Umphumela Wobuthi Obukabili Ekuhlolweni Kwamaphoyisa Nokuthathelwa Ithuba

Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili sinjengesisekelo sobulungisa bobugebengu ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho, sivikela abamangalelwa ukuba bangazanywa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Nakuba lokhu kuvikela kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukuphaphanyiswa nokuphathwa kabi kukahulumeni, kudala izinselele eziphawulekayo zezinhlangano zokuqapha umthetho. Uphenyo lwamaphoyisa kanye nomkhuba wokuhlola kabusha ukusolwa noma ukubekwa kofakazi yizinsolo ezihlukene. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi ukuma okuphindwe kabili kobukhazikhazikhazikhazikhazi emsebenzini, silinganisela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obusha, futhi izikhulu zifaka amacebo aphambili ezigabani zokuqala zecala. Ihlola futhi ukuvela komthetho, indima yezikhulu ezihlukene, nokuphikisana okuqhubekayo okuhloselwe ukulinganisela kokugcina kobulungisa.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Zokuphazanyiswa Okukabili

Imfundiso yanamuhla eyingozi ephindwe kabili ihlanganiswe eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu kuMthethweni-sisekelo wase-United States: “Akekho umuntu ongeke abekwe engozini efanayo yokufa noma ukuvikelwa.” Isivikelo esifanayo sikhona emasikweni avamile e-United Kingdom, eCanada, e-Australia, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Injongo eyisisekelo iphindwe kathathu: ukuvimbela umbuso ekufakeni umuntu ngokumshushisa ngokuphindaphindiwe, ukulondoloza ukuphela kwesinqumo, nokuvikela abantu ngabanye emasikweni avamile angokomzwelo nakwezentethelele yokuliselwa kaningi.

E-United States, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zinamathele ezindaweni ezihlukene kuye ngenkathi eqhubeka. Ecaleni lejaji, izingozi zikhona lapho ijaji lifungela. Ecaleni lokuqulwa kwejaji, zinamathela lapho ufakazi wokuqala efukwa. Uma izingozi futhi ummangalelwa ekhululwa, akukho kudluliswa okunokwenzeka ngenxa yomshushisi. Ukukhohliswa kungathathwa yizikhulu ezivikelayo, kodwa uma ukugwetshwa kuvuselelwa ngenxa yephutha elingokomthetho, ukuqulwa kwecala kuvunyelwe njalo. Nokho, uma ukubuyiselwa komthetho kusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele, ukuvinjelwa okuphindwe kabili. Lomehluko ugxekwa amaphoyisa ngenxa yokuthi uveza ukuneliseka ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile kunqunywa yizikhulu nabashushicileli.

Ithonya Elisheshayo Ekuhlolweni Kwamaphoyisa

Kumthetho oqashelwayo, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zibeka umngcele oqinile ekuqoqweni nasekunikezelweni kobufakazi. Isimiso sibanqanda kakhulu abacwaningi ukuba baqhubeke necala ngaphandle kokuba babe nobufakazi obuningi. Ukuboshwa noma ukumangalelwa okuholela ekulahlweni kungavala unomphela noma yiliphi ithuba elilandelayo lobugebengu obufanayo, ngisho noma ubufakazi obusha obunamandla buvela eminyakeni ethile kamuva. Lokhu kuveza isisusa esinamandla “sokweqa icala” noma“ ukuqubuka kwangaphandle” esimweni sokuqala, njengoba amaphoyisa nabashushisi besazi ukuthi icala lokuqala lingaba yithuba lokuthola ukuqiniseka okuqinile kuphela.

Cabangela ukuhlola kokubulala lapho umsolwa ebekwe khona icala elisekelwe ebufakazini obuyimfihlo, khona - ke ephunyulweni. Ezinyangeni ezithile kamuva, ufakazi ufika nokuvuma okuthembekile okuzwakele kummangalelwa. Ezifundeni ezingenayo ingozi ephindwe kabili, ukuthi ubufakazi bobufakazi bungenakusetshenziswa ukuvivinya osolwayo. Inhlangano yokuhlola ishiywa ngokukhungatheka kokwazi iqiniso kodwa ingenamandla angokomthetho ukuba ithathe isinyathelo. Lempi yamandla eqiniso yokufaka iqoqo eliwubufakazi, ukuhlola okuphicophelela, nokufaka ubufakazi phambi kokuba inikeze icala lokumangalelwa.

Ithonya Lokuqoqwa Kobufakazi

Isithunzi sengozi ephindwe kabili sithinta indlela obutholakala ngayo futhi bugcinwe ngayo. Amaphoyisa awakwazi ukuthembela ekutholeni inqubo yokulungisa kabusha kamuva. Ngokwesibonelo, ubufakazi bemishini, kumelwe butholakale futhi bucaciswe ngokushesha, njengoba izinkantolo zingabaza ukuyala ukuqulwa kokwesibili lapho ezokuqala zilahlekile ngenxa yokuhlola. Lokhu kuholela izinhlangano ukuba zifake imali emalini engcono ekwazini ukuthenga izinto ezingekho, ukuhlola, nokuhlola kochwepheshe abahlolayo ngebanga eliphambili, konke okwandisa izindleko nesikhathi. Futhi kukhuthaza abashushisi ukuba bafune ukuqhubekela phambili noma ukulibala ukuvumela abacwaningi ukuba baqede umsebenzi wabo, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindleko zokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo.

Izinselele Ezibukwayo

Ukuhlola kabusha abasolwa nofakazi kuyingxenye ejwayelekile nedingekile yokuhlola okuningi okuqhubekayo. Ufakazi angase akhumbule imininingwane eyisihluthulelo ngemva kwengxoxo yokuqala. Indaba yomsoli engashintsha lapho ebhekene nobufakazi obusha obuphathekayo. Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi njengobugebengu obuhleliwe noma ubuphekula, abacwaningi bavame ukuqhuba izinqumo zezingxoxo eziningi ukuze bahlole ukungavumelani futhi bakhe ukulandisa okubanzi. Nokho, imingcele eyingozi ephindwe kabili ishintsha ngokuphawulekayo indawo engokomthetho lapho umuntu esekhululiwe noma eselahlwe isigwebo.

Ukuphinde Ubheke Izindaba Ngemva Kokulahlwa

Uma umuntu osolwayo ekhululiwe ekuhlolweni, noma yikuphi ukuvuma okulandelayo kwamaphoyisa ngokuphathelene nalelocala kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu komthetho-sisekelo. Emazweni amaningi, umuntu omsulwa akadingeki ukuba avumelane futhi angalulekwa ngeseluleko sokungakhulumi. Ngisho noma avuma ngokuzithandela engxoxweni, noma ikuphi ukuvuma okungenziwa kungasetshenziswa kuphela ngokuphathelene nobunye ubugebengu, hhayi ukulahlwa kwecala. Lokhu kwenza amandla anzima: abacwaningi bangase babe nesizathu esihle sokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu ongenacala unecala elikhona ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuthi unecala elilahliwe. Amaphoyisa kumelwe ahambe ngokucophelela ukuze agweme ukuvinjelwa okuphindwe kabili futhi aqinisekise ukuthi noma imuphi umcimbi obonayo ugxile ekuziphatheni okuhlukile kobugebengu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma isikhulu siphinde sibone umuntu omsulwa ngephutha ngenjongo yokuqoqa ubufakazi becala elifanayo, izitatimende eziwumphumela zingacishwa. Lengozi yenza abashushisi baqaphele ukugunyaza izingxoxo zangemva kwe-Aa Errest ngaphandle kokuba injongo ilinganiselwe ekuhlolweni okuhlukile. Umphumela osebenzayo uwukuthi abaningi abangase bahole bayeke, futhi abanecala lobunye ubugebengu abasoze babekwa icala ngoba isikhulu asinakukwazi ukuvala imicu esobala ebekwe phansi.

Ukuphinde Ubone Ngemva Kokuqiniseka

Ngisho nangemva kokuqiniseka, izingozi eziphindwe kabili zingaba nzima ukuvuselela imicabango. Ummangalelwa owaboshwayo okhangayo angase abe madolonzima ukukhuluma, esaba ukuthi noma iziphi izinkulumo ezintsha zingasetshenziselwa ukulimaza ukudlulisa isikhalo sabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukuqiniseka kuphendulwa futhi kugunyaziwe, amaphoyisa angadinga ukuqhuba izingxoxo ezintsha nofakazi abasha ukuze avuselele izinkumbulo zawo. Izingxoxo zokuqala zisekhona ezilula, kodwa ukudlula kwesikhathi kudinga ukuboniswa kabusha ukuze kugcinwe isiqinisekiso. Nokho, uma ufakazi bebodwa bengase bahlulwe noma babone umphumela wokuqala wokulahlwa (noma ukuqiniseka okuncane). Lokhu kuseyinselele kakhulu ebudloveni basekhaya nasezindaweni zokuhlasela ngokobulili, lapho izisulu zise zisenesikhathi sezinokuxazuluko okubuhlungu futhi zingathandekile.

Ukuphambana Okukabili Nemfundiso Yababusi Abahlukene

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu engokomthetho ehlanganisa izingozi ezimbili, imfundiso “yababusi” abahlukene, eqashelwa ngokuyinhloko e-United States. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, umuntu angalingwa ukuba athathe ukuziphatha okufanayo kokubili ngombuso nohulumeni, ngoba ngamunye ubhekwa njengombusi ozimele. Ngaleyondlela, uma umshushisi kahulumeni ephelela ekulahlweni, uhulumeni kahulumeni angaletha amacala esenzo esifanayo uma ephula umthetho kahulumeni.

Lemfundiso inemiphumela ejulile ekuhloleni kwamaphoyisa. Amaphoyisa endawo angahlanganyela ubufakazi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, azi ukuthi ngisho noma icala likahulumeni lihluleka, icala likahulumeni lisekhona. Lokhu kuholela ekuhloleni okufanayo lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni nohulumeni besebenza khona ekuhlanekezeleni i-tudem. Nokho, imfundiso iphikiswa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ilulaza umoya wokuzilimaza kabili nokujeziswa kwabantu ngokuphindwe kabili. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ngokuphindaphindiwe ababusi abahlukene, kodwa amanye amazwe aye amisa imithetho yokuvimbela ukuqulwa okubili ngemibono yawo siqu. Ngakho amashekethi amacala okulawula kumelwe ahlolwe ngokulandelana.

Ukuhleleka Nobukhulu Bamazwe

I-European Union of Fundamental Rights inqabela ukungenwa izingozi eziphindwe kabili emazweni angamalungu, okusho ukulahlwa eFrance ngokuvamile ukuvalelwa ngecala elifanayo eJalimane. Lokhu kuyisivikelo esinamandla kodwa kungaphazamisa amaphoyisa lapho ubugebengu obungahambi mazwe amaningi. Ngokuphambene, ezinye izizwe ezinjengeCanada zihlukanisa ngokungemthetho emacaleni amakhulu. Ukubambisana kwamaphoyisa ezizwe zonke, njengase-Interpol, kumelwe kuhloniphe lokhu kuphikisana. Uphenyo oluhlanganisa amazwe amaningi ludinga ukuhlaziywa okungokomthetho ukuze kugwenywe izingitshazo ezingalungiseki.

Izigebengu Nezinguquko Ezingokomthetho

Kuleminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, izifunda eziningi ziye zaveza izingozi eziphindwe kabili ukuze zilungise amacala lapho ubufakazi obusha nobuqand ’ ikhanda buvela ngemva kokulahlwa. Isibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu i-United Kingdom’s Criminal Justice Act 2003, evumela ukuqulwa kwamacala athile angathi sína , kuhlanganise nokubulawa kwabantu, ukuthumba, namacala obulili (uma ubufakazi obusha nobunokwethenjelwa obungatholakali ekuqulweni kwecala lokuqala. INkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala kumelwe inikeze imvume, futhi ilungelo lommangalelwa lokuquliswa icala elilungile ligcinwe ligciniwe.

E-United States, amazwe angu-35 nohulumeni kahulumeni baye bamisa “ubufakazi obusha” obuhlukile ebugebengwini obuthile, kodwa lokhu akuvamile ukusetshenziswa futhi kuhlolwe kakhulu ngomthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iColorado ivumela ukuqulwa futhi lapho umuntu ekhululiwe esigabeni esisodwa noma ezimbili ezinecala nobufakazi obuqandwé kakhulu obuthi umuntu unecala. Nokho, imithetho enjalo ivame ukubekelwa inseleleka njengokwephula umthetho ka-Refall Jeopardy Claus. Inkantolo ephakeme isezobusa ngokuphelele, ishiye umthetho umthetho uqinile esimweni esingaqiniseki. Abashushisi abaningi bahlala beqaphile, bekhetha ukuthembela ebukhosini ngokwahlukene kunokuba iziqondiso ezihlukene.

Ubufakazi Be - DNA Nokungavumelani Nenqubo Yangemva Kokukhishwa Kwegazi

Ukufika kokuhlolwa kwe-DNA kuye kwayilungisa kabusha ngokuphawulekayo impikiswano ephindwe kabili. Ezimweni lapho ummangalelwa abekwa khona icala elingalungile, ubufakazi be-DNA bungasigumbuqela isinqumo ezinkantolo ze-appellete. Kodwa uma ummangalelwa ekhululiwe ekhululwa, futhi kamuva ubufakazi be-DNA bukhomba ngokucacile icala lakhe, ingozi ephindwe kabili ngokuvamile ivimbela ukuqulwa kabusha kwenqubo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekubizeni inguquko, ikakhulukazi ekuhlaseleni ngokobulili nasemacala okubulala abantu lapho ubufakazi bezinto eziphilayo bungagcinwa khona amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Amanye amazwe aye amisa imithetho evumela ngokuqondile ukuqulwa kwezimo ezinjalo, kodwa ahlala ephikisana ngenxa yekhono zokusetshenziswa kabi.

Ithonya Ekwesheleni Nokuqeqesha

Uma kuqashelwa izingozi ezibophayo eziphindwe kabili, amaphoyisa kumelwe ahlanganise izimiso zawo nezinqubo zawo ezivamile zokusebenza. Lokhu kuqala ngokuqeqeshwa. Abaphathi bafundiswa ukuqaphela ukuthi izingozi eziphindwe kabili zingahlanganiswa nini futhi bathintane nabashushisi ngaphambi kokuba baboshwe. Ezikhundleni ezingaphandle, abacwaningi kudingeka bazi iziqondiso eziqondile ezingokomthetho zokuthola inkantolo futhi. Futhi kumelwe babhale uhide lwelungelo lokugcina ijele kuzo zonke izenzakalo ngokucophelela, njengoba ukuhluleka ukulondoloza ubufakazi kungavimbela noma yikuphi ukugcinwa komthetho esikhathini esizayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe- “Camerode” izingxenye

Ama-points macala omkhuhlane kumelwe aqaphe kakhulu. Izenzakalo eziningi ezibandayo zihilela ukulahlwa noma ukukhohliswa ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe, okusho ukufakwa kwezinga lokuphindwa kabili okungaphinde kuhloselwe emacaleni amasha. Abaseshi becala elibandayo ngokuvamile basebenza nabaqondisi becala abangokomthetho ukuze banqume ukuthi yimaphi amacala asebenza ngokomthetho. Kwezinye izinhlangano, noma isiphi isimo lapho ukusolwa kokuqala kwakhululwa kuphawulwa ngokuthi “akukho ukumangalelwa okunokwenzeka” ngaphandle kokuba umehluko oqashelwayo uyasebenza. Lokhu kungakhungathekisa uma amasu anamuhla esuziciso, njengawokuhlola iminwebo ephambili noma ukuphenyanisa i-DNAMEta, kuveza ukusolwa okunamandla kodwa akunakusetshenziswa ngenxa ye-agconst arvoty.

Ukulinganisela Ubulungisa Nokuphela Kwabo: Impikiswano Eqhubekayo

Ukungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nokuphepha komphakathi kuyaqhubeka kubangela izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezikahulumeni. Abasekeli bezingozi ezinamandla eziphindwe kabili baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho uvimbela ubushiqela bukahulumeni, uqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso awunayo imithombo engenamkhawulo yokuhlasela umuntu othile, futhi unikeza isiphetho sokukhipha izinqumo, okubalulekile ukuze ivalwe. Bakhomba ezingozini zezinkolelo ezingalungile ezisetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukuqulwa kwecala, hhayi ukuthi umthetho owehlisayo wengozi ephindwe kabili ungaholela ekumangalelweni okungapheli kwemibono engeyona ngqiqwele.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abasekeli bezisulu namaqembu asebenza ngomthetho baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho uqinile kakhulu uma ubhekene nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Bathi ukulahlwa okusekelwe ekuphelelweni isikhathi kwesayensi yezentengiselwano akumelwe kubeke isiqinisekiso sendlela lapho izindlela zesimanje zingafakazela icala. Izenzakalo eziphezulu njengezokubulawa kukaMeredith Kercher (Italiya) noma u-O.J.Simpson icala (California) libonisa indlela ingozi ephindwe kabili engashiya ngayo isici esiselukweni lobulungisa. Abasekeli benguquko ngokuvamile basekela ngokucophelela ukuvinjelwa ngaphandle kobugebengu obungathi sína, ngecala lokwahlulela nomthwalo ophakeme wobufakazi obusha.

Imikhuba Yamanje Engokomthetho

Izifunda-mazwe eziningana zase-U.S. ziye zacabangela noma zadlulisa “izingozi eziphindwe kabili” zezikweletu. Ngo-2019, iColorado yandisa ukungemukelwa kwayo ukuze ivumele ukuqulwa kwanoma yibuphi ubufakazi obusha becala uma butholakele. Ezinye izifundazwe njengeCalifornia zinokungalinganiswa okulinganiselwe kokubulala lapho ummangalelwa avuma khona noma lapho ubufakazi be-DNA bungangangatshazwa khona. Ezingeni likahulumeni, iJaji lazonke Act nezinye iziphakamiso liye lamiswa kodwa alimiswa. IZizwe zonke zomhlaba, i-United Nations Human Rights Committee iye yaveza ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokumelene nokungavumelani okukhulu, izikhululo eziphindwe kabili.

Ukutuswa Okuwusizo Kwamaphoyisa Ezimo Eziphuthumayo

Uma zibheka indawo engokomthetho, izinhlangano zamaphoyisa zingathatha izindlela eziningana ezingcono kakhulu zokusebenzisa izingozi ezimbili ngokuphumelelayo:

  • Ukubambisana kwe-Preplacess nabashushisi: kuqinisekisa ukuthi isinqumo sokumangalela senziwa kuphela ngemva kokubukezwa okuphelele okungokomthetho kobufakazi kanye namathuba okunqoba izindaba eziyingozi eziphindwe kabili.
  • Ukwembula zonke izinyathelo zophenyiso: Gcina amarekhodi anemininingwane yezingxoxo, ukuhlola kwe-antensic, nobufakazi. Lokhu kungaba balulekile uma ukuthatha kabusha kusetshenziswa kamuva.
  • cabangela ukuhlola okufanayo: Uma kufaneleka, hlelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni noma ezinye izikhundla ukuze kugcinwe indlela yesibili yokuqulwa komthetho.
  • [ Ukusetshenziswa kobupolisa obunokuhlakanipha: Gxila ekwakheni amacala obugebengu obunye osolwayo okungenzeka wabenza, obungangeni entweni efanayo eyingozi.
  • Ukuqeqesha izenzakalo ezintsha zomthetho: Izikhulu ezilungisa njalo ezishintshela ezinguqulweni zemithetho eyingozi ephindwe kabili, ikakhulukazi ezizweni ezihlukile.

Isiphetho

Umphumela wezingozi eziphindwe kabili ekuhloleni kwamaphoyisa futhi nokuhlola okusha ububanzi bukhulu futhi bungalingani. Nakuba isimiso sibalulekile ekuvikeleni abamangalelwa ekuhlukunyezweni nasekuqinisekiseni ukugcinwa komthetho, sibeka imingcele ephawulekayo emandleni omthetho okuqondisa amaphutha ophengululo noma athathe inyathelo lobufakazi obusha. Amaphoyisa kumelwe asebenze ngokunakekela okukhethekile phakathi nopheno lokuqala, azi ukuthi ukulahlwa kungalungiseka. Imibono ehlukene inqandelwe ilawulwa yizingozi ezingokomthetho, idinga ukuvunyelwa okuhlukene. Izikhulu ezizimele nemfundiso eyodwa zinikeza usizo oluthile, kodwa azikho kuyo yonke indawo futhi azikho ngezindlela zazo ezingokomthetho. Njengoba ezobuchwepheshe zithuthuka nokuzilindele kwabantu, ukuphikisana ngezingozi eziphindizelayo kuyaqhubeka, futhi amaphoyisa kumelwe aqhubeke ezama ukulungisa izinhleloni zawo.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngokomthetho, bheka i- I-Creference Research Service yeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu . Ukuze uthole umbono wezizwe zonke, i- eYunibhani iziqondiso zengozi ephindwe kabili[ iwusizo. Indlela ye-United Kingdom iningiliswe kuMthetho [[FLT:] weSigebelo sobulungisa 2003. Ekugcineni, iSikhungo seSizwe sobulungisa sinikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo ukuphenya nomthetho. [FLT]