathuthukisi kumelwe badalule amapulani okwakha, izikhawu zesikhathi, imvume, kanye nemininingwane yemali. Imfuneko yokulandisa isiqinisekiso siqinisekisa ukuthi imali engamashumi ayisikhombisa% eqoqwe kubathengi isetshenziswa kuphela ekwakhiweni nasendleni yomhlaba.

Izinguquko zentela nokuhlangana kwemithetho ngezindlela eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zikakhaphethi nokubhaliswa komsebenzi kuye kwenza kwaba lula ngabathengi ukuthola izinzuzo zentela yasekhaya, njengoba amabhange manje eqinisekisile isimo somsebenzi. IRERA futhi yanqanda ukusetshenziswa kwemali emnyama ngokumisa izimali eziqinile nokubika imithetho. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuthengiselana okuningi kuhamba ngezindlela ezisemthethweni zokubhalisa intela, ukwandisa isisekelo sentela. Umbiko ka-Françant India waphawula ukuthi iRERA ithuthuke kakhulu umzwelo womthengisi, nangaphezu kwekhulu elingu-60% labathengi bemali bezwakalisa ukuqiniseka okukhulu emakethekeni. Izwekazini ezwe. [[FLT:] [FLD] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]

Inhloko - dolobha Ithola Intela Nezinzuzo Zokuhlukanisa

Ikomkhulu lithola intela yokuthengisela abanikeli bempahla isici esibalulekile. ENdiya, izakhiwo ezibalelwa iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili zihlukaniswa njengempahla yenhloko- dolobha ende. Inzuzo ikhokhwa ngenzuzo engu-20%, elungisa inani lokuthenga ukwehla kwamandla emali (ukusebenzisa intengo yentengo eshicilelwe i-Inflateonment Index eshicilelwe uMnyango Wezentengiselwano wezentengo). Impahla egcinwe iminyaka engaphansi kwemibili, inzuzo yemali yomkhokhi wentela ikwenezelwa emalini ekhokhwazwayo futhi ikhokhwe ngesilinganiso esisebenzayo semali eyimali eshisiwe (inzuzo yesikhashana).

Inzuzo yokukhomba iye yaba yinzuzo enkulu kubatshali bempahla besikhathi eside, benciphisa ngokuphumelelayo ukukhokha intela yangempela ngezikhathi zokuthengwa okukhulu. Nokho, uhulumeni uye wafaka imithetho eqinile eminyakeni edlule. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Debicial 2023 ilinganisela inzuzo emalini kuphela lapho impahla ithengiswa khona ngemva kokugcinwa iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili, futhi uma umgcini wentela ekhona ngokucabangela ngokugcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhoxiswa kwemithetho engaphansi kwezezigaba 54 ne-5F kuvumela ukubuyiselwa kwenzuzo kwenye impahla yokuhlala ukuba ihole intela eholweni. La malungiselelo athengise indawo ekhutshelwe indawo ekhushushisiwe kuphela ngemva kokugcinwa kwezindawo ezikhona, futhi akhuthazwa ukuba ikhushushisiwe. Njelaywe ngenye indlela, ukunciphisa incazelo (g., ukunciphiswa kweminyaka emithathu, ukungabazeka iminyaka emithathu.) aye abangela ukungaqiniseki kwe-Andexte yoMnyango oluphambili: [F.]

Ezinye Izinguquko Eziphawulekayo: Izinhlangano Ezishintshayo, Izikhungo Nentela

I-Benami Transactions (Isivumelwano Sokulungisa Inkambiso) UMthetho weSiphendulo, 2016, kwakuyinguquko yentela enamandla ehloselwe ukunqanda imali yabansundu ezindaweni. Ivumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe i-benami (eyi-proxycate benami) ngaphandle kokukhokhwa. Lokhu kuye kwanciphisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamagama aqanjiwe ukuze kugcinwe indawo, kuphoqelelwe ukuba abantu bamemezele ukuthi bangabani.

Ukusungulwa kweReal Reast Reace Reace Investicement Treasures (REITS) ngo-2014, kanye nokucaciswa kwentela okwalandela, kwabangela ikilasi elisha labanikazi bezimali. Ama-REIT anika abanikazi bezindawo imali yabo eqashiwe okungenani amaphesenti angu-90 emali yabo eholo, kanye nentela engcono (ukuthengwa kwentela ye-dividendi kususiwe ngo-2020). Lokhu kuye kwaheha izitolo nabaphathi bezentengiselwano ehwebela indawo yangempela ngaphandle kokuthenga indawo ngokuqondile.

Eceleni kwemali ekhokhwa ekhaya, izikweleti zentela ngaphansi kwe-Groupes 24(b), 80C, ne-80EA zinikeza usizo olubalulekile. Ukuncishiswa kwemali ebolekwayo emakhaya ngenzalo engu-332 (6(b) ngonyaka (ukuboleka 24) nokukhokha okukhulu kwemali ebhaywe ngentela yentela kusetshenziswa kakhulu. EBactal 2019, icandelo elisha lama-80EA lamiswa, linikeza inzuzo eyengeziwe yemali yokukhokha indlu eshiciweyo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lezinzuzo zentela ziye zanyusa isidingo sayo kokubili phakathi kwemali esemthethweni nezindawo ezibizayo.

Ithonya Kwabagibeli Bezindlu Ezihlukahlukene

Abathengi Basekhaya

Kubathengisi bezindlu, imiphumela ehlangene yezinga leGST, isivikelo seRERA, nokuncishiswa kwentela kuye kwakha kakhulu. Ukuncishiswa kwe-GST (iphesenti elilodwa, 5% ngenani elingabizi, 5% ngenani elingangenisi ngaphansi komthetho) kwehlisa izindleko zangaphambili. Igunya lika RERA lokudalula iprojekthi ebambezelekayo nokusebenzisa ama-akhawunti liye lanciphisa ingozi yemisebenzi ekhona − inkathi ephambili ye-RA. Abathengi futhi bazuza ngokuthuthukiswa kwezihloko zempahla ezisemthethweni.

Nokho, izinselele zisekhona. Izinga leGST elisetshenziswayo kumandla aphansi ezakhiwo lingase libe yisithiyo uma kuqhathaniswa namakhaya alungele ukuthatha-ayi-move angena-GST. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintshwa kwezindleko zokuvuma abathuthukisi ngaphansi kwecebo elisha le-GST kuye kwadluliswa kubathengi abaphezulu kakhulu. Ubunkimbinkimbi benkokhelo inzuzo yokukhulula intela (umzk., umthetho owenziwe ngokufanele wengxenye engu-544 egcinelwesibalo soHlelo lwe-GST) kwenza futhi ukuhlelwa kwentela kwabadayisa impahla ukuze bathuthukise ikhaya labo.

Abathuthukisi

Abathuthukisi baye babhekana nemiphumela engafani. Ohlangothini oluhle, iRERA ne GST baye bathungatha abasebenzisi bezindiza ngezikhathi zobusuku, basiza abathuthukisi abahlelwa ngerekhodi eliqinile lokulalela. Ingxenye iye yabona ukuhlanganiswa, nabathuthukisi abadumile bethola isabelo. Ukukhanya okulethwa yilezi zinguquko futhi kuye kwenza kwaba lula ngabathuthukisi ukuba baqongelele imali kumabhange nabanikazi bezimali, kunciphise ukuncikeka kwenzuzo yethukela.

Ngaphansi, izindleko zokulalela ziye zanyuka kakhulu. Ukubhalisa kweprojekthi ngaphansi kwe-RERA, amafamu avamile, nokuhlola kudinga amaqembu anikezelwe. Ngaphansi kwe-GST, ukunqatshelwa kwezeNktho zeTaxix Credit ukuba zithathe izintela zomfakela, ukucushanisa amabala-phepha ngezansi kwezindlu ezingakholeki. Uhulumeni wazama ukudambisa lokhu ngokuvumela icebo lokuhlela, kodwa abathuthukisi abaningi bathola ukuthi ukuphika kubuhlungu. Imfuneko yokugcina ama-akhawunti ahlukene eprojekthi ngayinye ngaphansi kwe-RERA ikhuphuze imithwalo yokuphatha. Abancane nabathuthukisi abancane, abaswele izinga, baye bathinteka ngokungena ngokungenakulinganiswa, ngokuphuma kwezentengo.

Abatshali

Izitshalo zezindawo zenza kube lula ukuthenga intela. Ukufakwa kwemali eshisiwe ehholo, ikakhulukazi isambatho sezindlu eziningi, kunciphise amathuba okukhokha intela. Nokho, inzuzo yokukhomba izakhiwo ezihlala isikhathi eside ihlala ikhanga abanikazi abanolwazi abanobubanzi obude.

Ukwanda kwama-REIT kunikeze enye indlela ewuketshezi. Inzuzo ekhokhelwayo ikhokhwa ezandleni zabatshali emaqophelweni asebenzayo (ngemva kokususwa kweThululo Yokunika), futhi inzuzo yenhlokomo eziqoqweni ze-REIT iphathwa ngendlela efanayo ukuze ihlanganyele (1 unyaka wonke, 10% yentela yokuzuza ngaphezu kwe 761 lakh). Lokhu kuye kwenza ukuba ukutshala ifa lezentengiselwano kufinyeleleke kubani abancane abahwebi abahwebi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusunduza kwezindlu ezibiza imali entelezi ngentela (njengenani eliyikhulu lenzuzo yenzuzo yemisebenzi yezindlu ezithelekayo engxenyeni engu-80-IBACR2024) kushukumisele abakhi abaningi ukuba bangenise kule ngxenye, kunikeze amathuba amashalayithilo okutshala izimali.

Imiphumela Ehlukahlukene Yehlelo

Izindawo zokuhweba ngezakhiwo zangempela

Izinguquko zentela ziye zathonya izigaba zentela nezezentengiselwano ngokwehlukile. Ingxenye yendawo yokuhlala ibiyindawo eyinhloko yezinguquko zeRERA ne GST, ngenjongo yokuvikela i-aam aadmi (umuntu ovamile). Abathengi bezentengiselwano, ngokungafani, baye bazuza kwintela ye-REIT, intela ye-GST (ikhokhiswayo yempahla yezentengiselwano ekhona esemthethweni elungiselelweni lezentengiselwano langaphambi kwe-2019), kanye nokususwa kwemithengiselwano ehlangene nentela yenkonzo kanye ne-VAT. Under GST, impahla yezentengiselwano esetshenziselwa ukuqasha i-GST eneminyaka engu-18%, kanye ne-ITC egcwele, ikhuthaza abaholi bempahla ukuba babambe futhi bakhokhe imali.

Inhloko - dolobha izuza intela yezakhiwo zezentengiselwano ezifana nendawo yokuhlala, kodwa ukungabikho kwezikhulu ezikhululekile njengengxenye 54 ukuze kubuyiselwe isakhiwo sezindawo zokuhlala ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwasunduza abatshali bezimali empahla yendawo yokuhlala. Nokho, imali yokuqasha ekhudlwana yezindawo zezentengiselwano nokuncitshiswa kwamaREIT iye yalinganisela isilinganiso.

Izindlu ezibizayo zohlobo lwe-Fortress v. Luxury House

Izinguquko zentela ziye zavunyelwa ngokukhethekile ukuba zitholakale ezindlini ezibizayo. Izinga leGST le-1% (ngaphandle kwe-ITC) liphansi kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukisa izindlu ezibizayo ngaphansi kwe-Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), uhulumeni wandisa isikhathi sokubiza intela ezikweletini zasekhaya kuze kube ngoMatshi 2022. Abathuthukisi basungula imisebenzi ethengwayo yezindlu bajabulela futhi inzuzo ewuhlwele ngaphansi kwe-IBA Ingxenye engu-80.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindlu ezinezintambo eziphambili zabona iGST (5% ngaphandle kwe-ITC) futhi kwaba nezisusa ezimbalwa ezikhethekile. Ukususwa kwe-ITC kwathinta imisebenzi yokunethezeka ngenxa yokufaka inzuzo ephakeme. Nokho, abantu abanenethi elikhulu ngokuvamile bathola izinzuzo zentela ngokuzuza amasu aphezulu kunokukhokha imali ekhaya, ngakho ithonya liye lathuthwa.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kokuthola imvume eqondile, izinguquko zentela ezindaweni zase-India azinaso isolwa. Izinkinga zeGST ziyaqhubeka: isakhiwo sesilinganiso se-GST (1% vs 5%) nokuntuleka kwe-ITC kuye kwaholela ekuchazeni izimpikiswano nasekuhlabeni. Abathuthuki abaningi bashikashikana noshintsho, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuqeda kwezentengiselwano kwenzeka phakathi nosuku lokusetshenziswa kweGST. Ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo akulingani; kanti uMaharashtra noKarnaka baneziteputruthi eziqinile, izifunda ezincane eziqinile. Ama-ecroatial escrow anciphisa ukugeleza kwemali yabathuthukisi, okubangela ukulibala kwemisebenzi kwezinye izimo.

Ukuzuza imithetho yentela kushintshiwe kaningi, kudala ukungaqiniseki kwabatshali bezimali. Ngokwesibonelo, ukususwa kwenzuzo yokuhlukanisa impahla edayiswa ngemva kosuku oluthile (nakuba kamuva lubuyiselwe) kwabangela ukudideka. Ukunciphisa kweRonding 54 yokungahlawuli impahla eyodwa kuphela (kusukela kuHlanziswa 2023) kwabhekwa njengegalelo eligadlayo kuhlela ukutshala impahla ukuze kwandiswe impahla eningi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho we-Benami, nakuba uphumelela, uye wagxekwa ngokuba nesilinganiso esiphansi sokuqiniseka kanye nokuhlukunyezwa okungokwemvelo kwabaphethe impahla yangempela. Ukwehluleka ukuhlangana ngokugcwele ne-GST ne RERA nakho kuye kwaholela ekubikeni ukungavumelani. Ngokujwayelekile, ijubane lenguquko ngezinye izikhathi liye lanciphisa ikhono lemboni lokuzivumelanisa nezimo, kuholela ekuphazamisekeni okufushane.

Ukubona Ikusasa Nezinguquko Ezilindelwe

Uma ubheka phambili, uhulumeni cishe uzoqhubeka ulungisa uhlelo lwentela yezindawo. Amabhusayithi anjenge-CREDAI no-NAREDCO aye afuna ukufakwa kwe-GST, kuhlanganise nokubuyiselwa kwe-ITC ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko nokukhushulelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezithengwayo. I-GST Council icabangela izinga elihlangene lezakhiwo ezingaphansi kwesakhiwo, cishe ezicishe zibe 3% nge-ITC, ezingalula isimiso.

Ohlangothini lwentela oluqondile, ukwandisa ama-REIT ukuze ahlanganise impahla yokuqasha (i-Resideen REITs) idingidwa, okungavula amagumbi amasha okutshala imali. Uhulumeni futhi angandisa izikweleti zentela kubathengi bezindlu bokuqala ngaphansi kwe-Program 80EEA ne-80C ukuze avuselele isidingo ezimakethe ezimakethe ezidayisayo ezidayisayo. Ukubhalisa impahla nokuxhumanisa ne-Ahaadar ne-PAN kulindeleke ukuba kuvinjelwe imali emnyama, ngokusungulwa kwe-temfasslo yempahla yesizwe engahlanganiswa nentela eholayo.

Ikhodi lentela elizayo (elilindeleke ukuba lithathe indawo ye-Inhome Taxis Act) lingase lenze intela ihole ngokususa inkathi ehlukahlukene nenani elilinganiselwe. Ingxenye yezindlu ezibizayo cishe iyohlala ibalulekile, futhi kungenzeka i-IBA izinzuzo ezingu-80.

Isiphetho

Izinguquko zentela ezaqalwa phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule ziye zaguqula kakhulu imboni yezezindawo yaseNdiya ukusuka engxenyeni enkulu engayilawuli, evimbelayo intela kuya kweyodwa ebonakala ngokuqhubekayo futhi ehlelwe. I-GST, iRERA, inzuzo yezezimali, nezinguquko ezihlangeneyo ziye zathuthukisa ukuqiniseka kwabathengi, ukukhangisa okungokomthetho, futhi zanciphisa indima yemali emnyama. Yebo, kuye kwaba khona izimpikiswano eziqinile, izindleko zezezingalele, izindleko zezindawo ezidlulele, kanye nezingalo ezingokomthetho ezithi zidlule izikhala eziphambili zesikhathi eside zezempilo.

Kubantu abafaka isigwebo, ukuhlala benolwazi ngalezinguquko akuyona into engenziwa ngokuzithandela. Abangenisi bezimali kumele bahlele ukuzuza isilinganiso sezimali nokukhetha i-REIT. Abathuthukisi badinga izindlela eziqinile zokuzivumelanisa ukuze baphumelele. Abathengi bamakhaya kufanele basebenzise izikweleti zentela nesivikelo se-RERA abakhona. Imakethe yezindawo yangempela yaseNdiya isesimweni sokuthuthukisa ibhizinisi lezentengiselwano, futhi izinguquko zentela ziwukushayela injini okushintshayo. Njengoba izinguquko eziqhubekayo ziqhubeka, ingxenye ilungele ukuba ibe ngenye yezikhungo zemali ezikhanga kakhulu e-Asia.