Kulenkathi yezibalo, inkulumo yezombangazwe iye yaguqulwa kakhulu, iqhutshwa kakhulu yizinhlangano ezisebenza ngaphandle kweqembu elingokwesiko nezakhiwo zombhanqwana. Phakathi kwabadlali abanethonya kakhulu kodwa abangezwani kakhulu amaKomiti e-Political Action (ama-PAC). Ngokungafani nontanga yabo abaxhumene (ebodwa ngokomthetho) ababoshelwe ku-cligist, umbuthano wezombangazwe, noma inhlangano . . Ngokungafani nomthetho (i-PAC) i-paC) ehlangene ne-omkhankampane esebenzayo ne-yodwa. Lokhu kukhululwelwa kwe-inkonzo yezombangazwe kuvumela ukuba baphakamise futhi bachithe imali ukuze balwe noma balwe, izinqubo, noma iziphi izimpikiswano ezingahlangene. Njengoba amapulatimende e-micu aye anwe ngokungenakuqhathaniswa, la ma-PAC afinyelela ngendlela ephinda futhi enziwa ngayo, ahlolwa ngayo, futhi asetshenziswa ngayo. Ukuqonda indima yabo kunoma ubani ngenkulumo yentando yentando yentando ye-deli.

Ukuqonda Inkulumo Engaxhunyiwe

Ukuze uqonde ithonya le-PAC, kuqala kudingekile ukuqonda ukuhlukanisa kwazo okungokomthetho nokusebenzayo. Ngaphansi kwe-Federal Econstruction Campainsect Act (FECA), i-PAC engaxhaswe yi-ombhalisayo, i-pactine yezombangazwe, noma inhlangano ihlelwe njenge-PAC engaxhunyiwe. Lenhlangano ihlanganisa uhide olubanzi lwamaqembu, kusukela emasikweni esiko, umnikelo owenziwe ngamakomiti azimele amuva kakhulu, ngokuvamile aziwa ngokuthi amaPACIC. Umehluko oyinhloko ukhona ekhonweni awo okuphakamisa nokusebenzisa imali.

I-PAC yendabuko engaxhunyiwe inikezwa imingcele esemthethweni. Ngokungakodwa i-CC, i-$5 000 (R1 000) ngonyaka ku-PAC, futhi u-R34 kunyulo ngalunye lwe-PAC. Lamaqembu ngokuvamile amelela izinhlangano zemibono, izimpikiswano eyodwa, noma ngisho namanhlangano ahwebelanayo akhetha ukungakhi ikomiti ehlangene. Ama-PAC, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abekwa ngokomthetho ngokomthetho ngokomthetho ngokomthetho ngemva kwesinqumo seNkanto ePhakathi Ephakeme ngo-2010 [FL:0].[FOLT][FLT:[FLT][1][FOLT]. Angaphakamisa izibalo ezingenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni, nezinyunyana, kodwa kumelwe asebenze ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isigebethi noma isiphi futhi angena isethi. Zombili izinhlangano zemikhampatho ngaphansi kwezambuyiselo [FFON] [F] [F] [2]

Ukwanda kwama-PAC okungaxhunyiwe kuye kwaba okuphawulekayo. Ngo-1990, kwakunamakomiti anjalo angaphansi kwama-500; ngo-2020, i-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) yabika ama-PC angaphezu kuka-2 000 akhuthele angaxhumeneyo, kuhlanganise nawomaPACIle angokwesiko nangaphezulu. Amandla awo ngokwezimali ayashaqisa: i-Super PaCs iyodwa echithe imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R3 (R1,2,5,4,4,4,5) phakathi nomjikelezo wokhetho ngo-20. Lokhu kuqhuma kokuzisebenzisela okuzimele kuye kwaguqula ukugetyengwa kokwaziswa kwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi njengoba lamaqembu ethathe amasu ezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zobuchwepheshe.

Indima Yezinkulumo Ezingaxhunyiwe Ezinkulumweni Zezinombolo

Ama-digitations (ize-computer) ezokuxhumana, izinjini zokuhlola umphakathi, izinkonzo, izinkonzo, kanye nama-apples , sekuye kwaba izinkundla eziyinhloko zokuthumelelana imiyalezo yezombangazwe. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye abonakala enekhono ngokukhethekile ekusebenziseni lamathuluzi. Ngokungafani nalawo ahlolwayo noma amaqembu, ngokuvamile abhekene nokuhlola okukhulu futhi ahlale efuna ukukhanga, amaqembu azimele angahlasela izigaba ezimngcingo ezimngcingo zokhetho ngemiyalezo elungisiweyo. Le khono elincane elifakwayo liye lazenza abadlali abanamandla ekulungiseni inkulumo yezombangazwe ngesilinganiso se-translate.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe egxile ezindabeni zendawo ezungezile ingakhangisa izikhangiso kuFacebook ngokukhethekile kubasebenzisi abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-18-35 abalandela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, bagweme ukungcola nokwenza ithonya elikhulu. Ngokufanayo, i-PCAC ethatha izinto ezithathelwa isosha labesilisa abadala eqenjini elilodwa lama-posi, i-Youtube ekhangisa i-operal, kanye ne-operatic disc. Umphumela uyingxoxo yomphakathi ehlukene lapho amaqembu ahlukene amukela khona izinguquko ezihlukahlukene zeqiniso, efuzwa yi-algorithm nemininingwane ye-messacial kunokuba ahlanganyele okuhlangenwe nakho kwezezindaba.

Isivinini sokusakaza kwemisebe ye-minucro sibuye sivule ithonya le-PACs. I-video efakwe kahle noma i-memeta ingathatha igciwane phakathi kwamahora, ikhiphela phambili i-checkers-mar kanye nemijikelezo yezindaba engokwesiko. Lokhu kugadla kwaboniswa ngokugcwele ngokhetho luka 2016 no-202020, lapho amaqembu azimele asunduza okugcwele okwakuvame ukufiphaza umugqa phakathi kwe-advocacy kanye nokususa ulwazi. Nakuba omunye lomsebenzi uyimibono ecacile, eminingi iklanyelwe ukuvivinya izimpawu zemizwelo − ukwesaba, ithemba, ukuqhutshelwa nokukhishwa kwezicelo.

Ukuxhumana kwangaphandle nemithombo enegunya kungasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde isikali. FEC's umkhankaso wezezimali inikeza izinombolo ezisha ezisetshenziswayo ezingaxhunyaniswanga. Ukuhlaziya okujulileyo kokusetshenziswa kwemishini, imibiko evela ku- Brennan Center ye- Justice[

Izinzuzo Zezinqubo Zezinombolo Zezingoma Ezingaxhunyiwe

I-atkit ye-odat inikeza ama-PAC ahlukene ama-pass amaningana kunezindlela zeze-index. Lezi zinzuzo zenze i-inthanethi ye-intanethi yaba yindawo eyinhloko yokulwa ukuze ikhululeke ngokwezombangazwe.

  • Ukwesasazwa okuphazima kweso kokwaziswa. Isenzakalo sezindaba singafakwa futhi sisunduzelwe ezibukelini ngemizuzu embalwa nje. Lokhu kushesha kuvumela i-PAC ukuba ichaze ukulandisa ngaphambi kokuba imithombo yezindaba yakudala iphendule, ilolo mbono lomphakathi wokuqala.
  • Izikhangiso ezikhangiswe emaqenjini athile amavoti. Izinhlelo ezifana ne Facebook ne-Google zivumela abakhangisi ukuba bakhethe izibukeli ngezwe, izithakazelo, ukuhlangana kweqembu, iminyaka, ngisho nokuziphatha kokuvota kwesikhathi esidlule. Lokhu kunciphisa ukulahleka kwemibono futhi kwandisa amathuba okuthonya ukuvota.
  • isithembiso sangempela nempendulo. Izikhungo zezokuxhumana zingaqashelwa ukuhlanganisa i-metrics +_njenge, zihlanganyela, ukuphawula `i-PACs' ukulungisa ukuthumelelana imiyalezo endizeni. A/B ukuhlolwa kwendalo nekopi kuvamile, ukuvumela amaqembu ukuba asebenzise ngokushesha okusekelwe kulokho okushayayo.
  • Umkhankaso ofezwayo uma uqhathaniswa nezindlela ezivamile. Ukuveza nokubeka ithelevishini eyodwa emakethe enkulu kungabiza amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaRandi. Izikhangiso zezemishini zingasetshenziswa ngengxenye encane yaleyo mali, yenza kube lula ngama-PAC amancane angaxhunyiwe ukuncintisana nezitha ezicebile.
  • [ Ukuqoqa nokufaka uhlu lwezakhiwo. I-PACS eningi engaxhumene ne-meters isebenzisa izikhangiso ze-meters hhayi nje kuphela ukukhuthaza kodwa ukucela iminikelo emincane. Leminikelo yakha isisekelo esiphindaphindiwe sabasekeli abangabuthelwa okhethweni nemikhankaso yezindaba ezayo.
  • ubalekela abagcini bamasango bemidiyamu. Ngokuxhumana ngokuqondile ngokudla komphakathi nange-imeyili, i-PACs idlulisa izihluzo zomhleli, ivumela ukuba zingakhishwanga ngevarniosh(futhi njalo) futhi imessage ezeqisayo ukuze ifinyelele izilaleli ngaphandle kokuzilungisa.

Lezi zinzuzo ziye zavumela ithonya lezombangazwe eliwubuningi, kodwa zibangela nokukhathazeka okukhulu ngokulandisa ngecala nangezinga lenkulumo - mpikiswano yomphakathi.

Izinselele Nezinkathazo

Amandla esivumelwano sezezombangazwe ngobuchwepheshe ahambisana nezingozi ezinkulu ngokufanayo. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe, ngoba asebenza ngokuzimela futhi ngokuvamile angavezi kwaziswa okuncane, aletha izinselele eziningana ebuqothweni benkulumo yezombangazwe.

  • Itsheliselwa ulwazi olungelulo nolwazi. Ngaphandle kokuphathwa komhleli wemithombo yezindaba engokwesiko, i-PACs ingasakaza iziphakamiso ezingamanga noma izidukisa ngokungajezisi. Phakathi nokhetho lwama-2020, amakomiti amaningi angaxhunyiwe atholakala enyuselwe ekuthuthukiseni izincazelo ngokukhwabanisa, kamuva zanyuswa ngezimiso ze-bot kanye nezisebenzi zakwamanye amazwe.
  • Iphepha lokubona ngokukhululekile emithonjeni exhasa imali. Kudingeka ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ukuba abike i-FEC, kodwa igwebu likhona. Ngakho - kusho ukuthi "imali engaqinisekile" amaqembu" (ngokuvamile ahlelwe njengezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle). [I-FLT:1] I-FTY] i-PC idinga ukubika abanikeli be-FEC, kodwa ikhona i-pattings yenza kube nzima ukubona ukuthi ubani ngempela owenzile umyalezo.
  • Ukungavumelani kwemali embonweni womphakathi ngaphandle kokulandisa. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-PAC azimele awakwazi ukuhlangana nabazobhapathizwa, angenza izithembiso noma ukuhlasela okungasoze kwavunyelwa umkhankaso ngokwawo. Ukuxhuma phakathi kwe-PC shop kanye nepulatifomu yomvoti kungadukisa abavoti futhi kujikije izinto eziza kuqala.
  • Ukukhangisa kwezombangazwe ngokwezilinganiso. I-FEC iye yazama ukuvuselela imithetho yenkathi yonyaka. Ngokungafani nezikhangiso zethelevishini, okumelwe zihlanganise "Izikhangiso ze" dislaimer, izikhangiso ze-inthanethi ye-panethi, zibonakala zinikeza ukudla nokunyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo. I-Platforms iye yasebenzisa ezinye izinyathelo zokwenelisa kokuzithandela, kodwa ihlala ingenamfakela.
  • Ukuhlanganisa amagumbi okuhlanganisa kanye namagumbi okunanela. Ukwanelisa amamicro e-micronetic kuqinisa ubandlululo olukhona ngokubonisa abasebenzisi okumane nje kuqinisekisiwe imibono yabo. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ngokuvamile asekela ukuthumelelana okukhulu kakhulu ukuze aqinise isisekelo, okungathuthukisa ukuhlukanisa i-votortate futhi kunciphise indawo efanayo.

Lemibango ayilona intelekelelo. Ukuhlola kwe-Pew Research Center kuye kwafaka umbiko wokuthi amaMelika athembele ngokuyinhloko kwimithombo yezindaba zezezenhlalo ukuze athole izindaba zezombangazwe mancane amathuba okubhekana nemibono enqamulekayo. I-Brennan Center eqhubekayo yokuhlola imali [[FLT:] efihlekile kwezombangazwe [ imininingwane yokuthi i-PACS isebenzisa kanjani izikhala zemibono ze-option.

Ukusingatha lezinselele kudinga inhlanganisela yenguquko engokomthetho, ukulandisa kwesikhulumi, nemfundo. I-Honest Ads Act, eyasungulwa eKhonsela kodwa ingakadluliswa, ingadinga amapulatifomu emishini ukuze kugcinwe iqoqo lezokukhangisa kwezombangazwe, elifana nemithetho yezokusakaza. Ezinye iziphakamiso zihlanganisa ukuqinisa amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwe-FEC kanye nokufuna ukudalulwa kwangempela kwezikhangiso ezizimele.

Ukufuna Intando Yeningi

Ukwanda kwama-PAC angaxhunyiwe kuyi-minuber kunemiphumela emihle nembi ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Kwesinye isandla, lamaqembu angathuthukisa ukuhlanganyela ngokunikeza iphimbo elingalinganiswanga kahle nangokuvota abazizwa bedunyazwe kakhulu yizombangazwe ezingokwesiko. Ikhono lokuhlela nokuphakamisa iminikelo emincane ekhutshwa nge-inucalyn ewulue ewuhlazo livumele izikhawu zokuqhutshezwana zotshani ukuze zincintisane nezithakazelo zokumiswa kwentando yentando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhankaso womongameli we-Bernie Sanders owe wasekelwa kakhulu yi-Pic (Inguquko yethu) eqoqa izigidi zabaniswe ngeminyango emincane nezisebenzi zokuzithandela. Ngokufanayo, ukukhipha i-PaC kugxile embusweni yesizwe, isivikelo semvelo, noma ukulawula izibhamu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amathuluzi afanayo ashukumisa ukunyakazisa kotshani angasetshenziselwa ukuqeda ukwethembana. Uma izilinganiso ezinkulu zemali ezingaxegiwe zigeleza kumakomiti azimele, umphakathi ungasola ngokufanelekile ukuthi amavoti abo angathengwa. Uphenyo lwango 2021 olwenziwa yiYunivesithi yaseMaryland wathola ukuthi ama-77% amaMelika akholelwa ukuthi kufanele abe nemingcele ekusebenziseni imali, futhi ama-65% asekela ukudayisa zonke izikhangiso zezombangazwe ukuze kuthulwe izintengo zawo eziphezulu. Umbono wokuthi lesimiso sihoxisiwe singaguqula futhi sikhuthaze ukugxeka, usongo oluqondile lokulawula idemocricium.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho-algorithic ye-PAC okungaphezulu okubangelwa ukuhlangana okungaxhunyiwe kungalulaza izinga lenkulumo. Kunokuba kukhuthaze ukuqashelwa, izimpikiswano ze-inthanethi ngokuvamile ziphumela ekuklabalaseni kwezizwe. I-PAC izuza ngokwezimali nangokwezombangazwe ngokuthembisana okungokomzwelo, ngakho abanaso isisusa sokulinganisela iphimbo layo. Lokhu kufaka isandla esiqinile esinkingeni ebanzi yokungaqondi kahle nesekwehla kwezimiso, njengoba kufakazelwa izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano [[FLT] ekwakheni kwayo "Truth Deccay".

Ukubukeka Okungokomthetho Nokuqondisa

Isimiso samanje esingokomthetho se-PACs sisebenza ngokulandelana kwemithetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, ne-FEC. I-Bipartisan Champaign Reform Act ka-2002 (BCRA) yabeka imingcele emalini ethambile futhi yakhipha i-divism, kodwa i-Citazens United isinqumo esiphendukile, sivulela indlela ye-PACS. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-FEC iye yahluleka ukuvuselela iziqondiso zayo zezentengiso zezombangazwe, ishiya imithetho yayo siqu yezenzwe. Ezinye izizwe ziye zamisa imithetho yazo siqu, kodwa i-Internetting zenza kube nzima ukugcinwa.

Imizamo yezinguquko ibhekene nokuphikiswa okukhulu. Abameleli bemali engenamkhawulo baphikisa ngokuthi amakomiti azimele awuhlobo lokukhuluma okukhululekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Baphikisa ngokuthi abavoti bahlakaniphile ngokwanele ukuba babone ngokusho kwamanga nokuthi izimfuneko zokudalula zinikeza ukulandisa okwanele. Nokho, ubufakazi obuyindida (kuhlanganise ukuhlola ukukhohlisa komvoti nokungenela kwamanye amazwe ngo-2016) ukuthi ukubonakala ngaphandle akunele. Ijubane nokufinyelela kokubhala amaza kwamanani kudlula kokubili imithetho kanye nokulawula kwamacala omphakathi.

I-FEC ihlala iboshwe ngezindaba eziningi, njengoba abakhomishane bayo abathathu beDemocratic nesithathu samaRepublic ngokuvamile bengakwazi ukuvumelana. Ngo-2022, ikhomishane yalahla izikhalo ngokumelene nama-PAC amaningana angenazo izintambo ahilelekile ekubhikisheni kweyesithupha, iveza ukuntuleka kwemithombo yokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kanye nemithetho ehlukahlukene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthwalo wokuzihlukanisa wehlela ezinkampanini zobuchwepheshe, ezibhekana nezingxabano zazo zesithakazelo lapho inzuzo yezombangazwe isengozini.

Izifundo zecala: Amaphaphu angaxhunyiwe ayasebenza

Izibonelo ezibonisa ithonya le-PACs engaxhunyiwe enkulumweni ye-minuc. Esinye isigaxa esivelele yi- Club for Growing Action, i-PC enkulu eye yachitha kakhulu kukhetho oluyinhloko eRepublican ukuze isekele abafuni bamasuntry ababambelele ngokwemithetho eqile. Ngo-2022, yaqala umkhankaso wezibalo ngokumelene nelungu le-constricle elihleliyo elivote intellign, lisebenzisa izikhangiso ze-facecture eziduze ngokungafanele ivoti yakhe. Izikhangiso zafinyelela amakhulu ezinkulungwaneni zabavoti abavoti abavoti abambalwa esifundeni futhi zahlanganyela kakhulu kubantu abangosi. Naphezu kwalokho, ukulandisa nokunikela kwezindaba zendawo yasendaweni, ukulandisa nokukhomba futhi kwanikela ekunqobeni kwe-fanda.

Esinye isibonelo yithi i-palective Act Fund, esebenza njengawo womabili inhlangano ye-PAC ne-501(c). Phakathi nokhetho lwama-2020, yasebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinombolo oluphumelela kakhulu olubizwa ngokuthi "Phambili," olusebenzisa izindaba zomuntu siqu ezidalweni zeziguli ukuvimbela imithetho yokukhipha isisu evimbelayo. Lomkhankaso wafinyelela ukusakazwa kweminye i-ivolution ku-Instagram ne-Tik, ukuqoqa intsha evota. Lokhu kubonisa indlela i-PCs engaxhumanga umsindo ngayo ongase ubekwe ngokwezinga eliphansi kweze likhulu.

Ohlangothini lwenkinga, ipro-Trump Super PAC Yenza iMelika iSinyathelo esikhulu izikhangiso zaqhubeka ngo-2020 ezihlanganisa izithwebuli zevidiyo zikaJoe Biden zokusikisela ukuthi wayekhubazekile engqondweni. Izikhangiso zahlanganyelwa kane kanezigidi emithonjeni yezokuxhumana naphezu kokuncishwa. IFEC yahluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo ezikhononi, futhi iqembu laqhubeka lisebenza ngaphandle kwesijeziso. Izenzakalo ezinjalo zibonisa indlela i-PaCs engasakaza ngayo okungalimazangakhombanga lutho, ukuthemba umphakathi okungalimazayo, ukuncipha kokhetho.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo

Uma ubheka phambili, ithonya le-PACs engaxhunyiwe enkulumweni yezombangazwe cishe liyokhula, liqhutshwa yizinqubo eziningana. Okokuqala, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kuyokwenza ukuba i-Al ikwazi ukufakwa ngokunembile. I-IP ingaveza imiquba eminingi yombhalo ongokoqobo, i-meory, nevidiyo . .Kuhlanganise ne-ayini ebanzi yama-PACs . ukuze ama-PAC asebenzise ukwenza izenzakalo ezikhohlisayo noma eziqanjiwe. I-teptting isho ukuthi izinkampani ezimbalwa zilawula isisekelo sezikhangiso zezombangazwe, ziphakamisa izigxobo mayelana nalokho okuqukethwe yikho. Okwesithathu, iNkanto ephakeme ingaphinde iphinde isebenzise imikhankambi yezelo yezelo yezentengo; inkantolo eqinile ingaphinde ikhiphe ukusetshenziswa kwemali okuzimele.

Ukusabela komthetho akuqinisekile. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeCalifornia neMaryland, ziye zamisa imithetho efuna amapulatifomu emishini ukuze kuthulwe abakhangisi abaphezulu bezokukhangisa kwezombangazwe esikhathini sangempela. Umthetho we-Foderal wemithetho yezezimali njengeFour People Act wawuyoyilungisa kakhulu imithetho yezezimali yezezimali, kodwa yaphela eSigeqeni. Ukucindezela komphakathi kokuba sobala kungagcina kuphoqelele uKhomishane ukuba enze okuthile, ikakhulukazi uma kugqashuka amahlazo amakhulu.

Okwamanje, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe azoqhubeka esunduza imingcele yokuthembisana kwezezombangazwe ngokwezimiso. Ithonya lawo enkulumweni liyinkemba ebambene kabili: angafaka imibono emisha futhi athumele abavoti, kodwa angakhohlisa, alulaze, futhi alulaze ukholo lwentando yeningi. Kubafundisi, izintatheli, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda izisusa nezisusa zalezinhlangano. Kungadingeka kuphela ukuba babambe ama-PAC namapulatifomu aqashelwe umphakathi.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, ngokufanayo nezimiso zethu nemithetho. Inselele ixhomeke ekulondolozeni ukuvuleka kwendawo ye-athom kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe kuhlala kuyiqiniso, kusobala, futhi kuhloniphe izindinganiso zedemokrasi. Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe akhona azohlala ekhona, futhi indima yawo izojula kakhulu. Ukuqaphela amandla awo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekulondolozeni ubuqotho benkulumo yezombangazwe kulenkathi yezobuchwepheshe.